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... the method of least-squares regression, the equation of the best-fit line, and the correlation coefficient (R 2 ), correlation equations were determined to correlate between density and porosity ( Figure 5). It can be seen that there is a good correlation between porosity and density as R 2 is nearly 0.94. ...
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... The nation is renowned for its abun-dant reserves of superior-grade limestone, which finds extensive application in several sectors. Limestone is an essential primary material in industries such as construction, cement and lime production [18], [20]. The limestone mined in Jordan is often distinguished by its advantageous chemical composition, rendering it appropriate for many industrial purposes [20]. ...
... Limestone is an essential primary material in industries such as construction, cement and lime production [18], [20]. The limestone mined in Jordan is often distinguished by its advantageous chemical composition, rendering it appropriate for many industrial purposes [20]. ...
Purpose.This paper aims to investigate the process of modeling and simulating the mill plant operations with a specific emphasis on the use of AggFlow software. The main purpose is to highlight the importance of modern approaches in to mill plant operation, with a focus on the crucial role of simulation in improving production processes, reducing inefficiencies and optimizing resource use. Methods. The AggFlow software is used to model current operations at a mill plant in Jordan with a specific emphasis on the limestone production in different size fractions. The accuracy of the simulation is verified by carefully comparing it with actual operational data, confirming the AggFlow effectiveness in predictive modeling to enhance mill plant performance. Findings. This study has systematically increased the production rates of mill plant products through thorough analysis while ensuring that the supplying conditions remain consistent. The aim was to increase production efficiency while guaran-teeing the marketability of the finished products. The findings provided useful insights into effective operational modifications and strategies for enhancing production rates while maintaining product quality. Originality. This research provides novel insights by integrating actual mill plant operations with sophisticated simulation utilizing AggFlow software. The study confirms the reliability of AggFlow as a tool for predicting models and offers new insights into enhancing production efficiency in mill plant environments. Practical implications.The research results are directly applicable to mill plant operators, providing a realistic method for improving operational efficiency through the use of AggFlow simulation. The research provides practical methods that can be implemented to optimize production rates and maintain consistent product quality in mill plant operations.
... Limestone is a common type of carbonate sedimentary rock formed by the accumulation or deposition of minerals or organic particles at the Earth's surface, followed by cementation, which is the major source of material lime. Limestone is composed of over 50% of mineral calcite or calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and mineral dolomite which is formed by magnesium (CaMg(CO3)2) [1,2]. ...
This study aims to produce and characterize CaO (calcium oxide) from limestone, a natural product of Lobong Village. Calcination is the thermal decomposition of limestone to remove carbon so that it can produce calcium oxide. One of the functions of CaO is as an eco-friendly catalyst that does not produce toxic or hazardous waste and can be reused. CaO resulting from the calcination process at a temperature of 900°C for 1.5 h was characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, and EDS. XRD analysis of calcined limestone produced 2θ (h k l) diffraction peaks, namely 32.228 o (1 1 1), 37.389 o (2 0 0), 53.864 o (2 2 0), 64.169 o (3 1 1), and 67.404 o (2 2 2) which indicates the dominance of CaO. SEM analysis shows that the morphological structure of Lobong limestone after calcination is more porous than before. Studies by FTIR show that the chemical bonds of carbonate groups in the calcined limestone are decreasing. EDS analysis also shows that the mapping of carbon, which forms carbonates in calcined limestone, is decreasing.
... The tower was supposed to be infinitely rigid but the section S1 between the ground and the basement was supposed to have an elastic-perfect plastic behavior with a compression strength f t . On the basis of the experimental analysis of the local limestone described before, a value f t ≥ 10 MPa and the corresponding Young's modulus ³ 10000 MPa can be supposed (Fener et al. 2005;Dweirj et al. 2017). These values are also consistent with the characteristics of the concrete basement. ...
On the basis of the stability and vulnerability analyses carried out on the Stylite Tower at the UNESCO World Heritage Site of Umm ar-Raṣāṣ, Jordan, a proposal for the seismic improvement of the structure is presented in this paper. The main intervention consists in the insertion of a cable or steel bar, connected to a new roof and the existing basement. The reinforcement is tensioned in order to apply a compression axial force on the tower structure. This guarantees a significant increment of the resistant bending moment of the masonry base section. Furthermore, the cable is connected to a central anchor of micro-pile that can guarantee a tension action between the basement and the ground. This would allow for increases to the bending resistance of the interface soil-foundation section.
... Stratigraphically, the upper part of Dungul Formation is equivalent to the conspicuous Thebes Formation that widely distributed in the middle parts of Egypt. Geotechnically, limestones were investigated in various areas in Egypt by several authors(e.g., Gomma et al. 1974;Abdel Tawab 1994;Rashed and Sediek 1997;Park and Shin 2009;Mahrous et al. 2010;Ismaiel and Ismaiel and Badry 2012;Ali and Yang 2014;Abd El-Aal 2015;Ahmed 2015;Roushdy et al. 2017), and worldwide (e.g., Fourniadis 2010;Dweirj et al. 2016;Naeem et al. 2014;Ben Salah et al. 2018;Pappalardo et al. 2016). It is worth mentioning that the demand for limestone in construction and other industrial applications in Egypt has remarkably increased during the last years. ...
This study investigates physical and mechanical characteristics of Lower Eocene limestone exposed on the Sinn El-Kaddab Plateau, southwest of Aswan. The limestone successions belonging to the upper member of the Dungul Formation attain 120 m in the composite section of the area. Sedimentologically, these limestones are composed of three lithofacies; hemipelagic facies at base composed mainly of wackstone, followed upwards by shallow marine nummulitic packstone and grainstone, and middle ramp facies at top composed mainly of bioclastic grainstone. The average values of the investigated physical properties include true density (2.70 g/cm3), bulk density (2.40 g/cm3), apparent specific gravity (2.66 g/cm3), apparent porosity (10.32%), and water absorption (4.44%). The average investigated mechanical properties values include Schmidt rebound attains (27.46), maximum stress (27.82 N/mm3), and compressive strength (283.77 kg/cm2). Unconfined uniaxial compressive strength and abrasion impact values were derived mathematically from equilibrated curves using Schmidt rebound values. Both limestones of Naqb Dungul and Kalabsha localities are suitable for uses in construction and ornamental purposes as dimension stone such as in floor tiles, interior and exterior cladding, production of bricks and mosaics, and possible non-constructional uses include fillers and pigments. Low values of both abrasions impact value obtained results; unconfined compressive strength and confined compressive strength of the lower facies refer to unsuitability as wear abrasive or road aggregates.
... The slight change of the color of the studied samples can be attributed to the oxidation of organic matter and ferrous Fe-oxides. The whitish-gray color of the fresh surfaces assumes a buff tint upon exposure; and may be due to oxidation of isomorphous ferrous carbonate, which is a common constituent of dolomitic carbonate rocks (Dweirj et al., 2017). ...
The Kurdistan Region has an enormous number of different carbonate rock units, which vary widely in their geological age and sedimentary depositional environment. Limestone quarried from the exposures has a wide range of usages and applications, such as dimension stone, crushed stone, building stone and paving stones. Since antiquity, limestone was used as building materials in areas where they were naturally available and abundant. Little work has been done to indicate the physical and mechanical properties of the limestone, especially under humid environment. In this study, the physical and mechanical properties of some carbonate rocks of the Pila Spi Formation (Eocene) are investigated. samples are collected from the Pila Spi Formation in the Qara Dagh area at two sites close to each other to assess their suitability for use as dimension stone. Geological, petrographical, geochemical and geotechnical properties of the carbonate rocks in the study area are determined based on field studies and laboratory tests. The field studies indicate that the carbonate rocks of the Pila Spi Formation in the studied area are mostly well-bedded to massive, crystalline, white in color, sometimes become chalky towards the top with small oxidation signs on the surface. Petrographical study reveal that the carbonate rocks are characterized as dolomitic limestone and have a grayish and yellowish-white color after polishing. The carbonate rocks are mostly dolomites or recrystallized dolomitic limestone. Geochemical analyses of the studied samples show that CaO and MgO are the most abundant oxides and the rocks can be classified as impure limestones. According to the American Standard for Testing and Materials, ASTM C568-03 (2006) the carbonate rocks in the studied sites are acceptable for use as dimension stone.
