Table 2 - uploaded by Gijs van Well
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
This study aimed to assess whether previously established risk factors for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are still valid now that the incidence in the Netherlands has dropped to 0.26 per 1000 liveborn infants. A distinction was made between immutable and mutable risk factors. This case-control study (part of the European Concerted Action on S...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... were explored by performing univariate analyses, after which we decided to include them in the multivariate models. Table 2 provides a description of these factors. We found a correlation between maternal psycho- logical problems and smoking before and dur- ing pregnancy, and after birth (0.34, 0.34, 0.30, respectively p < 0.01). ...
Citations
... This became nonsignificant in the larger multivariable model. These results are consistent with other studies where the results were less convincing of a relationship between maternal alcohol use during pregnancy and SIDS (16,29,30). Since alcohol use is highly correlated with smoking, alcohol use appears to be contributing less to SIDS risk. ...
Background
Rates of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) are twice as high among Black infants compared to white infants in the US. While the contribution of sleep environment factors to this disparity is known, little is known about the risk of SIDS among Black infants in relation to maternal prenatal smoking, alcohol and drug use as well as infant smoke exposure.Objective
To assess the contribution of maternal substance use during pregnancy and the potential interactions with infant bedsharing in a high-risk, urban Black population.Methods
The Chicago Infant Mortality Study (CIMS) collected data on 195 Black infants who died of SIDS and 195 controls matched on race, age and birthweight. Risk of SIDS was calculated for maternal smoking, alcohol and drug use, adjusting for potential confounding variables and other risk factors for SIDS. Interactions between these substance use variables and bedsharing were also calculated.ResultsInfants were more likely to die from SIDS if the mother smoked during pregnancy (aOR 3.90, 95% CI 1.37–3.30) and post-pregnancy (aOR 2.49, 95% CI 1.49–4.19). There was a dose response seen between amount smoked during pregnancy and risk of SIDS. Use of alcohol (aOR 2.89, 95% CI 1.29–6.99), cocaine (aOR 4.78, 95% CI 2.45–9.82) and marijuana (aOR 2.76, 95% CI 1.28–5.93) were associated with increased risk of SIDS. In the final, multivariable model controlling for sociodemographic factors and covariates, maternal smoking (aOR 3.03, 95% CI 1.03–8.88) and cocaine use (aOR 4.65, 95% CI 1.02–21.3) during pregnancy remained significant. There were significant, positive interactions between bedsharing and maternal smoking during pregnancy and post-pregnancy, alcohol use and cocaine use.Conclusion
Maternal use of tobacco, alcohol and cocaine during pregnancy is associated with significantly increased risk of SIDS in a Black, urban population. Reducing substance use and eliminating disparities in SIDS, sudden unexpected infant death (SUID) (also known as sudden unexpected death in infancy or SUDI) and infant mortality need to involve more than individual level education, but instead will require a comprehensive examination of the role of social determinants of health as well as a multi-pronged approach to address both maternal and infant health and wellbeing.
... We identified 9013 articles, of which 21 were found to be eligible for inclusion (breastfeeding and bed sharing = 8; SIDS and bed sharing = 13; one study reported both the outcomes) ( Figure 1) [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. A total of 15 studies provided data for the quantitative analysis (Tables 1 and 2) [9,13,14,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. ...
... We identified 9013 articles, of which 21 were found to be eligible for inclusion (breastfeeding and bed sharing = 8; SIDS and bed sharing = 13; one study reported both the outcomes) ( Figure 1) [9,[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. A total of 15 studies provided data for the quantitative analysis (Tables 1 and 2) [9,13,14,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30]. None of the included studies were randomized trials (RCTs), as we could not find any RCT that specifically studied the intervention (bed sharing). ...
... None of the included studies were randomized trials (RCTs), as we could not find any RCT that specifically studied the intervention (bed sharing). The 13 studies [9,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] that evaluated SIDS and bed sharing were case-control studies while among the 8 studies reporting breastfeeding rate, one was casecontrol study [12], and the other seven were cross-sectional studies [11,[13][14][15][16][17][18]. All except three studies [12,14,15] were population based. ...
Background. There is conflicting evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of bed sharing during infancy-while it has been shown to facilitate breastfeeding and provide protection against hypothermia, it has been identified as a risk factor for SIDS. Methods. A systematic search of major databases was conducted. Eligible studies were observational studies that enrolled infants in the first 4 weeks of life and followed them up for a variable period of time thereafter. Results. A total of 21 studies were included. Though the quality of evidence was low, bed sharing was found to be associated with higher breastfeeding rates at 4 weeks of age (75.5% versus 50%, OR 3.09 (95% CI 2.67 to 3.58), P = 0.043) and an increased risk of SIDS (23.3% versus 11.2%, OR 2.36 (95% CI 1.97 to 2.83), P = 0.025). Majority of the studies were from developed countries, and the effect was almost consistent across the studies. Conclusion. There is low quality evidence that bed sharing is associated with higher breast feeding rates at 4 weeks of age and an increased risk of SIDS. We need more studies that look at bed sharing, breast feeding, and hazardous circumstance that put babies at risk.
... Earlier epidemiologic studies were not consistent in demonstrating a protective effect of breastfeeding on SIDS*; some studies found a protective effect, 67,239,240 and others did not. † Because many of the case-control studies demonstrated a protective effect of breastfeeding against SIDS in univariate analysis but not when confounding factors were taken into account, 62,184,198,231,238 these results suggested that factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding itself, are protective. ...
... Az anyai "negativitás" a fi atalkori depresszió egyik fontos egyéni környezeti forrásának tekinthető [27]. Fontos megjegyezni, hogy az ikerségen kívül a szülői dohányzás is kockázati faktora a hirtelen csecsemőhalál szindrómának, amelyre a szülők fi gyelmét fel kell hívnia az illetékes szakembereknek, védőnőknek [28]. ...
Introduction:
Zygosity differences in smoking exposure are unclear in twins.
Aims:
To assess smoking and secondhand smoke exposure characteristics in twins.
Methods:
151 monozygotic and 62 dizygotic Hungarian and American adult twin pairs (age 43.8±16.5 years, mean±SD) participated in the study.
Results:
Monozygotic twins started smoking 1.8 years earlier compared to dizygotic twins (p = 0.08). Dizygotic twins smoked longer (p<0.01) and suffered more parental smoke exposure during childhood (p<0.05). Monozygotic twins reported stricter smoking restrictions at home and workplaces (p<0.005) and less smoke exposure in indoor public places (p<0.01). 85.7% of monozygotic twins were ex or active smokers, while only 69.5% of the dizygotics (p<0.01). Lesser difference was observed in the self-reported smoke exposure rate in monozygotic compared to dizygotic pairs concerning restaurants and cafés (p<0.05) which was not present regarding bars, pubs and transportation facilities.
Conclusions:
Different psychological family orientation may be present across zygosity. Preventive parental care is warranted in twin families exposed to smoking.
... Earlier epidemiologic studies were not consistent in demonstrating a protective effect of breastfeeding on SIDS*; some studies found a protective effect, 67,239,240 and others did not. † Because many of the case-control studies demonstrated a protective effect of breastfeeding against SIDS in univariate analysis but not when confounding factors were taken into account, 62,184,198,231,238 these results suggested that factors associated with breastfeeding, rather than breastfeeding itself, are protective. ...
Despite a major decrease in the incidence of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) since the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) released its recommendation in 1992 that infants be placed for sleep in a nonprone position, this decline has plateaued in recent years. Concurrently, other causes of sudden unexpected infant death occurring during sleep (sleep-related deaths), including suffocation, asphyxia, and entrapment, and ill-defined or unspecified causes of death have increased in incidence, particularly since the AAP published its last statement on SIDS in 2005. It has become increasingly important to address these other causes of sleep-related infant death. Many of the modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for SIDS and suffocation are strikingly similar. The AAP, therefore, is expanding its recommendations from being only SIDS-focused to focusing on a safe sleep environment that can reduce the risk of all sleep-related infant deaths including SIDS. The recommendations described in this report include supine positioning, use of a firm sleep surface, breastfeeding, room-sharing without bed-sharing, routine immunization, consideration of a pacifier, and avoidance of soft bedding, overheating, and exposure to tobacco smoke, alcohol, and illicit drugs. The rationale for these recommendations is discussed in detail in this technical report. The recommendations are published in the accompanying "Policy Statement--Sudden Infant Death Syndrome and Other Sleep-Related Infant Deaths: Expansion of Recommendations for a Safe Infant Sleeping Environment," which is included in this issue (www.pediatrics.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2011-2220).
... Because in most other studies the effect of postnatal parental smoking was diminished after correction for prenatal maternal smoking or socio-economic status of the parents [13–15, 19], these factors were adjusted for in our multivariate analysis. Maternal smoking is a known risk factor for SIDS and mostly interpreted as a risk for the development of the unborn child caused by prenatal maternal smoking [1, 4, 10, 11, 14, 15, 19, 21]. Our data partly support these previous results as indicated by our finding that postnatal maternal smoking no longer reached statistical significance in the analysis where only the cases and controls that had reported negative for prenatal maternal smoking were included (Table 3). ...
... In the 1990s, some studies already reported the risk of postnatal parental smoking [5, 16]: however, these findings were criticised because they either inquired after smoking behaviour in the 2 weeks after the child was deceased (instead of the entire life span of the child) or they could not correct for the putative confounding effect of the socio-economic status [19]. Others have shown a dose–response effect to passive smoking; however, this effect diminished after correcting for maternal prenatal smoking or socio-economic status [14]. In contrast, in the present study, it was clearly asked what the postnatal parental smoking habits were during the life of the child and not the habits at the time of the interview. ...
... The Netherlands has the lowest incidence of SIDS in the Western world with 0.078 per 1,000 living births in 2007 [7]. However, autopsy is not always performed [9, 14]. Thus, this rate is likely to be an overestimation and would be lower if international criteria for SIDS [12] were applied more strictly. ...
Background
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected death of an infant that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation of the circumstances, family history, paediatric investigation and complete autopsy. In Western society, it is the leading cause of post-neonatal death below 1 year of age. In the Netherlands, the SIDS incidence is very low, which offers opportunities to assess the importance of old and new environmental risk factors. For this purpose, cases were collected through pathology departments and the working group on SIDS of the Dutch Paediatrician Foundation. A total of 142 cases were included; these occurred after the parental education on sleeping position (1987), restricted to the international age criteria and had no histological explanation. Age-matched healthy controls (N = 2,841) came from a survey of the Netherlands Paediatric Surveillance Unit, completed between November 2002 and April 2003. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the risk factors for SIDS, including sleeping position, antenatal maternal smoking, postnatal parental smoking, premature birth, gender, lack of breastfeeding and socio-economic status. Postnatal smoking was identified as an important environmental risk factor for SIDS (OR one parent = 2.5 [1.2, 5.0]; both parents = 5.77 [2.2, 15.5]; maternal = 2.7 [1.0, 6.4]; paternal = 2.4 [1.3, 4.5] ) as was prone sleeping (OR put prone to sleep = 21.5 [10.6, 43.5]; turned prone during sleep = 100 [46, 219]). Premature birth was also significantly associated with SIDS (OR = 2.4 [1.2, 4.8]).
Conclusion
Postnatal parental smoking is currently a major environmental risk factor for SIDS in the Netherlands together with the long-established risk of prone sleeping.
... Our study did not find an association between breastfeeding and the infant's sleep location. This is important because while some studies have found that breastfeeding confers protection against SIDS, (39)(40)(41) thus providing a rationale for encouraging bedsharing, a recent study by Ruys, et al. found that the risk caused by bedsharing is not significantly modified by the presence or absence of breastfeeding. (12) We also did not find an association between maternal smoking and bedsharing. ...
To identify factors associated with infant sleep location.
Demographic information and infant care practices were assessed for 708 mothers of infants ages 0 to 8 months at Women, Infants and Children centers. Generalized linear latent mixed models were constructed for the outcome, sleeping arrangement last night (room-sharing without bed-sharing versus bed-sharing, and room-sharing without bed-sharing versus sleeping in separate rooms).
Two-thirds of the mothers were African-American. A total of 48.6% mothers room-shared without bed-sharing, 32.5% bed-shared, and 18.9% slept in separate rooms. Compared with infants who slept in separate rooms, infants who room-shared without bed-sharing were more likely to be Hispanic (odds ratio [OR], 2.58, 95% CI 1.11-5.98) and younger (3.66- and 1.74-times more likely for infants 0-1 month old and 2-3 months old, respectively, as compared with older infants). Compared with infants who bed-shared, infants who room-shared without bed-sharing were more likely to be 0 to 1 month old (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.05-2.35) and less likely to be African-American (OR, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.26-0.70) or have a teenage mother (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.23-0.58).
Approximately one-third of mothers and infants bed-share, despite increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The factors associated with bed-sharing are also associated with SIDS, likely rendering infants with these characteristics at high risk for SIDS.
... Dentro de los factores ambientales relacionados con SIDS, cabe tener en cuenta dos grandes clasificaciones. En la primera, los factores de riesgo se conocen como antenatales o relacionados con el embarazo y entre ellos destacan el hábito de fumar en las madres (50), consumo de alcohol (especialmente periconcepcionalmente y durante el primer trimestre del embarazo) (51,52,53), consumo de drogas ilegales (especialmente opiáceos (54,55), control prenatal inadecuado (56,57), bajo nivel socioeconómico (58),madres muy jóvenes, (59) embarazos en madres solteras (60), bajo nivel educativo de los padres (61), alto número de partos (62), intervalos cortos entre embarazos (63), hipoxia intrauterina (64), retardo en el crecimiento fetal (65). En la segunda, los factores están relacionados directamente con el niño como son: corta edad (entre 2 y 4 meses de edad promedio de máxima mortalidad) (66), sexo masculino (67), raza/grupo étnico (68,69), no uso del "chupete" para dormir (70,71), bebes prematuros (72), posición prona al dormir (73,74,75,76,77), reciente enfermedad febril (78), exposición al humo del cigarrillo (79), colchones o superficies para dormir demasiado blandas (80), estrés térmico, sobrecalentamiento del ambiente donde el niño duerme (81), cara cubierta por ropa de cama (82), compartir la cama con padres o hermanos u otro tipo de personas (83,84,85), dormir en un cuarto aparte de el de los padres (86) y ambientes muy fríos (invierno), así como la falta de calefacción en estos ambientes (87). ...
Resumen El síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante (SMSL) es un desorden complejo y multifactorial, sobre el cual no están plenamente entendidas sus causas. Avances recientes en investigación relacionada con genética molecular y patofisiología desarrollada en víctimas de este síndrome, muestran que este, como todas las demás condiciones humanas en salud y enfermedad, representa la confluencia de factores de riesgo ambientales específicos que interactúan con vías metabólicas complejas. La presente revisión analiza las condiciones generales necesarias para comprender este síndrome. Palabras clave Síndrome de muerte súbita del lactante, SMSL, Metabolismo, Factores de riesgo. Abstract Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a complex, multifactorial disorder, the cause of which is still not fully understood. Recent advances in research related to molecular genetics and pathophysiology performed in victims of SIDS show that this, like all other human conditions in health and disease represents the confluence of specific environmental risk factors interacting in complex metabolic ways. The present review analyses the general conditions needed to understand this syndrome.
... Klonoff-Cohen and Edelstein, 18 1995 Iyasu et al, 16 2002 3 Germany Findeisen et al, 14 2004 Schellscheidt et al, 23 1997 2 New Zealand Scragg et al, 4 1993, and Mitchell et al, 3 1992* Mitchell et al, 21 1997 2 Scotland Brooke et al, 12 1997 Tappin et al, 25 2002 2 England Fleming et al, 28 1996, and Blair et al, 11 1999* Mitchell et al, 42 1996 2 Ireland McGarvey et al, 20 2003 1 Japan Mukai et al, 22 1999 1 Russia Kelmanson, 17 1993 1 The Netherlands L'Hoir et al, 19 1998 1 Norway Arnestad et al, 10 2001 1 Europe Carpenter et al, 13 2004 1 Total 17 *Two publications are referenced because the data in each study were complementary, although they were derived from the same data set. ...
To examine evidence of benefits and harms to children associated with bed sharing, factors (eg, smoking) altering bed sharing risk, and effective strategies for reducing harms associated with bed sharing.
MEDLINE, CINAHL, Healthstar, PsycINFO, the Cochrane Library, Turning Research Into Practice, and Allied and Alternative Medicine databases between January 1993 and January 2005.
Published, English-language records investigating the practice of bed sharing (defined as a child sharing a sleep surface with another individual) and associated benefits and harms in children 0 to 2 years of age.
Any reported benefits or harms (risk factors) associated with the practice of bed sharing.
Forty observational studies met our inclusion criteria. Evidence consistently suggests that there may be an association between bed sharing and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) among smokers (however defined), but the evidence is not as consistent among nonsmokers. This does not mean that no association between bed sharing and SIDS exists among nonsmokers, but that existing data do not convincingly establish such an association. Data also suggest that bed sharing may be more strongly associated with SIDS in younger infants. A positive association between bed sharing and breastfeeding was identified. Current data could not establish causality. It is possible that women who are most likely to practice prolonged breastfeeding also prefer to bed share.
Well-designed, hypothesis-driven prospective cohort studies are warranted to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the relationship between bed sharing, its benefits, and its harms.
... [7][8][9][10]15,[20][21][22][23][24] Also common modifiable risk factors like maternal smoking or substance abuse and sleeping in prone position, sleeping on adult beds or bed sharing with adults were not present in this case. 5,10,11,20,[23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32] . For infants less than 4 months of age the risk of SIDS while sleeping prone has been shown to be higher during winter than summer. ...
The simultaneous sudden deaths of twins rarely occur and therefore it has received limited attention in the medical literature. When the deaths of the twins meet the defined criteria for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) independently and take place within the same 24 h range it can be called as simultaneous SIDS (SSIDS). The case(s): Twin girls (3.5-month-old) were found dead by their mother in their crib, both in supine position. The infants were identical twins and delivered at a hospital by cesarean section. Both infants were healthy and did not have any serious medical history. Two days prior to the incident, the twins had received the second dose of oral polio, DPT and the first dose of hepatitis B vaccines and they had fever on the first day of the vaccination and been given teaspoonful of acetaminophen. Death scene investigation, judicial investigation, parental assessment, macroscopic and microscopic autopsy findings and the toxicological analysis did not yield any specific cause of death. The case(s) were referred to a supreme board composed of multidisciplinary medical professionals at the Institute of Forensic Medicine, Ministry of Justice, in Istanbul. The Board decided that the available data was consistent with SIDS. These SIDS case(s) are presented because twin SIDS are rare and this is the first time that a simultaneous twin SIDS have been reported in Turkey. Simultaneous SIDS cases have many implications regarding definition, diagnosis and medico-legal approach.
