Figure - available from: Nutrients
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Description of dietary patterns: (a) latent class model (with concomitant variables); (b) latent transition model (with concomitant variables). Percentages (%) are the latent class probabilities (1a) or the latent transition probabilities (1b) based on the estimated model; food group descriptions are made based on the highest (+) and lowest intake (-) of major food groups.
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Background:
This study aims to derive habitual dietary patterns of the Portuguese adult population by applying two methodological approaches: a latent class model and a latent transition model. The novel application of the latent transition model allows us to determine the day-to-day variability of diet and to calculate the usual prevalence of die...
Citations
... Analyses of DP can be performed either by score-based approaches (a priori), such as healthy eating indexes, or using data-driven techniques (a posteriori) [20] and have been used to estimate associations of DP with social, economic, behavioral and health factors. In Portugal, some studies have been conducted, aiming to describe DPs of Portuguese adults and the elderly in the general population, either to relate with social and behavioral factors or with nutritional status, nutrient content of diets and health outcomes [21][22][23][24][25]. However, there is still lack of evidence about DP analyses that consider the nature, extent and purpose of food processing. ...
... Three DPs emerged from a latent class analysis with sex and age as concomitant variables: "Traditional", "Unhealthy" and "Diet concerns", all of them followed by over a third of population. In other studies of person-centered DP approaches, a "processed" or "Western" DP has been followed by 20% [36] to over a third of subjects [25,37], whereas "prudent" or "healthier" DPs tend to be followed by 20% of the population [25,36,37]. In general, the investigation of DPs in other adults and the elderly result in patterns usually named "traditional", which reflects the most common DP of the population, "unhealthy", which includes a high consumption of meats and an energy-dense-nutrient-poor diet, and "healthy", which has a high intake of fruits and vegetables [38]. ...
... Three DPs emerged from a latent class analysis with sex and age as concomitant variables: "Traditional", "Unhealthy" and "Diet concerns", all of them followed by over a third of population. In other studies of person-centered DP approaches, a "processed" or "Western" DP has been followed by 20% [36] to over a third of subjects [25,37], whereas "prudent" or "healthier" DPs tend to be followed by 20% of the population [25,36,37]. In general, the investigation of DPs in other adults and the elderly result in patterns usually named "traditional", which reflects the most common DP of the population, "unhealthy", which includes a high consumption of meats and an energy-dense-nutrient-poor diet, and "healthy", which has a high intake of fruits and vegetables [38]. ...
This study aimed to identify dietary patterns (DPs) and their associations with sociodemographic factors and diet quality in Portuguese adults and the elderly. Cross-sectional data were obtained from the National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey (2015–2016), with two non-consecutive dietary 24 h recalls. Food items were classified according to the NOVA system and its proportion (in grams) in the total daily diet was considered to identify DPs by latent class analysis, using age and sex as concomitant variables. Multinomial logistic and linear regressions were performed to test associations of DPs with sociodemographic characteristics and diet quality, respectively. Three DPs were identified: “Traditional” (higher vegetables, fish, olive oil, breads, beer and wine intake), “Unhealthy” (higher pasta, sugar-sweetened beverages, confectionery and sausages intake) and “Diet concerns” (lower intake of cereals, red meat, sugar-sweetened and alcoholic beverages). “Unhealthy” was associated with being younger and lower intake of dietary fiber and vitamins and the highest free sugars and ultra-processed foods (UPF). “Diet concerns” was associated with being female and a more favorable nutrient profile, but both DPs presented a higher contribution of UPF than the “Traditional” DP. These findings should be considered for the design of food-based interventions and public policies for these age groups in Portugal.
