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Greenhouse technology is a flexible solution for sustainable year-round cultivation of Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), particularly in regions with adverse climate conditions or limited land and resources. Accurate knowledge about plants requirements at different growth stages and light condition can contribute to design of adaptive control...
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... optimum levels of microclimate for the best green- house cultivation of tomato depend on different growth stages and light conditions. The five growth stages of toma- to are described by Jones (2013) and García et al. (2011) as germination and early growth with initial leaves (between 25 and 35 days), vegetative period (20 to 25 days), flow- ering (20 to 30 days), early fruiting (20 to 30 days), and mature fruiting (15 to 20 days). The exact days within each stage depend on the varieties and other environmen- tal factors such as air temperature, light condition, soil conditions and nutrients. Moreover, some varieties have been hybridized to specific climate or might be more sun tolerant, which makes their fruit production time shorter. The average duration to reach the mature fruiting stage (from transplanting) for most greenhouse tomato varieties, depending on the cultivar, different maturity levels and ripe- ness, is between 65 to 100 days. The estimated time from planting to marketable maturity is between 50 and 65 days for an early variety, and between 85 and 95 days for a late variety (Jones, 2013). Another source (García et al., 2011) reported two growth periods of 133 days and 126 days in two different experiments. However, a minimum of 75 days from transplanting was reported to be required to reach the first harvest for most cultivated tomatoes (Jones, 2013). Medium early varieties like 'Champion' and 'Mountain Spring' have average production of about 65 days. Main Crop varieties, including 'Brandywine', ' Celebrity', 'Better Boy', 'Fantastic,' 'Burpee's Big Girl', 'Sioux', 'Mountain Pride' and 'Supersonic' are considered to be the tastiest and of best quality within 70 and 80 days. Furthermore, extra- large tomato varieties such as 'Beefsteak', 'Shuntukski Velikan' and 'Neves Azorean Red' have an average pro- duction time of about 80 to 85 days. Thus, the number of days from seeding to harvesting of the first fruits, accord- ing to Jones (2013), varies from 45 days to over 100 days, depending on the maturity level of the cultivar. The five growth stages of tomato are illustrated graphically in Fig. 1, along with different fruit maturity levels and ripeness. It should be noted that tomatoes are harvested two to four times a week, and only when they have reached the mature green stage (vine-ripe), as they start to ...
Context 2
... optimum levels of microclimate for the best green- house cultivation of tomato depend on different growth stages and light conditions. The five growth stages of toma- to are described by Jones (2013) and Garc?a et al. (2011) as germination and early growth with initial leaves (between 25 and 35 days), vegetative period (20 to 25 days), flow- ering (20 to 30 days), early fruiting (20 to 30 days), and mature fruiting (15 to 20 days). The exact days within each stage depend on the varieties and other environmen- tal factors such as air temperature, light condition, soil conditions and nutrients. Moreover, some varieties have been hybridized to specific climate or might be more sun tolerant, which makes their fruit production time shorter. The average duration to reach the mature fruiting stage (from transplanting) for most greenhouse tomato varieties, depending on the cultivar, different maturity levels and ripe- ness, is between 65 to 100 days. The estimated time from planting to marketable maturity is between 50 and 65 days for an early variety, and between 85 and 95 days for a late variety (Jones, 2013). Another source (Garc?a et al., 2011) reported two growth periods of 133 days and 126 days in two different experiments. However, a minimum of 75 days from transplanting was reported to be required to reach the first harvest for most cultivated tomatoes (Jones, 2013). Medium early varieties like 'Champion' and 'Mountain Spring' have average production of about 65 days. Main Crop varieties, including 'Brandywine', ' Celebrity', 'Better Boy', 'Fantastic,' 'Burpee's Big Girl', 'Sioux', 'Mountain Pride' and 'Supersonic' are considered to be the tastiest and of best quality within 70 and 80 days. Furthermore, extra- large tomato varieties such as 'Beefsteak', 'Shuntukski Velikan' and 'Neves Azorean Red' have an average pro- duction time of about 80 to 85 days. Thus, the number of days from seeding to harvesting of the first fruits, accord- ing to Jones (2013), varies from 45 days to over 100 days, depending on the maturity level of the cultivar. The five growth stages of tomato are illustrated graphically in Fig. 1, along with different fruit maturity levels and ripeness. It should be noted that tomatoes are harvested two to four times a week, and only when they have reached the mature green stage (vine-ripe), as they start to ...
Citations
... The absence of soil in hydroponic systems minimizes the risk of soil-borne pests and diseases, reducing the need for pesticides [31]. ...
Greenhouse technology has revolutionized modern agriculture by enabling year-round crop production, optimizing resource utilization, and enhancing crop yields and quality. This comprehensive review explores the multifaceted role of greenhouse technology in streamlining crop production processes. It delves into the principles of greenhouse design, covering essential components such as structural materials, covering materials, and environmental control systems. The article discusses the advantages of greenhouse cultivation, including extended growing seasons, protection from adverse weather conditions, and reduced pest and disease pressure. It examines the use of advanced technologies like hydroponics, aeroponics, and aquaponics in greenhouse systems, highlighting their potential for maximizing resource efficiency and minimizing environmental impact. The review also addresses the integration of precision agriculture techniques, such as sensors, automation, and data analytics, for optimizing greenhouse operations. Furthermore, it explores the economic aspects of greenhouse crop production, including initial investment costs, operational expenses, and market opportunities. The article emphasizes the importance of sustainable practices in greenhouse agriculture, focusing on energy conservation, water management, and waste reduction strategies. It also discusses the challenges associated with greenhouse technology adoption, such as high initial costs, technical complexity, and the need for skilled labor. Finally, the review concludes by outlining future research directions and the potential for greenhouse technology to contribute to global food security and sustainable agricultural practices.
... Cultivators can monitor the changing internal environment of the greenhouse and the growth of crops to make informed management decisions, controlling the actuators to adjust the greenhouse environment optimally for crop growth [6]. Key environmental factors considered critical for the regulation of the greenhouse environment include the internal temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 concentration [7]. ...
The greenhouse environment plays a crucial role in providing favorable conditions for crop growth, significantly improving their quality and yield. Accurate prediction of greenhouse environmental factors is essential for their effective control. Although artificial intelligence technologies for predicting greenhouse environments have been researched recently, there are limitations in applying these to general greenhouse environments due to computing resources or issues with interpretability. Moreover, research on environmental prediction models specifically for melon greenhouses is also lacking. In this study, machine learning models based on MLR (Multiple Linear Regression), SVM (Support Vector Machine), ANN (Artificial Neural Network), and XGBoost were developed to predict the internal temperature, relative humidity, and CO2 conditions of melon greenhouses 30 min in advance. The XGBoost model demonstrated high accuracy and stability, with an R2 value of up to 0.9929 and an RPD (Residual Predictive Deviation) of 11.8464. Furthermore, the analysis of the XGBoost model’s feature importance and decision trees revealed that the model learned the complex relationships and impacts among greenhouse environmental factors. In conclusion, this study successfully developed a predictive model for a greenhouse environment for melon cultivation. The model developed in this study can facilitate an understanding and efficient management of the greenhouse environment, contributing to improvements in crop yield and quality.
... Photosynthesis is impacted by environmental factors such as air temperature, nutrient and water availability. Photosynthesis is maximized at optimal temperatures and hindered at extreme temperatures (Shamshiri et al. 2018). Additionally, it increases up to a certain value ceiling with nutrient and water availability (Thornley & Johnson 1990). ...
... These sites were to be evaluated for crop and climatic parameters. (Shamshiri et al., 2018). A Digital meter ( Figure 5) was used to measure temperature. ...
... Humidity: The range of 60-90 % humidity is suitable for most tomato varieties as explained by ASABE (Shamshiri et al., 2018). Digital meter ( Figure 5) was also used to measure and record humidity at 8:00 am 12:00 noon, 4:00 pm. ...
... The ranges of climatic parameters for successful hydroponic cropping in greenhouses have been widely discussed in the literature. Humidity needs to be maintained 60-90 % for tomatoes as given in ASABE-2015 (Shamshiri et al., 2018). Moreover, the optimal range of relative humidity during the entire growth stages of tomato is suggested to be between 50-70%. ...
Because of exploding population and declining natural resources, innovative approaches are desired in agriculture to feed
billions of hungry mouths. Hydroponic farming provides an opportunity for manifold production from limited land and water
resources. Affluent nations have developed multi-storied hydroponic greenhouses that are beyond the capacity of resourceconstrained Pakistan farmers. This demanded the development, manufacture, installation, and testing of indigenously designed
greenhouses under various locations of Punjab Pakistan. Indigenously developed hydroponic greenhouses were installed at
Faisalabad, Lahore, and Multan to examine their technical feasibility. Indigenous hydroponic greenhouse, measuring 30.5 m
× 30.5 m with a gable height of 4.26 m, clad with 200 micron UV-stabilized plastic film overlapped with insect-net (40 mesh
size), was developed and tested for maintaining temperature and humidity inside the greenhouse at various locations in PunjabPakistan. The temperature ranged from 21.6-29.5°C and humidity from 54.6-74.0% in two years of experimentation. The
ranges were within the permissible limits for growing vegetables hydroponically. Crop growth parameters including plant
height, cluster to cluster distance, and fruit yield were similar at various sites of the experiments suggesting the validity of shed
design for various regions of Punjab. The average tomato yield remained 47-69 tons/acre (116-170.4 tons/ha) from the
hydroponic unit during 2017-18 and 2018-19 as against 5-10 tons/acre in soil-based tunnel farming.
... It is not only necessary to consider machines in isolation but also to consider the overall processes in which they are involved. Robotics plays a key role in digital agriculture (Kondo et al., 2011;Shamshiri et al., 2018). In addition to having an impact on worker quality of life (Saiz-Rubio and Rovira-Más, 2020), the use of this type of technology can attract younger generations to agriculture, more adapted to technological innovation, who have been distanced from it until now (Bechar and Vigneault, 2016). ...
... Thriving in warmer climates, cherry tomatoes typically exhibit elevated levels of dry matter and soluble solids compared to conventional fresh tomato cultivars. In regions with less favourable environmental conditions, such as more northern or higher latitude areas, greenhouses offer a versatile and sustainable approach to tomato production [8]. ...
... Plants employ various mechanisms to detect and integrate seasonal signals, influencing their key growth changes. The greenhouse microclimate significantly impacts the number of days spent in the five growth stages of tomato plants [8]. The ideal temperature ranges for tomato plants vary depending on their age and variety during each growth stage. ...
... Greenhouse conditions and the positioning of plants within the greenhouse structure have been identified as two important factors influencing the duration of each stage. Consistent with our findings, existing research supports a direct correlationp between the duration of each stage and the prevailing environmental conditions [8]. The early vegetative Greenhouse conditions and the positioning of plants within the greenhouse structure have been identified as two important factors influencing the duration of each stage. ...
Citation: Jerca, I.O.; Cîmpeanu, S.M.; Teodorescu, R.I.; Drăghici, E.M.; Nit , u, O.A.; Sannan, S.; Arshad, A. A Abstract: Understanding how cherry tomatoes respond to variations in greenhouse microclimate is crucial for optimizing tomato production in a controlled environment. The present study delves into the intricate relationship between summer-grown cherry tomatoes (Cheramy F1) and greenhouse conditions , exploring the influence of these conditions on growth attributes, inflorescence development, and yield potential. The aim of the study was to characterize the chronology of reproductive events, specifically flowering and fruit stages, in correlation with the prevailing greenhouse climate during the development of the first ten inflorescences on the plant. The performance of each inflorescence has been ranked based on available data, which involve a comparative analysis of both the time duration (number of days) and the frequency of yield-contributing traits, specifically the total number of flowers at the anthesis stage. The duration of each stage required for completion was recorded and presented as a productivity rate factor. Greenhouse conditions exhibited variations during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively, as follows: temperature-25.1 • C and 21.33 • C, CO 2 levels-484.85 ppm and 458.85 ppm, light intensity-367.94 W/m 2 and 349.52 W/m 2 , and humidity-73.23% and 89.73%. The collected data conclusively demonstrated a substantial impact of greenhouse microclimate on plant growth, productivity, and inflorescence development. The development of flowers and fruit has been categorized into five stages: the fruit bud stage (FB), the anthesis stage (AS), the fruit setting stage (FS), the fruit maturation stage (FM), and the fruit ripening stage (FR). An irregular productivity and development response was noted across the first (close to roots) to the tenth inflorescence. Inflorescence 5 demonstrated the highest overall performance, followed by inflorescence numbers 4 and 6. The study findings provide valuable insights for enhancing greenhouse operations, emphasizing the improvement of both the yield and growth of cherry tomatoes while promoting environmental sustainability. A statistical analysis of variance was used to rigorously examine the presented results, conducted at a confidence level of p < 0.05.
... Thriving in warmer climates, cherry tomatoes typically exhibit elevated levels of dry matter and soluble solids compared to conventional fresh tomato cultivars. In regions with less favourable environmental conditions, such as more northern or higher latitude areas, greenhouses offer a versatile and sustainable approach to tomato production [8]. ...
... Plants employ various mechanisms to detect and integrate seasonal signals, influencing their key growth changes. The greenhouse microclimate significantly impacts the number of days spent in the five growth stages of tomato plants [8]. The ideal temperature ranges for tomato plants vary depending on their age and variety during each growth stage. ...
... Greenhouse conditions and the positioning of plants within the greenhouse structure have been identified as two important factors influencing the duration of each stage. Consistent with our findings, existing research supports a direct correlationp between the duration of each stage and the prevailing environmental conditions [8]. The early vegetative Greenhouse conditions and the positioning of plants within the greenhouse structure have been identified as two important factors influencing the duration of each stage. ...
Citation: Jerca, I.O.; Cîmpeanu, S.M.; Teodorescu, R.I.; Drăghici, E.M.; Nit , u, O.A.; Sannan, S.; Arshad, A. A Abstract: Understanding how cherry tomatoes respond to variations in greenhouse microclimate is crucial for optimizing tomato production in a controlled environment. The present study delves into the intricate relationship between summer-grown cherry tomatoes (Cheramy F1) and greenhouse conditions , exploring the influence of these conditions on growth attributes, inflorescence development, and yield potential. The aim of the study was to characterize the chronology of reproductive events, specifically flowering and fruit stages, in correlation with the prevailing greenhouse climate during the development of the first ten inflorescences on the plant. The performance of each inflorescence has been ranked based on available data, which involve a comparative analysis of both the time duration (number of days) and the frequency of yield-contributing traits, specifically the total number of flowers at the anthesis stage. The duration of each stage required for completion was recorded and presented as a productivity rate factor. Greenhouse conditions exhibited variations during the vegetative and reproductive stages, respectively, as follows: temperature-25.1 • C and 21.33 • C, CO 2 levels-484.85 ppm and 458.85 ppm, light intensity-367.94 W/m 2 and 349.52 W/m 2 , and humidity-73.23% and 89.73%. The collected data conclusively demonstrated a substantial impact of greenhouse microclimate on plant growth, productivity, and inflorescence development. The development of flowers and fruit has been categorized into five stages: the fruit bud stage (FB), the anthesis stage (AS), the fruit setting stage (FS), the fruit maturation stage (FM), and the fruit ripening stage (FR). An irregular productivity and development response was noted across the first (close to roots) to the tenth inflorescence. Inflorescence 5 demonstrated the highest overall performance, followed by inflorescence numbers 4 and 6. The study findings provide valuable insights for enhancing greenhouse operations, emphasizing the improvement of both the yield and growth of cherry tomatoes while promoting environmental sustainability. A statistical analysis of variance was used to rigorously examine the presented results, conducted at a confidence level of p < 0.05.
... • C 4 Heat: The annual average temperature of the city should be high, reducing the need for extra heating. Heat should be maximized [42][43][44]. • C 5 Wind: The wind exposure should be low, as high wind amounts in the province will reduce the temperature [43,45]. • C 6 Insolation duration: To provide high heat, the insolation time should be maximized. ...
... • C 7 Insolation radiation: Harmless solar radiation should be maximized, as it will increase the amount of heat. • C 8 Humidity: Humidity should be kept to a minimum [42]. ...
... The main environmental factors that influence the growth of edible mushrooms include temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels [1][2][3][4]. Stable greenhouse conditions are crucial for the large-scale cultivation of edible mushrooms. However, traditional greenhouses can only monitor the current greenhouse environment, and there is a lag issue in environmental control devices in terms of environmental regulation [5,6]. ...
The large-scale production of edible mushrooms typically requires the use of greenhouses, as the greenhouse environment significantly affects the growth of edible mushrooms. It is crucial to effectively predict the temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide fluctuations within the mushroom greenhouse for determining the environmental stress and pre-regulation of edible mushrooms. To address the nonlinearity, temporal dynamics, and strong coupling of the edible mushroom greenhouse environment, a temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide prediction model based on the combination of the attention mechanism, the convolutional neural network, and the long short-term memory neural network (A-CNN-LSTM) is proposed. Experimental data were collected from both the inside and outside of the greenhouse, including environmental data and the on–off data of environmental control devices. After completing missing data using linear interpolation, denoising with Kalman filtering, and normalization, the recurrent neural network (RNN) model, long short-term memory (LSTM) model, and A-CNN-LSTM model were trained and tested on the time series data. These models were used to predict the environmental changes in temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide inside the greenhouse. The results indicate that the A-CNN-LSTM model outperforms the other two models in terms of denoising, non-denoising, and different prediction time steps. The proposed method accurately predicts temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide levels with errors of 0.17 °C (R2 = 0.974), 2.06% (R2 = 0.804), and 8.367 ppm (R2 = 0.993), respectively. These results indicate improved prediction accuracy for temperature, humidity, and carbon dioxide values inside the edible mushroom greenhouse. The findings provide a decision basis for the precise control of the greenhouse environment.
... 103 The shift of geographical distribution from tropical to warm areas may pose strong 104 temperature pressures to populations of T. palmi. Although the greenhouse environment 105 can help T. palmi to overcome the cold winter, it also imposes frequent high temperature 106 stress on populations when compared to those in an open field (Shamshiri, et al. 2018). A 107 microsatellite study has previously shown that the genetic structure of T. palmi differs 108 between populations collected from field and greenhouse environments, with temperature-109 6 related climatic variables linked to genetic variants (Cao, et al. 2019). ...
Following invasion, insects can become adapted to conditions experienced in their invasive range, but there are few studies on the speed of adaptation and its genomic basis. Here, we examine a small insect pest, Thrips palmi, following its contemporary range expansion across a sharp climate gradient from the subtropics to temperate areas. We first found a geographically associated population genetic structure and inferred a stepping-stone dispersal pattern in this pest from the open fields of southern China to greenhouse environments of northern regions, with limited gene flow after colonization. In common garden experiments, both the field and greenhouse groups exhibited clinal patterns in thermal tolerance as measured by CTmax (critical thermal maximum) closely linked with latitude and temperature variables. A selection experiment reinforced the evolutionary potential of CTmax with an estimated h2 of 6.8% for the trait. We identified three inversions in the genome that were closely associated with CTmax, accounting for 49.9%, 19.6%, and 8.6% of the variance in CTmax among populations. Other genomic variation in CTmax outside the inversion region were specific to certain populations but functionally conserved. These findings highlight rapid adaptation to CTmax in both open field and greenhouse populations and reiterate the importance of inversions behaving as large-effect alleles in climate adaptation.
