Table 1 - uploaded by Veronica Vallejo
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Background:
Petunia (Petunia × hybrida), derived from a hybrid between P. axillaris and P. integrifolia, is one of the most economically important bedding plant crops and Petunia spp. serve as model systems for investigating the mechanisms underlying diverse mating systems and pollination syndromes. In addition, we have previously described geneti...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... sequencing of five tissue libraries, includ- ing callus, flowers, shoot apex, seedlings, and trichomes, from P. axillaris, P. exserta, and P. integrifolia yielded between ~248 and 294 M 100 nt reads, of which greater than 94 % passed quality and trimming filters (Table 1). A two-step de novo assembly strategy (see Additional file 1: Figure S1) modified from [42] resulted in 74,573, 54,913, and 104,739 transcripts ≥ 500 bp respectively, for P. axillaris, P. exserta, and P. integrifolia. ...
Context 2
... total of 55 primer pairs were selected for PCR amplifi- cation. Of these, 50 amplified single DNA fragments, containing a total of 51 SNP loci, matching the expected sizes in P. axillaris and were selected for further sequen- cing (Additional file 1: Table S1). The failed/unclear amplification might be from primers located across intron-exon boundaries, or from the amplification being across a large intron or in paralogous genes. ...
Context 3
... to our previous study [11], three QTL for de- velopment rate located on chromosomes 1, 2 and 5 were detected. Together they explained 37 % of the variation for development rate ( Fig. 7; Table 10). However, the QTL location on chromosome 1 shifted away from a CAPS marker developed from the isopentenyl transfer- ase gene SHO, a gene originally identified in an activation-tagged line exhibiting increased lateral shoot production [67]. ...
Context 4
... the QTL location on chromosome 1 shifted away from a CAPS marker developed from the isopentenyl transfer- ase gene SHO, a gene originally identified in an activation-tagged line exhibiting increased lateral shoot production [67]. We found that although markers devel- oped from plastochron-related genes were located on Table 8 Summary of SSR repeat motif types and their corresponding repeat unit numbers for di-and tri-nucleotide repeats Repeats 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Total AC/GT - 203 132 76 56 38 15 15 6 7 7 4 2 2 1 5 6 4 AG/CT - 209 130 81 40 34 25 17 17 14 13 10 4 5 9 the same chromosomes as two of the QTL, they did not co-localize with development rate QTL regions. Linkage maps with higher resolution will help better understand the mechanisms for this trait. ...
Similar publications
Chrysanthemum morifolium, is a well-known flowering plant worldwide, and has a high commercial, floricultural, and medicinal value. In this study, simple-sequence repeat (SSR) markers were generated from EST datasets and were applied to assess the genetic diversity among 32 cultivars. A total of 218 in silico SSR loci were identified from 7300 C. m...
Citations
... The clean reads of each RNA-seq library were mapped using the HI-SAT2 program [31] and the C. annuum 'Dempsey' genome assembly ASM2707356v1 (NCBI accession number: GCA_027073565.1) [23]. The 'Dempsey' transcripts were annotated by running the BLAST program with the transcripts of Petunia axillaris, Petunia exserta, and Petunia integrifolia, and the NCBI datasets of C. annuum 'Zunla-1' (accession number GCF_000710875.1), C. annuum 'UCD-10X-F1' (accession number GCF_002878395.1), Capsicum baccatum 'PBC81' (accession number GCA_002271885.2), and A. thaliana TAIR10.1 (accession number GCF_000001735.4), with an e-value cut-off of 1e − 3 [32][33][34]. C. baccatum and Capsicum chinense were mapped to C. baccatum 'PBC81' genome assembly ASM227188v2 [3,34]. ...
... For comparing the DEGs of C. annuum 'Dempsey' , we selected and downloaded DEG datasets from RNA-seq data containing of 'Seedling' , 'Callus' , and 'Shoot apices' data for P. axillaris, P. exserta, and P. integrifolia [32], Additionally, we downloaded A. thaliana RNA-seq data containing CON0d [control, after-cutting < 15 mins], CIM4d [on callus-inducing media for 4 days], and SIM4d and SIM6d [on shoot-inducing media for 4 and 6 days, respectively] data, representing gene expression datasets derived from wild-type, callus, and shoot tissue [45]. To identify DEGs common among the similar tissue types of all five species (including our 'Dempsey' data), we used the DiVenn 2.0 program and InteractiVenn programs [46,47]. ...
Background
The formation of shoots plays a pivotal role in plant organogenesis and productivity. Despite its significance, the underlying molecular mechanism of de novo regeneration has not been extensively elucidated in Capsicum annuum ‘Dempsey’, a bell pepper cultivar. To address this, we performed a comparative transcriptome analysis focusing on the differential expression in C. annuum ‘Dempsey’ shoot, callus, and leaf tissue. We further investigated phytohormone-related biological processes and their interacting genes in the C. annuum ‘Dempsey’ transcriptome based on comparative transcriptomic analysis across five species.
Results
We provided a comprehensive view of the gene networks regulating shoot formation on the callus, revealing a strong involvement of hypoxia responses and oxidative stress. Our comparative transcriptome analysis revealed a significant conservation in the increase of gene expression patterns related to auxin and defense mechanisms in both callus and shoot tissues. Consequently, hypoxia response and defense mechanism emerged as critical regulators in callus and shoot formation in C. annuum ‘Dempsey’. Current transcriptome data also indicated a substantial decline in gene expression linked to photosynthesis within regenerative tissues, implying a deactivation of the regulatory system governing photosynthesis in C. annuum ‘Dempsey’.
Conclusion
Coupled with defense mechanisms, we thus considered spatial redistribution of auxin to play a critical role in the shoot morphogenesis via primordia outgrowth. Our findings shed light on shoot formation mechanisms in C. annuum ‘Dempsey’ explants, important information for regeneration programs, and have broader implications for precise molecular breeding in recalcitrant crops.
... RNA extraction, processing and quantification were as described by (Guo et al., 2015). Briefly, RNA was extracted using TRIzol reagent (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA, USA) according to the manufacturer's protocol. ...
Stevia (Stevia rebuadiana Bertoni) is a perennial shrub grown for the extraction of sweet tasting, nonnutritive compounds called steviol glycosides (SGs) from the leaves, which are up to 300 times sweeter than sugar. The most abundant SGs, stevioside and rebaudioside (Reb) A, have undesirable taste characteristics that have limited their acceptance as a sugar substitute. The SGs Reb D and Reb M offer a similar sweetening intensity to Reb A, but with a superior taste profile. However, these compounds are produced in much lower concentrations than Reb A. The genetic control of SG biosynthesis is only partially understood, hampering efforts to develop new varieties producing high concentrations of desired SGs. Here we report development of a reference transcriptome from a diverse set of stevia tissues. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were mined from the transcriptome, and a genetic linkage map for a pseudo test-cross F1 stevia population was generated with 97 SSRs. This population exhibited transgressive segregation and high broad-sense heritability estimates for many leaf biomass yield and SG content-related traits across two field locations. Two quantitative trait loci (QTL), each explaining 14.0–16.6 % of the observed variation, were identified for Reb D concentration. Additional QTL were identified for Reb A concentration, vigor, and plant height. This study represents the first report of QTL in stevia and will aid future efforts for molecular marker development and gene discovery for economically important traits in stevia.
... In recent years, there has been a considerable increase in sequence availability for Petunia spp., including genome sequences for P. axillaris and P. inflata (a close relative of P. integrifolia) 5 , and transcriptome sequences for P. axillaris, P. exserta, P. ×hybrida, and P. integrifolia [6][7][8] . In addition, we have generated high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based genetic maps for two interspecific Petunia recombinant inbred line (RIL) populations, including a P. integrifolia × P. axillaris population [9][10][11][12] . ...
... The 10 other cultivars yielded 12.2 to 25.8 million high-quality single-end reads (Table 1). Transcriptome data for P. axillaris, P. integrifolia, and P. exserta were previously described 6 . ...
... axillaris), which left 1,164,566 SNPs (entire dataset). These SNPs were located on 32,451 transcripts with a total length of 52,697,361 bp, which was 98.4% of the total transcripts and covered 99.2% of the P. axillaris transcriptome assembly length 6 . A total of 74,218 SNPs with no missing data (no missing) were detected among the 16 genotypes. ...
The cultivated petunia ( Petunia × hybrida ) is derived from the progenitor species P. axillaris and P. integrifolia . The hybridization dates back only to the 1830s, though intensive breeding efforts have yielded cultivars exhibiting incredible diversity for many traits, including growth habit, flower color, and flower size. Until now, little is known about the genetic diversity and genomic background of modern cultivars. Here we selected a panel of 13 cultivars with contrasting growth habits and three wild species (the progenitors and P. exserta ) to estimate the genomic contribution from the ancestral species and to study whether the variation of the genetic origin could be associated with different breeding programs or morphological variability. Transcriptome sequencing identified 1,164,566 SNPs representing 98.4% (32,451) of the transcripts that cover 99.2% (of 52,697,361 bp) of the P. axillaris transcriptome. Cultivars with an upright growth habit had more homozygous alleles and more P. axillaris -derived alleles than trailing cultivars, while mounded cultivars had intermediate heterozygosity. Unlike previous studies, we found the proportions of alleles derived from each progenitor species varied across cultivars but overall were not biased toward one progenitor species, suggesting diverse selection during cultivar development. For trailing cultivars, alleles potentially introgressed from other wild species (“out” alleles) were enriched. The “out” alleles were clustered in particular regions of chromosomes, suggesting that these regions may be hotspots of introgression. Transcripts in these regions were enriched with gene ontology terms associated with growth habit. This study provides novel insight into the contributions of progenitor species to the genomic background of modern petunia cultivars and identifies genome regions that may harbor genes conferring the trailing growth habit for further exploration.
... To identify the petunia TCP genes, Arabidopsis and tomato TCP protein sequences as well as the HMM profile of the TCP domain (PF03634) were used to search against the genome and transcriptome datasets of P. axillaris and P. inflata [50,52]. As a result, 32 PaTCP genes were identified in P. axillaris ( Table 1, Table S1) and 34 PiTCP genes were identified in P. inflata (Table S2). ...
... Subsequently, the TSA (Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly) databases of P. axillaris (GBRU) and P. integrifolia (GBRV) as well as P. integrifolia subsp. inflata (GBDS) were searched for the transcripts of the identified PaTCPs and PiTCPs genes by nucleotide BLAST in the NCBI [52]. The molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric points (pI) of PaTCP and PiTCP proteins were computed by the ExPASy website (https://web.expasy.org/protparam/). ...
The plant-specific TCP transcription factors are well-characterized in both monocots and dicots, which have been implicated in multiple aspects of plant biological processes such as leaf morphogenesis and senescence, lateral branching, flower development and hormone crosstalk. However, no systematic analysis of the petunia TCP gene family has been described. In this work, a total of 66 petunia TCP genes (32 PaTCP genes in P. axillaris and 34 PiTCP genes in P. inflata) were identified. Subsequently, a systematic analysis of 32 PaTCP genes was performed. The phylogenetic analysis combined with structural analysis clearly distinguished the 32 PaTCP proteins into two classes-class Ι and class Ⅱ. Class Ⅱ was further divided into two subclades, namely, the CIN-TCP subclade and the CYC/TB1 subclade. Plenty of cis-acting elements responsible for plant growth and development, phytohormone and/or stress responses were identified in the promoter of PaTCPs. Distinct spatial expression patterns were determined among PaTCP genes, suggesting that these genes may have diverse regulatory roles in plant growth development. Furthermore, differential temporal expression patterns were observed between the large- and small-flowered petunia lines for most PaTCP genes, suggesting that these genes are likely to be related to petal development and/or petal size in petunia. The spatiotemporal expression profiles and promoter analysis of PaTCPs indicated that these genes play important roles in petunia diverse developmental processes that may work via multiple hormone pathways. Moreover, three PaTCP-YFP fusion proteins were detected in nuclei through subcellular localization analysis. This is the first comprehensive analysis of the petunia TCP gene family on a genome-wide scale, which provides the basis for further functional characterization of this gene family in petunia.
... Petunia ALOG genes were identified by the HMM profile for the DUF640 domain (PF04852) search and tBLASTx (translated nucleotide to translated nucleotide) search with Arabidopsis and rice ALOG proteins against the genomic and transcriptomic databases of P. inflata and P. axillaris [27,28], respectively. As a result, 11 ALOG genes were identified in P. axillaris, named PaLSHs (Additional file 1), and 13 ALOG genes were identified in P. inflata, named PiLSHs (Additional file 2). ...
... Two approaches were used to identify ALOG family genes in petunia. First, the ALOG protein sequences identified previously in Arabidopsis and rice were used as queries to search the genome and transcriptome datasets of P. inflata and P. axillaris [26,27,33] using the tBLASTx (translated nucleotide to translated nucleotide) program with default parameters. Second, the HMM profile for the DUF640 domain (PF04852) obtained from the Pfam database was used to search the annotated petunia proteomes. ...
... The ALOG genes from P. integrifolia, P. exserta and P. hybrida were recognized by BLAST searching the transcriptome databases at NCBI [27,34] using the nucleotide sequences of the obtained P. inflata and P. axillaris ALOG genes as queries. ...
Background:
The ALOG (Arabidopsis LSH1 and Oryza G1) family of proteins, namely DUF640 (domain of unknown function 640) domain proteins, were found in land plants. Functional characterization of a few ALOG members in model plants such as Arabidopsis and rice suggested they play important regulatory roles in plant development. The information about its evolution, however, is largely limited, and there was no any report on the ALOG genes in Petunia, an important ornamental species.
Results:
The ALOG genes were identified in four species of Petunia including P. axillaris, P. inflata, P. integrifolia, and P. exserta based on the genome and/or transcriptome databases, which were further confirmed by cloning from P. hybrida 'W115' (Mitchel diploid), a popular laboratorial petunia line susceptible to genetic transformation. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Petunia ALOG genes (named as LSHs according to their closest Arabidopsis homologs) were grouped into four clades, which can be further divided into eight groups, and similar exon-intron structure and motifs are reflected in the same group. The PhLSH genes of hybrid petunia 'W115' were mainly derived from P. axillaris. The qPCR analysis revealed distinct spatial expression patterns among them suggesting potentially functional diversification. Moreover, over-expressing PhLSH7a and PhLSH7b in Arabidopsis uncovered their functions in the development of both vegetative and reproductive organs.
Conclusions:
Petunia genome includes 11 ALOG genes that can be divided into eight distinct groups, and they also show different expression patterns. Among these genes, PhLSH7b and PhLSH7a play significant roles in plant growth and development, especially in fruit development. Our results provide new insight into the evolution of ALOG gene family and have laid a good foundation for the study of petunia LSH gene in the future.
... Cytosine-guanine (CpG) dinucleotides usually cause methylation and lead to higher transition frequencies, thus resulting in a Ts/Tv bias (Keller et al. 2007). However, the transition-transversion ratio (1.42:1) obtained in this study was similar to the previous findings for radish and Petunia Guo et al. 2015). It is remarkable that a total of 13 InDel types were found in these three genotypes. ...
Main conclusion
Alternative splicing (AS) events were identified and verified in cabbage by comparative transcriptome analysis. The corresponding markers were developed and the germplasm resources were identified.
Alternative splicing (AS) is a central regulatory mechanism that greatly contributes to plant gene expression and transcriptome diversity. A large body of evidence has shown that AS complexity is relevant for plant development, evolution, complexity, and adaptation. Both insertion/deletion (InDel) and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) are typically co-dominant inheritance markers and have abundant polymorphisms. These have been widely used for marker-assisted selection, genetic mapping, and germplasm identification in plants. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying AS events and the development of markers including SNP and InDel from the cabbage transcriptome. In this study, three cabbage transcriptome datasets were collected and aligned to the cabbage reference genome to analyze AS events and marker development. 31,524 AS events were identified from three cabbage genotypes, accounting for 20.8% of the total cabbage genes. Alternative 3′ splice site donor (A3SS) was the most frequent type of the four main AS events in cabbage. 70,475 InDels and 706,269 SNPs were identified with average frequencies of 1 InDel/6.9 kb and 1 SNP/0.7 kb, respectively. 71,942 potential SSRs were identified in 53,129 assembled unigenes with a density of 1 SSR/6.8 kb. The ratio of SNPs with synonymous/non-synonymous mutations was 1:0.65. 142 InDels and 36 SNPs were randomly selected and validated via Sanger sequencing and polymorphism was found among 66.2% of the InDels and 78.6% of the SNPs. Furthermore, 35 informative InDel markers were successfully used for genetic diversity analysis on 36 cabbage accessions. These results facilitate understanding of the molecular regulation mechanism underlying AS events in cabbage. They also provide molecular marker resource data for genetic mapping construction and germplasm identification, and facilitate the genetic improvement of cabbage via breeding.
... Using RNA-seq technology, EST-SSRs have been utilized and developed in a variety of plant species, such as peanut 32 , bean 33 , Chinese cabbage 34 , Petunia spp. 35 mango 36 , Chinese bayberry 37 , and Tapiscia sinensis 38 . A list of plant species in which genomic and EST-SSRs have been developed using 454 and Illumina sequencing platforms is available in our review article 2 . ...
Curcuma alismatifolia widely used as an ornamental plant in Thailand and Cambodia. This species of herbaceous perennial from the Zingiberaceae family, includes cultivars with a wide range of colours and long postharvest life, and is used as an ornamental cut flower, as a potted plant, and in exterior landscapes. For further genetic improvement, however, little genomic information and no specific molecular markers are available. The present study used Illumina sequencing and de novo transcriptome assembly of two C. alismatifolia cvs, ‘Chiang Mai Pink’ and ‘UB Snow 701’, to develop simple sequence repeat markers for genetic diversity studies. After de novo assembly, 62,105 unigenes were generated and 48,813 (78.60%) showed significant similarities versus six functional protein databases. In addition, 9,351 expressed sequence tag-simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were identified with a distribution frequency of 12.5% total unigenes. Out of 8,955 designed EST-SSR primers, 150 primers were selected for the development of potential molecular markers. Among these markers, 17 EST-SSR markers presented a moderate level of genetic diversity among three C. alismatifolia cultivars, one hybrid, three Curcuma, and two Zingiber species. Three different genetic groups within these species were revealed using EST-SSR markers, indicating that the markers developed in this study can be effectively applied to the population genetic analysis of Curcuma and Zingiber species. This report describes the first analysis of transcriptome data of an important ornamental ginger cultivars, also provides a valuable resource for gene discovery and marker development in the genus Curcuma.
... The floriculture industry needs protocols for marker-assisted selection breeding strategies. Guo et al. [147] described a protocol that included the use of callus cultures to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequence markers in the transcriptomes from P. axillaris, P. exserta, and P. integrifolia to characterize the genetic diversity of Petunia subspecies. ...
In ethnopharmacology, and especially in traditional Chinese medicine, medicinal plants have been used for thousands of years. Similarly, agricultural plants have been used throughout the history of mankind. The recent development of the genetic engineering of plants to produce plants with desirable features adds a new and growing dimension to humanity's usage of plants. The biotechnology of plants has come of age and a plethora of bioengineering applications in this context have been delineated during the past few decades. Callus cultures and suspension cell cultures offer a wide range of usages in pharmacology and pharmacy (including Chinese medicine), as well as in agriculture and horticulture. This review provides a timely overview of the advancements that have been made with callus cultures in these scientific fields. Genetically modified callus cultures by gene technological techniques can be used for the synthesis of bioactive secondary metabolites and for the generation of plants with improved resistance against salt, draft, diseases, and pests. Although the full potential of callus plant culture technology has not yet been exploited, the time has come to develop and market more callus culture-based products.
... In recent years, advances in next-generation sequencing (NGS) and assembly algorithms have resulted in fast and deep RNA sequencing technology (RNA-Seq), which is readily available for nonmodel plants. This technology has greatly facilitated the discovery of functional genes in specific biosynthesis pathways and the development of molecular markers in large numbers in important plant species [9][10][11][12][13]. ...
Bletilla striata is an endangered orchid that has been used for millennia as a medicinal herb, in cosmetics and as a horticultural plant. To construct the first nucleotide database for this species and to develop abundant EST-SSR markers for facilitating further studies, various tissues and organs of plants in the main developmental stages were harvested for mRNA isolation and subsequent RNA sequencing. A total of 106,054,784 clean reads were generated by using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. The reads were assembled into 127,261 unigenes by the Trinity package; the unigenes had an average length of 612 bp and an N50 of 957 bp. Of these unigenes, 67,494 (51.86%) were annotated in a series of databases. Of these annotated unigenes, 41,818 and 24,615 were assigned to gene ontology categories and clusters of orthologous groups, respectively. Additionally, 20,764 (15.96%) unigenes were mapped onto 275 pathways using the KEGG database. In addition, 25,935 high-quality EST-SSR primer pairs were developed from the 15,433 unigenes by MISA mining. To validate the accuracy of the newly designed markers, 87 of 100 randomly selected primers were effectively amplified; 63 of those yielded PCR products of the expected size, and 25 yielded products with significant amounts of polymorphism among the 4 landraces. Furthermore, the transferability test of the 25 polymorphic markers was performed in 6 individuals of two closely related genus Phalaenopsis and dendrobium. Which results showed a total of 5 markers can successfully amplified among these populations. This research provides a comprehensive nucleotide database and lays a solid foundation for functional gene mining and genomic research in B. striata. The developed EST-SSR primers could facilitate phylogenetic studies and breeding.
... The SPLs of Arabidopsis, tomato and tobacco were used to search the genome and transcriptome datasets of P. axillaris and P. inflata [50,52], which identified 21 putative SPL genes in the two species, designated as PaSPLs and PiSPLs (Additional files 1 and 2), respectively. To validate the full-length open reading frame (ORF) sequences and predicted exon-intron structures of the Petunia SPL genes, the coding sequence of PhSPL genes (PhSPLs) were cloned by RT-PCR from P. hybrida line W115. ...
... To understand the origin of PhSPL genes, the coding sequences of PhSPLs were used to query the Transcriptome Shotgun Assembly (TSA) database in NCBI of another two wild Petunia species, P. integrifolia and P. exserta [52]. Finally, nineteen SPL genes were recognized in P. integrifolia (designated as PintSPLs, Additional file 2) and P. exserta (designated as PeSPLs, Additional file 3), respectively. ...
... As for PhSPL6c, it is strange that its coding sequence was almost identical (only one nucleotide variation) to that of PaSPL6c (accession number: GBRU01020485.1) from the transcriptome database of P. axillaris [52], but the PaSPL6c gene identified in the genome of P. axillaris N [50] showed an extended first exon (635 to 670 bp) and loss of the second exon (89 bp), so resulting in 66 nucleotide changes between PhSPL6c and the PaSPL6c identified from the genome, which was confirmed by our recent transcriptome data of P. axillaris N [53]. Excluding the extended and lost sequences of the genome PaSPL6c, the rest part of coding sequence was identical to that of PhSPL6c, suggesting PhSPL6c should also be derived from P. axillaris. ...
Background:
SQUAMOSA PROMOTER BINDING PROTEIN (SBP)-box genes encode a family of plant-specific transcription factors (TFs) that play important roles in many growth and development processes including phase transition, leaf initiation, shoot and inflorescence branching, fruit development and ripening etc. The SBP-box gene family has been identified and characterized in many species, but has not been well studied in Petunia, an important ornamental genus.
Results:
We identified 21 putative SPL genes of Petunia axillaris and P. inflata from the reference genome of P. axillaris N and P. inflata S6, respectively, which were supported by the transcriptome data. For further confirmation, all the 21 genes were also cloned from P. hybrida line W115 (Mitchel diploid). Phylogenetic analysis based on the highly conserved SBP domains arranged PhSPLs in eight groups, analogous to those from Arabidopsis and tomato. Furthermore, the Petunia SPL genes had similar exon-intron structure and the deduced proteins contained very similar conserved motifs within the same subgroup. Out of 21 PhSPL genes, fourteen were predicted to be potential targets of PhmiR156/157, and the putative miR156/157 response elements (MREs) were located in the coding region of group IV, V, VII and VIII genes, but in the 3'-UTR regions of group VI genes. SPL genes were also identified from another two wild Petunia species, P. integrifolia and P. exserta, based on their transcriptome databases to investigate the origin of PhSPLs. Phylogenetic analysis and multiple alignments of the coding sequences of PhSPLs and their orthologs from wild species indicated that PhSPLs were originated mainly from P. axillaris. qRT-PCR analysis demonstrated differential spatiotemperal expression patterns of PhSPL genes in petunia and many were expressed predominantly in the axillary buds and/or inflorescences. In addition, overexpression of PhSPL9a and PhSPL9b in Arabidopsis suggested that these genes play a conserved role in promoting the vegetative-to-reproductive phase transition.
Conclusion:
Petunia genome contains at least 21 SPL genes, and most of the genes are expressed in different tissues. The PhSPL genes may play conserved and diverse roles in plant growth and development, including flowering regulation, leaf initiation, axillary bud and inflorescence development. This work provides a comprehensive understanding of the SBP-box gene family in Petunia and lays a significant foundation for future studies on the function and evolution of SPL genes in petunia.
