FIGURE 1 - uploaded by Vedat Onar
Content may be subject to copyright.
Description of sheep and goat metapodials characteristics measured. A. Lateral view of right metatarsus; B. Dorsal view of right metacarpus; C. Proximal view of right metacarpus
Source publication
In this study, the coefficient of variations (CV) of the metapodial bone measurements were compared with the literature values. When arranging the metapodium measurements of sheep with decreasing CV, the largest
variation was found in the medio-lateral and dorso-palmar axes of the diaphysis, the lowest variation at the distal end of the metapodium....
Similar publications
The Valais Red sheep breed is a local breed of the Swiss canton Valais. Although the breed is characterised by its brown colour, black animals occasionally occur and the objective of this study was to identify the causative genetic variants responsible for the obvious difference. A GWAS using high‐density SNP data to compare 51 brown and 38 black s...
The Botosani Karakul breed was created for the skin production. In this case, the improvement program aims at specific objectives for this production, and the color diversification is perhaps the most important objective of genetic improvement. In order to support the farmers in this research, important aspects associated with the improvement activ...
The Creole sheep in America is supposed to have originated specifically from the Iberian Peninsula and introduced by the Spaniards during the colonization. However, it is not clear their genetic relationship with Iberian breeds. The genetic origin and diversity of the Mexican Creole sheep (MCS) were investigated by mitochondrial DNA control region...
Citations
... For this reason, metapodium bones were examined in many excavations (Ince et al., 2018;Pazvant et al., 2015). The study of metapodial bones contributes to elucidating the history of sheep (Lamelland, 2002;Onar et al., 2008) and goat (Ince et al., 2018;Zeder 2001) domestication and estimating body conditions at that time (Guintard and Lallemand 2003;Lamelland, 2002). A study stating that the metapodium of the goat is shorter and broader than that of the sheep (Boessneck, 1969) supports the information that metapodial bones were used to distinguish the bones of sheep and goats in the Neolithic period (Rowley-Conwy, 1998). ...
... There are studies on the morphology and morphometry of metapodium bones from various sheep breeds, including Shetland sheep (Davis, 1996), Bardhoka (Gundemir et al., 2020), Hemsin (Gurbuz et al., 2018), Tuj and Morkaraman (Demiraslan et al., 2015), and Hamdani (Guzel et al., 2022). Pazvant et al. (2015) and Onar et al. (2008) also osteometrically examined sheep and goat metapodiums obtained from excavations in Istanbul and the Eastern Anatolia Region. Furthermore, investigations using 3D modeling were done on gazelles' acropodium bones (Demircioglu et al., 2021). ...
... and 115.52±9.44mm, respectively (Pazvant et al., 2015), 122.72±7.80mm in adult sheep, and 100.96±9.70mm in adult goats (Onar et al., 2008). In the study conducted in the Bardhoka sheep breed, this parameter was reported as 148.48±8.05mm in males and 139.19±6.61mm in females (Gundemir et al., 2020). ...
Studies on Artiodactyla species benefit from the use of metapodial bones. Being one of the bones that completed its development early and being well preserved because it is not affected by environmental conditions, it allows it to be unearthed as a single piece in archaeological excavations. In recent years, the disadvantages of 2D images have contributed to the development of 3D modeling methods in medicine. Adult (1-3 years old), 10 male and 10 female Siirt-colored Mohair goat metacarpus and forelimb digit bones (phalanx proximalis, phalanx media and phalanx distalis) were used in our study. Bones were scanned with a computed tomography device. The resulting images were saved in DICOM format and 3D models were created using a special software. 14 osteometric measurements were taken from the metacarpus and 12 from the digit bones. The results were evaluated statistically. As a result of the statistical evaluation, in the metacarpus; Smallest Breadth of diaphysis (Sd), Breadth of distal (Bd), Medio-lateral width of condylus medialis width of condylus medialis (WCM), Depth of proximal (Dp), Antero-posterior diameter of external trochlea of condylus medialis (Dem) and Antero-posterior diameter of internal trochlea of condylus medialis (Dim) parameters were found to be statistically significant between males and females (P
... To deal with this issue, several studies have considered different parts of the skeleton to provide diagnostic morphological traits that help to separate the bones and teeth of sheep from those of goats. Most of these studies use qualitative criteria based on a visual morphological approach [2][3][4][5][6][7][8] while others have introduced a biometrical perspective using different indexes to solve the problem [9][10][11][12][13][14]. Osteometrical methods are commonly used to support zooarchaeological identifications made using morphological characteristics and can even be used to explore morphological variation. ...
Simple Summary: This study aims to analyse variations in the morphology of the calcaneum among sheep and goats based upon two-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GM). According to our results, clear interspecific differences in the morphology of this bone were extracted. The use of GM methods has enabled us to assess small but significant amounts of geometric variation that are difficult to measure using traditional morphometric techniques, providing a new and useful perspective to the existing literature. Abstract: The distinction between bones of sheep and bones of goats is a difficult issue in zooar-chaeology. Several studies undertaken in the past to facilitate this task have relied upon both qualitative criteria and osteometry. Geometric morphometrics has proved to be a powerful tool to evaluate morphological differences in a rigorous and detailed manner. This study aims to analyse variations in the morphology of the calcaneum among sheep and goats based upon two-dimensional geometric morphometrics (GM). Twenty landmarks were selected on the surfaces of 79 calcanea (47 sheep and 32 goats) to calculate the principal components of shape variations among these specimens. Clear interspecific differences in the morphology of this bone were extracted. Most are located on the calcaneal tuber and neck, the sustentacular tali region, the articular surfaces of both the malleolus and the cubonavicular. Furthermore, the use of GM methods has enabled us to assess small but significant amounts of geometric variation that are difficult to measure using traditional morphometric techniques. They provide a new and useful perspective to what is already known in the published literature. Our results shed new light upon the possibility of the existence of qualitative features that may help to distinguish caprine breeds.
... Sexual dimorphism: Many researchers have proposed indexes allowing to quantify sexual dimorphism from metapods of ruminants [6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] suggests a factor called DS (for sexual dimorphism: DS = [(male average-female average)/female average])) very simple which we calculated that allows us to get an idea about sexual dimorphism for the various parameters measured. ...
Our research was realized on a numerically homogeneous sample of 60 dromedaries of Targui population that is originally from the Hoggar (Tamanrasset, extreme Southern Algeria). The animals are adults (30 males and 30 females) they are from 5-10 years old and over 10 years old destined for slaughter. The canon bones (metapodials) were taken from the slaughterhouse ofthe city of Ouargla (one left metacarpus and metatarsus of each animal), they were cooked and dried then weighed and measured (16 variables per animal). Gracility index of bones were calculated with 6 indexes per animal. The analysis of variability and the correlations between variables allows in the framework of the realization of archeo Zoology references to consider the ability to grasp certain parameters of living animal from bone measurements. Seven linear parameters of each metapodial were calculated. Sexual dimorphism appears clearly at the level of metapodial.
... Three indices were used to reveal the difference between the groups (Pazvant at al. 2015;Ince at al. 2018;Onar at al. 2008): Metapodial Slenderness index (index 1): SD/GL*100 Index 2: Bp/GL*100 Index 3: Bd/GL*100 ...
In this study, it was aimed to determine the osteometric features on the metapodium bones of Bardhoka sheep which is native to Kosovo. Twenty-four (12 male, 12 female) healthy adult sheep weighing between 48 and 72 kg were used in the study. The difference between male and female was found to be statistically significant in morphometric measurements except for DEM (Antero-posterior diameter of the external trochlea of the medial condyle) for metacarpus. For metatarsus, the difference in all measurements between male and female was statistically significant. The highest correlation was found between Bd (Width of distal end) and WCM (Medio-lateral width of the medial condyle) measurements for metacarpus. The highest correlation between male and female for metatarsus was found between DIM (Antero-posterior diameter of the internal trochlea of the medial condyle) and Dd (Depth of distal end) measurements. It was seen that the metacarpus CV% values of female sheep ranged from 3.16% to 9.29%, and the metatarsus values ranged from 2.95% to 6.60%. In male sheep, these values were between 2.95% and 8.04% for metacarpus, and between 2.82% and 8.83% for metatarsus. The statistical difference between female and male index 3 (Bd / GL * 100) was found to be significant.
... The authors claimed that the metapodial measurements of their study showed a great homogeneity. Onar et al. [9] provided a dataset measurements of both ovine and caprine metapodials unearthed from eastern Anatolia. Vann and Grimm [13] studied ovine metapodial bones from the late 18 th to 19 th centuries, excavated from southern Britain. ...
The objective of this study was to record the measurements of the metapodial bones of the “Karagouniko” sheep breed and the Hellenic goat. The limbs of 30 ewes and 30 goats were used. Also, the indexes d/GL, SD/GL and the metapodial index DEM/Dd were calculated. In sheep the average metacarpal index was significantly higher than the metatarsal one. No significant difference was observed in metapodial indexes in goats. In both sheep and goats the metapodial slenderness index (SD/GL) was significantly higher in metacarpal than metatarsal bones.
... Others, aware of the limitations of a purely morphological approach, introduced a biometrical perspective to the problem (e.g. [10]; [11]; [12]; [13]; [14]). This paper expands substantially the approach proposed by these latter authors by using a great variety of skeletal parts and a substantial modern sample to monitor the effectiveness of different morphometric criteria. ...
... Satisfactory results were obtained when the method was applied to English medieval sheep and goat assemblages (S2 File), but applications to other geographic and historical contexts will be valuable and can contribute to refine the method and make it more globally applicable. The morphometric method should mark a new era in tackling the old issue of distinguishing between sheep and goat, providing much needed objectivity to the problem and developing a direction previously indicated only by a handful of other researchers ( [10]; [11]; [12]; [13]; [14]). In the future it should also be possible to develop morphometry to a new level, for instance by adopting a geometric morphometric approach [36]. ...
Distinguishing between the bones of sheep and goat is a notorious challenge in zooarch-aeology. Several methodological contributions have been published at different times and by various people to facilitate this task, largely relying on a macro-morphological approach. This is now routinely adopted by zooarchaeologists but, although it certainly has its value, has also been shown to have limitations. Morphological discriminant criteria can vary in different populations and correct identification is highly dependent upon a researcher's experience, availability of appropriate reference collections, and many other factors that are difficult to quantify. There is therefore a need to establish a more objective system, susceptible to scrutiny. In order to fulfil such a requirement, this paper offers a comprehensive mor-phometric method for the identification of sheep and goat postcranial bones, using a sample of more than 150 modern skeletons as a basis, and building on previous pioneering work. The proposed method is based on measurements—some newly created, others previously published–and its use is recommended in combination with the more traditional morphological approach. Measurement ratios, used to translate morphological traits into biometrical attributes, are demonstrated to have substantial diagnostic potential, with the vast majority of specimens correctly assigned to species. The efficacy of the new method is also tested with Discriminant Analysis, which provides a successful verification of the biometrical indices , a statistical means to select the most promising measurements, and an additional line of analysis to be used in conjunction with the others.
... In this study, 17 bone fragments belonging to goat metapodials excavated from the acropolis and the lower city of Yoncatepe castle were used. The bones were identified as C. hircus using morphological criteria of bone characters (Boessneck, 1969;Prummel & Frisch, 1986;Onar et al., 2008). The surfaces of the samples were cleaned, and the surface layers of the bones were removed to discard any surface contaminants. ...
In recent years, mitochondrial diversity of goats has been extensively studied, in order to shed light on domestication
processes. There are limited studies on genetic diversity and demographic history of Anatolian
goat breeds, and these studies have focused only on modern goats. Until today, no research has been conducted
on DNA analysis of ancient Anatolian goats. In the present study, seven ancient DNA samples of goat
remains from Van-Yoncatepe archaeological site in Eastern Anatolia, Turkey, dating 1000 BC, were successfully
extracted and amplified for the first time. A 230-bp fragment of mitochondrial DNA Hypervariable Region
1 of the samples was analyzed. All of the ancient sequences belonged to haplogroup A, which is the most
widely distributed and frequently encountered haplogroup in modern goats. The results also pointed out that
Anatolian ancient goats might have contributed to the genetic structure of modern goats in the Near East, the
Mediterranean Region and South-Southeastern Asia.
... It has been reported that metapodium is used on the separation of the sheep and goat bones belonging to the Neotithis period [4]. Onar et al. (2008) [5] and Pazvant et al. (2015) [6] have researched sheep and goats metapodium, which was obtained from the excavations in Istanbul and Eastern Anatolia, as osteometric. ...
... It has been reported that metapodium is used on the separation of the sheep and goat bones belonging to the Neotithis period [4]. Onar et al. (2008) [5] and Pazvant et al. (2015) [6] have researched sheep and goats metapodium, which was obtained from the excavations in Istanbul and Eastern Anatolia, as osteometric. ...
... In their study, Onar et al. (2008) [5] reported that the slenderness index of sheep metacarpus and metatarsus were respectively 11.06 and 9.18. Furthermore, the slenderness index of goat metacarpus and metatarsus were respectively 15.02 and 11.57. ...
This recent study aimed to evaluating metapodium as morphometrical and stereological in the Morkaraman and Tuj sheep races. For this purpose, one-year old 40 Morkaraman (20 female, 20 male) and 40 Tuj (20 female, 20 male), in total metapodium of 80 sheep were used. Following maceration, 17 morphometrical and 3 stereological, totally 20 measurements were obtained from each metapodium. The average maximum length of metacarpus and metatarsus of the female Morkaraman sheep were determined as 137.98 mm and 146.99 mm, respectively. In the male Morkaraman sheep these values were found respectively as 132.76 mm and 142.21 mm, respectively. Besides, the average maximum length for the female and male metacarpus was determined as 133.15 and 133.80 mm respectively. Also, it was respectively found in their metatarsus as 143.87 ve 143.12 mm. Some statistically differences was investigated between metapodium in the analysis of gender and race. To sum up, it was detected that gender was more effective than race on metapodium morphometry of Morkaraman and Tuj sheep. Furthermore, it was uncovered that more bone marrow can be obtained from metapodium of female than metapodium of male Morkaraman and Tuj sheep.
... By examining the obtained ruins determination of many morphological parameters were provided (weight, shoulder height, age, sex, physical structure of animal) [5][6][7][8][9][10] . Information about visual morphology was obtained by using evaluation of metapodia specially [10,11] . ...
... By examining the obtained ruins determination of many morphological parameters were provided (weight, shoulder height, age, sex, physical structure of animal) [5][6][7][8][9][10] . Information about visual morphology was obtained by using evaluation of metapodia specially [10,11] . For the enlightenment of history of domestication of sheep [10][11][12] and goats [10,13] , metapodia were often used to determining morphological changes in this duration. ...
... Information about visual morphology was obtained by using evaluation of metapodia specially [10,11] . For the enlightenment of history of domestication of sheep [10][11][12] and goats [10,13] , metapodia were often used to determining morphological changes in this duration. In the studies, estimated shoulder heights were calculated by using evaluations of metapodia which obtained in archaeological excavations and classification of species was tried to be identified by comparing with archaeological data and actual breeds. ...
In this study, the metapodial bones of sheep and goats which were found out at Yenikapı Metro and Marmaray archaeological excavations in İstanbul were used. The variability of characteristic features of mentioned metapodia (CV values) were examined and calculations of shoulder heights were made with using metapodial evaluations. The results which were reached were compared with the data of modern and archaeological sheep and goats which belong to previous studies about this topic. Hereat, it is observed that the shoulder heights of Byzantine sheep are in same data range with Iron Age sheep and are in same size with one of the modern breeds Tuj sheep. It is confirmed that the shoulder heights of the Byzantine goats are higher than Iron Age goats and are in same size with one of the modern breeds Anatolian Black Goats.
... It is thought that the reason why a great majority of these horses (70%) were " large-medium " can be explained by the fact that males constituted 65% of them. Considering the withers height values calculated using the GL measurements, it is believed that the gender could have had an effect on the values obtained [31]. ...
... The interchange observed in density is considered to be associated with the variation range of the horses. A low variation range is usually observed in samples originating from the same region and from a homogenous population [14, 31]. In addition to the effect of gender on morphological changes observed in animal herds that were under human control, effects of regional variations should be taken into account. ...
This study is a continuation of our previous work that focused on maintenance, intended use and pathologies of horses from the Byzantine period. In the current research Byzantine horse skeletons were investigated in order to estimate their withers heights and structural features. The skeletons were found during Marmaray Project works at Yenikapi, Istanbul, where Theodosius Harbour was located in the past. Materials have been collected during archaeological excavations started in 2004 and covering an area of 58.000 m2. The data obtained were compared and classified. In general, the specimens were medium sized (38.72%, withers height 136-144 cm), and large-medium (36.31%, withers height 144-152 cm). According to the classification based on Brauners metacarpal slenderness index, the horses were described as slightly slender legged (40%).
