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Density of pure mercury
Source publication
We report the results of an experimental study of the electrical conductivity and the mass density of expanded liquid mercury and of a dilute 3% at. Hg/In alloy in the temperature range 30°-1520°C, and the pressure range 1–1600 atm. Large excess volumes and large differences in the electrical conductivity were observed for the alloy relative to pur...
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Citations
Since the second half of the XX century, primer mixtures based on mercury fulminate have become a rare occurrence on small ammunition markets in Western Europe and North America. As a consequence, Hg-containing gunshot residue (GSR) particles have not been as deeply investigated as residues from lead-based primer mixtures. As a matter of fact, no mention of GSR particles from mercuric primers is made by the current ASTM standard procedure for gunshot residue analysis. However, those laboratories dealing with ammunition and firearms produced in Eastern Europe or Asia still have a forensic interest in Hg-containing GSR. In this paper, a brief description of chemical composition and inner morphology of GSR particles from three different mercuric primers is reported. Regarding composition, arguments are given to promote SbSnHg residues to Characteristic of GSR particles when mercuric primers are discharged. From a morphological point of view, presence of inner nodules and other inhomogeneities were shown in GSR particles milled in a FIB/SEM. Moreover, mercury vaporization under the electron beam was observed for a particle reduced to a lamella. Mercury evanescence in GSR was interpreted in terms of mercury segregation during particle formation and higher mobility of Hg atoms in presence of defects (vacancies) in a strained lattice.
This paper will be concerned with the role of plasma phase transitions which are connected with excitation phenomena and many- particle interactions in dense fluids at high temperatures and their relation to the metal-nonmetal transition which occurs at reduced densities of fluid metals. Selected recent experimental results will be presented with emphasis on their relevance to the following problems: Where in the phase diagram do these transitions occur; and how do the changes in the electronic properties at these transitions affect the thermodynamic features of the system, e.g. the gas-liquid critical point phase transition of metals.
Experiments on fluid metals near the liquid-vapour critical points have shown that there are profound changes in their electronic structure in that region. A metal-nonmetal transition occurs with decreasing density. In the present paper the problem of interest is the interplay between the liquid-vapour critical point density fluctuations and the electronic transition.
Selected recent experimental results including the equation of state, electrical, dielectric and optical properties are used to demonstrate that the strong variation in the electronic structure in course of the metal-nonmetal transition which manifests itself in a correspondingly strong thermodynamic-state-dependence of the effective interparticle interaction noticeably influences the thermodynamic and kinetic features of the vapour-liquid phase transition of metals.
We have carried out small-angle x-ray scattering and x-ray transmission
measurements of supercritical fluid Hg-0.2%Bi and pure Hg systems at
SPirng-8 in Japan. We have obtained the static structure factors S(Q) in
the low-momentum transfer region (0.5< Q <3 nm-1) for
both samples at temperatures and pressures up to 1600 °C and 200
MPa. A Bi-impurity effect can be seen in both S(Q) and density deduced
from x-ray transmission, only in the high temperature and high pressure
region; the sign of the phase separation is seen near the critical
density for Hg-0.2%Bi sample. We have analyzed S(Q) by Ornstein-Zernike
formula and deduced the structure factors in the long-wavelength limit
S(0), correlation lengths ξ, and corresponding short-range
correlation lengths R = ξ≡/√S(0). Temperature variation of
R is very similar to that of the density in each sample. This
experimental fact hints that the variation of R is highly dependent on
its metallic nature because the density is the most relevant parameter
for the electronic features in fluid Hg and its impurity systems.
The mass density of dilute amalgams containing 0.2 at.% Bi and Cd has been measured using a dilatometer up to 1600 °C and 2000 bar. The temperature and pressure variations of the density are nearly the same as those for pure Hg at densities above 10 g/cm3. However, in the density range between 10 and 7 g/cm3, which includes the metal-non-metal (M-NM) transition region, thermal expansion of fluid Hg is considerably suppressed by the addition of impurity elements, especially by the addition of Bi. The mechanism of the electron transfer from impurity to Hg atoms is discussed.
Simultaneous measurements of the density and electrical conductivity have been carried out for expanded liquid dilute amalgams containing Cd, Bi, Na, Pb etc. in the range of temperature and pressure up to 1550°C and 2200 bar. At high temperatures and pressures, substantial volume contraction and large increase in conductivity are brought about by the addition of a small amount of the elements with high-valency such as Bi and Pb into expanded liquid Hg. The observed large negative excess volume of mixing can be attributed to the loosely-packed structure of Hg solvent and to the change in the character of cohesion due to the injection of excess electrons.
Simultaneous measurement of the conductivity sigma and thermoelectric power S has been made for liquid Hg and 0.5 and 2.0 at% Cd amalgams in the temperature range 20-1600°C and the pressure range 1-1700 bar. The vapour pressure curves and the critical points for Hg and dilute Cd amalgams have been determined from the measurements of sigma. The vapour pressure curve remarkably shifted with addition of Cd. The critical point for 0.5 at% Cd amalgam was estimated to be at 1500± 20°C and 1680± 20 bar. Near the critical point S for Hg abruptly changed from a large negative to near zero. With addition of Cd to Hg sigma and S increased. The observed large differences of sigma and S between Hg and Cd amalgams at high temperatures are discussed.
New conductivity data is presented for dilute amalgams of Zn, In, and Pb up to about 1450°C in the diffusion regime. Solute-solvent valency differences have no strong effect on the large conductivity increase that is observed.
