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The development of a domestic biofuel industry has been a major policy thrust of the United States federal government in the first decade of the 21st century. Cellulosic biofuels have been identified as the primary candidate for meeting long term sustainability and energy security goals. In this thesis potential cellulosic biofuels produced via the...
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... Much consideration has been paid to the investigation of the conversion of biomass 2 to fuels and chemicals since the oil crises of the 1970s, and current environmental and produce drop-in ready biofuels to meet national policies designed to displace petroleum 8 consumption for transportation [2]. Fluidized bed (FB) reactor technology has been 9 identified as a likely foundation for biomass conversion technologies including com- 10 bustors, pyrolysis reactors and gasifiers coupled with Fischer-Tröpsch synthesis. ...
... Much consideration has been paid to the investigation of the conversion of biomass 2 to fuels and chemicals since the oil crises of the 1970s, and current environmental and produce drop-in ready biofuels to meet national policies designed to displace petroleum 8 consumption for transportation [2]. Fluidized bed (FB) reactor technology has been 9 identified as a likely foundation for biomass conversion technologies including com- 10 bustors, pyrolysis reactors and gasifiers coupled with Fischer-Tröpsch synthesis. ...
The thermochemical conversion of biomass via gasification and pyrolysis over attractive routes to drop-in-ready fuels and renewably-derived chemicals from a variety of different biomass feedstocks. For both of these conversion pathways prediction of the growth of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) compounds is of particular importance since they can cause major challenges in downstream catalytic synthesis reactors and decrease the overall carbon conversion efficiency of the process. In this work, a multi-physics particle model of biomass devolatilization in a Fluidized Bed (FB) Reactor is developed which integrates external and internal heat transfer with devolatilization kinetics. This model is dependent on a number of parameters, including chemical kinetics and operational conditions such as reactor temperature and the physical description of the biomass including particle diameter. This model is applied to investigate the prevailing controlling parameters of devolatilization and their influence on the tar yields from a fluidized bed reactor and is validated against existing experimental data [1]. From this analysis we assess the impact of controllable parameters (e.g. reactor temperature and particle radius) on the devolatilization of biomass and the production of primary tar compounds responsible for the formation of PAHs. A strong correlation between particle diameter and PAH formation is identified and a physiochemical mechanism, via the production of sinapoyl aldehyde during low-temperature devolatilization due to heat transfer limitations in larger particles, is proposed.
... where W B is the weight of agricultural waste biomass (residues) produced (t), CP is the average crop production in (t), RPR is the residue-to-product ratio, PR is the percentage of residue available for biofuel production, To estimate the ethanol production potential, Eq. (3) (Stark, 2007) was adopted. ...
... In the US alone it has been estimated that more than one billion dry tons of biomass could be sustainably harvested for use as an energy feedstock [110]. Previous work has estimated the potential biofuel production from this resource to be on the order of 60 billion gallons of gasoline equivalent (GGE) per year, or 45$ of the 134 billion gallons of gasoline consumed in the US in 2013 [133]. While, the overall environmental impact of such large harvests of biomass for use as an energy feedstock has been an issue of intense debate, though it is widely agreed that biomass will play a major role in any renewable energy future [129]. ...
... For the US agricultural sector, the production of biofuels has become such an important industry that, in fact, corns use as a feedstock for biofuel production is now becoming its primary market destination [47]. Biooils, such as soybean oil and canola (rapeseed), also play a major role in the current bio-energy industry since they are used in the production of biodiesel, though the overall production and utilization of biodiesel is much lower than that of ethanol from sugary feedstocks and fundamentally limited due to the challenges of integrating the oxygenated fuel into modern compression ignition engines [133]. ...
Industry is often termed “hard to decarbonize” because a vast, inhomogeneous array of processes comprise the sector. But developing new, decarbonized process heating technologies represents a single, broadly applicable pathway to eliminating a large portion of sectoral emissions—and approximately one-fifth of global CO 2 emissions, overall. We begin this perspective with a brief review of the demand for and cost of industrial heat. Then, we highlight key challenges and R&D needs in developing zero-carbon industrial heating technologies. Technologies in four pathways are discussed: (1) zero-carbon fuels, (2) zero-carbon heat sources, (3) electrification of heat, and (4) better heat management. Finally, we identify cross-cutting challenges to the development and adoption of zero-carbon industrial heat technologies, the solution to any of which would constitute a significant breakthrough on the path to industrial decarbonization.
