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... (information sharing), cooperation and innovation capa- bilities are essential to enable supply chain operations [38]. Table 2 summarises the elements of the LHBSC competitive priority structure. We may conclude that the LHBSC competitive priority structure, with special definitions of their elements, greatly differs from that of "regular" supply chains analysed in literature. ...
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... Lack of a strong supply chain management and economic plan will lead to failure of a biomass supply chain. The main participants of a biomass supply chain are the feedstock producers, satellite storage locations, transport companies, power plants and, endusers [100]. From managerial perspectives, the supply chain can be grouped into three main players, (i) biomass producer or supplier, (ii) logistics support provider, and (iii) bioenergy producer. ...
... Moreover, the share of biomass in electricity generation mix reached its highest when communities take a leadership role. According to Ref. [100] a physically efficient supply chain is necessary to minimize investment and operating costs. Two factors comes into play in managing such a supply chain: i) information-sharing among supply-chain partners, and ii) co-operation among members to reduce costs and increase income. ...
... Farmer's profit from biomass selling price should not be discouraged, where this stakeholder has a strong influence to increase feedstock yield per unit of land, reduce irrigation water demand, energy (electricity, diesel) demand for land preparation, and nutrient demand. The significance of co-operative scenario, where biomass supplier, logistics system provider and bioenergy producer work in a co-ordinated way must be recognized [45,100,117]. ...
Bioenergy is a clean and renewable source of energy that can reduce global depency on fossil fuel, and it is a sustainable, economically viable, and socially acceptable. Bioenergy production aligns with several United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) directly or indirectly. Bioenergy feedstocks are spatio-temporally distributed and, therefore, design of a green and sustainable Biomass Supply Chain (BSC) is pivotal for effective commercialization of bioenergy. The BSC starts with biomass harvest and includes collection, processing, storage, and transportation as intermediate processes and ends with biomass delivery at the conversion facilities. All these processes are spatially interlinked. Cost-effective bioenergy generation requires an effective and efficient BSC model. The absence of such model is the major cause of failure of bioenergy plants. With this backdrop, this paper reviewed literature related to BSC, and its elements. The elements are then linked with emissions, economy, and socio-cultural aspects to draw a wider picture of bioenergy for sustainable development. The challenges associated with bioenergy are elucidated with in-depth discussion. The analysis shows that green and sustainable BSC can be a major tool to achieve UN SDGs in many ways. On the contrary, present situation of BSC is challenging from multiple perspectives: environmental, socio-cultural, economic, policy, institutional as well as technological challenges. To achieve global deployment of bioenergy with net zero emissions target, use of advanced and emerging tools and techniques like artificial intelligence, machine learning, remote sensing & GIS, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage (BECCS) is recommended.
... Most industries in the twentieth century relied on industrial production. Increasing product customization and rapid changes in production requirements have led to adopting and implementation of lean methodologies (Teixeira et al., 2021, Mourtzis, 2020. The lean SC (LSC) paradigm attempts to ensure a waste-free flow of products, services, and technology from the supplier to the consumer (Alhyari, 2015, Khorasani et al., 2019, Alicke and Lösch, 2010. ...
... In addition, environmental considerations have become increasingly important to companies responding to stakeholder demands by integrating them into their manufacturing procedures. In point of fact, implementing lean practices may have a favorable impact on all of the sustainability pillars, In particular, by standardizing work, which can result in lower production costs (an economic effect) and improved worker safety (a social effect), and by error-proofing, also known as poka-yoke, which can result in less rework (an economic effect), less waste of resources (an environmental effect), and to fewer dangerous activities (social effect) (Teixeira et al., 2021). The term "lean manufacturing" refers to a relatively new method employed in sustainable business models to optimize material and energy efficiency and boost an organization's competitiveness (Caldera et al., 2017, Garza-Reyes, 2015. ...
A lean, agile, resilient, and green supply chain (LARG SC) enables companies to survive and be more competitive in the current high-demand and complex marketplace by boosting their flexibility, adaptability, and trustability. However, adopting LARG SCs has faced many challenges, especially in pharmaceutical companies, motivating the present study to develop an inclusive assessment framework of challenges to LARG SC adoption. To this end, A rigorous literature review was conducted to identify the challenges, and then the validity of the identified challenges was analyzed through a survey in which fifteen experts evaluated identified challenges. Afterward, a novel MEREC-TOPSIS method under spherical fuzzy sets was proposed to determine the objective importance of the validated challenges and evaluate five pharmaceutical companies’ performance in dealing with the challenges to LARG SC adoption. The results indicated 35 validated challenges to LARG SC adoption, including seven lean, nine agile, nine resilient, and ten green challenges. Also, it is indicated that the most significant lean, agile, resilient, and green challenges are: designing for manufacturing, applying information technology, strong communication with suppliers and distributors, and green packaging, respectively. Also, comparative and sensitivity studies were conducted to evaluate the applicability and sensitivity of the proposed evaluation framework.
... Since many of these fuels with strong future potential (i.e. methanol, DME), needs dedicated powertrains engine, infrastructure modifications need to be considered alongside the fuel production costs [162,163]. Changes associated with investments in dedicated engine R&D, upscaling of production lines, distribution network, logistics, etc. are inevitable, therefore, consistent and long-term policy support is urgently needed [164][165][166]. ...
Achieving circularity in the transportation sector is the strongest need of the hour and one of the pathways to achieve this is by embracing sustainable bio-energy resources. Considering this need, we investigated and reviewed the state-of-the-art readiness of the current bioresources i.e., biofuels. We provide a fresh overview of various biofuels (bioethanol, biohydrogen, biodiesel) production pathways followed by the landscape of current global production and consumption. In these discussions, we alluded to the prospects of algae-derived biofuels together with the techno-commercial aspects of biofuels toward achieving competitiveness in costs, technology and system design. The review also discussed the limitations of existing batteries over biofuel cell technology in terms of vehicle weight, storage capacity, cost and greenhouse pollution. Next, we discussed the advancement in biofuel cells (BFCs) and the challenges to the successful implantation of biofuel cells in the automotive sector. The development of a new e-biofuel cell system infrastructure was also elaborated to reduce the existing BFCs current problems and their environmental-economical sustainability was discussed. The review concluded by summarizing the current market scenario, global forecast for green energy resources and future directions in the area.
... Creating value with innovation and reducing cost along the chain is important for commercial viability of the enterprises and actors within the value chain (Lee, 2002;Panoutsou et al., 2020). (IV) Innovation -addresses new and improved processes and products as well as equipment in each stage of the chain and among enterprises and actors within the value chain (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). With sanitation and organic-waste biomass being major resource for the sustainability of the value chain, innovation becomes the key in defining which value chain configurations perform best and is resource efficient as well as effective (Fritsche & Iriarte, 2014;Panoutsou et al., 2020); and (V) Transparency -provide current information about the status of the system to avoidance of displacing other activities or product sectors as this is of great importance for the development of the sanitation and organic-waste biomass sector (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). ...
... (IV) Innovation -addresses new and improved processes and products as well as equipment in each stage of the chain and among enterprises and actors within the value chain (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). With sanitation and organic-waste biomass being major resource for the sustainability of the value chain, innovation becomes the key in defining which value chain configurations perform best and is resource efficient as well as effective (Fritsche & Iriarte, 2014;Panoutsou et al., 2020); and (V) Transparency -provide current information about the status of the system to avoidance of displacing other activities or product sectors as this is of great importance for the development of the sanitation and organic-waste biomass sector (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). There is, therefore, the need to provide clarity and awareness of the benefits from the implementation of the value chain as well as create trust among the society's members (Panoutsou et al., 2020). ...
The value chain (VC) system is a key way to address important sanitation technological and institutional gaps in production and service delivery and could constitute a natural platform for development actions and also serve as a market systems approach to improve access to safely-managed sanitation. It has been suggested that sanitation could boost local and national economies and global interconnections with a growing recognition that the private sector can play a bigger role in delivering the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, and help businesses understand value-added and product opportunities. This book proposes a pathway towards re-thinking the sanitation value chain (SVC) and suggests that it should cover all processes, activities and products of enterprises/actors in the sanitation supply chain that provide value-added services within each stage. Following the Regenerative Sanitation Principles, this book presents a new perspective to the SVC known as the ‘integrated functional sanitation value chain’ (IFSVC) to address operational functions within sanitation systems in combination with sanitation enterprises, operators and external actors that support the growth of the sanitation economy. The underlying premise of this book is that the IFSVC represents a new perspective that would have major social, environmental and economic implications for local, national, regional and global sanitation service delivery. It is hoped that researchers, business leaders, entrepreneurs, government officials and funders will find this book valuable, and be inspired and enabled to carry sanitation work forward in their own spheres of operation. The book gives several examples of encouraging developments, particularly in technical and business model innovation. It is our hope that this book will provide the stimulus for new learning and its application, particularly through cross-disciplinary and cross-sector partnerships that bring together all the skills and capabilities needed to deliver a fully effective IFSVC.
ISBN: 9781789061833 (print)
ISBN: 9781789061840 (eBook)
ISBN: 9781789061857 (ePUB)
... Creating value with innovation and reducing cost along the chain is important for commercial viability of the enterprises and actors within the value chain (Lee, 2002;Panoutsou et al., 2020). (IV) Innovation -addresses new and improved processes and products as well as equipment in each stage of the chain and among enterprises and actors within the value chain (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). With sanitation and organic-waste biomass being major resource for the sustainability of the value chain, innovation becomes the key in defining which value chain configurations perform best and is resource efficient as well as effective (Fritsche & Iriarte, 2014;Panoutsou et al., 2020); and (V) Transparency -provide current information about the status of the system to avoidance of displacing other activities or product sectors as this is of great importance for the development of the sanitation and organic-waste biomass sector (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). ...
... (IV) Innovation -addresses new and improved processes and products as well as equipment in each stage of the chain and among enterprises and actors within the value chain (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). With sanitation and organic-waste biomass being major resource for the sustainability of the value chain, innovation becomes the key in defining which value chain configurations perform best and is resource efficient as well as effective (Fritsche & Iriarte, 2014;Panoutsou et al., 2020); and (V) Transparency -provide current information about the status of the system to avoidance of displacing other activities or product sectors as this is of great importance for the development of the sanitation and organic-waste biomass sector (Panoutsou et al., 2020;Torjai et al., 2015). There is, therefore, the need to provide clarity and awareness of the benefits from the implementation of the value chain as well as create trust among the society's members (Panoutsou et al., 2020). ...
The value chain (VC) system is a key way to address important sanitation technological and institutional gaps in production and service delivery and could constitute a natural platform for development actions and also serve as a market systems approach to improve access to safely-managed sanitation. It has been suggested that sanitation could boost local and national economies and global interconnections with a growing recognition that the private sector can play a bigger role in delivering the Sustainable Development Goal for sanitation, and help businesses understand value-added and product opportunities. This book proposes a pathway towards re-thinking the sanitation value chain (SVC) and suggests that it should cover all processes, activities and products of enterprises/actors in the sanitation supply chain that provide value-added services within each stage. Following the Regenerative Sanitation Principles, this book presents a new perspective to the SVC known as the ‘integrated functional sanitation value chain’ (IFSVC) to address operational functions within sanitation systems in combination with sanitation enterprises, operators and external actors that support the growth of the sanitation economy. The underlying premise of this book is that the IFSVC represents a new perspective that would have major social, environmental and economic implications for local, national, regional and global sanitation service delivery. It is hoped that researchers, business leaders, entrepreneurs, government officials and funders will find this book valuable, and be inspired and enabled to carry sanitation work forward in their own spheres of operation. The book gives several examples of encouraging developments, particularly in technical and business model innovation. It is our hope that this book will provide the stimulus for new learning and its application, particularly through cross-disciplinary and cross-sector partnerships that bring together all the skills and capabilities needed to deliver a fully effective IFSVC.
ISBN: 9781789061833 (print)
ISBN: 9781789061840 (eBook)
ISBN: 9781789061857 (ePUB)
... Transparency derives from the availability of up-to-date information surrounding the state of a system [11] to maximise awareness around the benefits (and risks) in the development of biomass systems as well as to foster trust among the consumer base. It informs the first value chain stage about land use patterns, displacement impacts and growth opportunities. ...
... Innovation targets the development of novel equipment and processes [11], concerning cultivation and conversion processes, and modes of transport that can increase in efficiency. Relevant indicators include bioenergy carriers and carbon stock, which are driven by innovations in land use productivity, feedstock novelty and innovative management applications [12]. ...
The greatest challenge in accelerating the realisation of a sustainable and competitive bioeconomy is to demonstrate that enshrining sustainability principles at the very heart of a production line can generate value and improve its overall system. Strategies for reducing emissions, pollutants, indirect land use change or soil depreciation are all perceived as costs or necessary inconveniences to comply with stringent, climate change-focused policy frameworks. System dynamics modelling and competitive priorities are tools that can accurately and intelligently expand on the cross-value chain approach, which integrates both technical and environmental performances, to address the issue of harmonising sustainability and technical operations as one overall dimension of performance. A stock-and-flow model is developed to map a full biofuel value chain and quantitatively and coherently integrate factors of emissions, carbon, land, production, and technology. As such, environmental and operational impacts of innovative practices are measured, and subsequently linked to a qualitative framework of competitive priorities, as defined by transparency, quality, innovation and flexibility. Sustainability and productivity functions are found to reinforce each other when all competitive priorities are optimised. Equally, the framework provides a clear understanding of trade-offs engendered by value chain interventions. Advantages and limitations in the accessibility, scope and transferability of the multi-pronged analytical approach are discussed.
... A SWOT analysis [41] on possible contributions of BSChs for bioenergy within the broader bioeconomy was conducted [22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30] March 2020 as an extension of the SWOT analysis that explored integrated bioeconomy supply chains to develop solutions for the reliable production and supply of higher-quality biomass for energy in October 2019 [42]. The core team behind the SWOT analyses is a key stakeholder group of nine international bioenergy experts-IEA Bioenergy national task leaders (NTLs) and associates of IEA Bioenergy Task 43: Biomass supply for bioenergy within bioeconomy, mapped relevant internal and external risks and their impacts, together with the main driving factors on BSCh and markets. ...
... While it was evident that the pandemic caused disruptions in supply chains in general and globally [30,55], BSChs were re-established faster, especially considering the short supply chains, within a country or administrative border. For the difference in co-productive (food, forestry) BSChs, biofuel industry that relies on dedicated crops would require more than a year to recover [35]. ...
This research investigates how biomass supply chains (BSChs) for bioenergy within the broader bioeconomy could contribute to the post-COVID-19 recovery in three dimensions: boosting economic growth, creating jobs, and building more resilient and cleaner energy systems in four future scenarios, in the short term (by 2023) and long term (by 2030). A SWOT analysis on BSChs was used for generating a questionnaire for foresight by a two-round Delphi study. To interpret the results properly, a short survey and literature review is executed to record BSChs behavior during the pandemic. In total, 23 (55% response rate) and 28 (46% response rate) biomass experts from three continents participated in the Delphi and the short survey, respectively. The strongest impact from investment in BSChs would be on economic growth, followed by a contribution to the resilient and cleaner energy systems and job creation. The effects would be more visible in the long- than in the short-term period. Investments with the most impact on recovery are those that improve biomass material efficiency and circularity. Refurbishment of current policies to enhance the supply of biomass as a renewable resource to the future economy is a must.
... Wood supply security is "the ability to procure a certain volume of roundwood at a stable price" [23] fulfilling the demanded assortment Table 1 Categorisation of wood supply chain risks [22]. Risk Forest owner's willingness to harvest wood, lack of interest of forest owners in managing their forests, attitudes of stakeholders, unreliable biomass producers (in volume, quality), lack of qualified work force [2,17,27,31,37,39,40,45,49,50] Price fluctuations, market price influences availability, price relation of both biomass price to crude oil price or of biofuels price to fossil fuels price [2,4,31,44,50,51] Limited access to harvest residues and industrial byproducts [5,50] Substitution between wood quality assortments [36,43,50,52,53] Resource scarcity Certification schemes, such as PEFC, FSC, assure sustainable forest management and by its introduction reduce the supply volume [13,35,36] Wood quality specific risk Product instability and perishability (humidity, explosion risks, fungi) [29,40,[54][55][56][57] High bulkiness of roundwood [7,54] Limited storability [31,58] ...
... Wood supply security is "the ability to procure a certain volume of roundwood at a stable price" [23] fulfilling the demanded assortment Table 1 Categorisation of wood supply chain risks [22]. Risk Forest owner's willingness to harvest wood, lack of interest of forest owners in managing their forests, attitudes of stakeholders, unreliable biomass producers (in volume, quality), lack of qualified work force [2,17,27,31,37,39,40,45,49,50] Price fluctuations, market price influences availability, price relation of both biomass price to crude oil price or of biofuels price to fossil fuels price [2,4,31,44,50,51] Limited access to harvest residues and industrial byproducts [5,50] Substitution between wood quality assortments [36,43,50,52,53] Resource scarcity Certification schemes, such as PEFC, FSC, assure sustainable forest management and by its introduction reduce the supply volume [13,35,36] Wood quality specific risk Product instability and perishability (humidity, explosion risks, fungi) [29,40,[54][55][56][57] High bulkiness of roundwood [7,54] Limited storability [31,58] ...
... Information deficits and lack of coordination (transparency) [31,40,59] Dependency on single transport mode/one supplier, lack of infrastructure, transport route risk [8,9,23 Varying sustainability criteria [16] Different perceptions of stakeholder on policy making and development [80] Competitive risk (continued on next page) V. Auer and P. Rauch qualities without supply disruptions. So, supply security for this study is defined as the ratio of fulfilled demand to total demand with sustainably produced wood in a given time unit. ...
This paper presents a systematic literature review on both the risks affecting wood supply security and risk mitigation strategies by quantitative and qualitative data analysis. It describes wood-specific supply chain risks, thereupon resulting impacts and counteracting strategies to ensure supply. Risks, impacts, and strategies are documented as basis for a comparative analysis, discussion of results, challenges and research gaps. Finally, the suitability and the limitations of the chosen methodology and the achieved results are discussed. Scanning wood supply chain risks and supply strategies, most of the reviewed papers focus on wood supply for bioenergy generation and only a few studies investigate wood supply chain risk issues for the sawing, wood panel, pulp and paper industries, or biorefineries.
This review differs significantly from other reviews in this field as it considers the entire wood value chain including recent studies on new chemical wood-based products and thus provides a more complete picture of the wood-based bioeconomy. Consequently, it contributes to the literature by providing an overarching investigation of the risks affecting wood supply security and possible side effects of a growing wood-based bioeconomy. It was found that comprehensive value chain analyses considering established wood products, large-volume bioenergy products, as well as established and new chemical wood-based products in the context of wood supply security are missing. Studies that map the entire wood value chain with its multilevel interdependences and integrating cascading use of wood are lacking.
... The issue of reliability and flexibility of supply is foremost found in studies concerning renewable electricity production technologies, such as wind and solar, which show flexibility constraints. Although the issue is frequently raised, there is a certain lack of operational indicators in this area [103]. ...
Energy supply is essential for the functioning and well-being of a society. Decision-makers are faced with the challenge to balance burdens and benefits of energy supply practices with the aim to achieve environmental, economic, and social sustainability. Literature exhibits a broad variety of sustainability assessment frameworks for energy supply technologies. However, there is no consensus on which aspects need to be covered for a comprehensive assessment of sustainability. While some aspects, such as environmental emission damage, receive predominant attention, there is a lack of coverage and adequate quantification for others. This led in the past to an unbalanced basis for decision-making.
Based on an analysis of literature, 12 impact categories were identified for the assessment of energy technologies. The analysis included the judgement of quantification approaches regarding their significance for describing the impact categories and their maturity resulting in the proposal of 12 concrete indicators. A framework is proposed to manage and integrate the assessment of single impact categories. The framework produces normalized and weighted output indicators to use in the form of a dashboard or alternatively a single sustainability index for informed decision-making.
Finally, the proposed sustainability assessment framework relies on life cycle, local impact, and supply chain risks assessment. It consists of both well-established assessment methods as well as suggestions for new indicators in order to allow a full assessment of all impact categories. It thereby goes beyond the isolated assessment of impacts and offers the basis for comparison of complete energy supply mixes.
... Competitive priority theory is usually applied to individual firms but, in this paper, we combine it with value chain analysis and adapt it to explore wider physical and market biomass value chain attributes. Lee [12] and Torjai et al. [13] used competitive theory to address uncertainties across supply and demand interactions in value chains. Further research in this field [14] acknowledges that competitive priorities can be used to articulate improved organisational performance in a value chain and that they should be measured with consistent and suitable indicators [5,12,13]. ...
... Lee [12] and Torjai et al. [13] used competitive theory to address uncertainties across supply and demand interactions in value chains. Further research in this field [14] acknowledges that competitive priorities can be used to articulate improved organisational performance in a value chain and that they should be measured with consistent and suitable indicators [5,12,13]. ...
... The main stages in biomass value chains, which include land use, biomass production, conversion and end use, require optimisation for both cost and a variety of differentiation advantages that are linked to physical assets and market attributes. This is in agreement to research from Fisher [23] and Torjai [13] who state that biomass value chains have a dual function combining physical and market assets. The physical function refers to specific activities such as land use, biomass production and delivery to the conversion plant [13]. ...
Policy and industry decision makers place high priority on the contribution of biomass to the emerging low carbon, circular economy. Optimisation of performance, from the perspectives of environmental, social and economic sustainability and resource efficiency, is essential to successful development and operation of biomass value chains. The complexity of value chains, which comprise interrelated stages from land use to conversion and multiple end products, presents challenges.
To date, decision makers have approached from the viewpoints of single market sectors or issues, such as market shares of bioeconomy and reduction of carbon emissions to mitigate climate change. This approach does not achieve a full understanding of value chains and their competitive priorities, limits consumer awareness, and poses risks of sub-optimal performance and under-development of potential local capacity.
This paper presents a conceptual framework that combines value chain analysis and competitive priority theory with indicators suitable to measure, monitor and interpret sustainability and resource efficiency at value chain level. The case of biomass Combined Heat and Power (CHP) is used to illustrate how optimisation strategies can be focused to address challenges in value chain stages which will lead to better performance and uptake of sustainably sourced, widely accepted biomass options.
