Table 1 - uploaded by Daniel L. Spears
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
The purpose of this paper is to investigate planned product and service consumption patterns among US, Canadian, Japanese, Chinese, South Korean and Australian/New Zealand tourists in Hawaii. Using multiple analyses of variance, the first study empirically explores the influence of a tourist's residential country of origin on planned product and se...
Similar publications
Since the shift in its Government's policy toward a more open economy in the 1980s, New Zealand's product markets—particular those in manufacturing—have experienced a surge in import competition as well as growth in exports to other countries. During this same period, unionisation in New Zealand has declined. This study considers the impact of inte...
Genetic programming (GP) has been widely used for automatically evolving priority rules for solving job shop scheduling problems. However, one of the main drawbacks of GP is the intensive computation time. This paper aims at investigating appropriate surrogates for GP to reduce its computation time without sacrificing its performance in solving dyn...
In New Zealand, a small range of traditional fruits are commonly used to make single fruit jams commercially. There is, however, interest in making jams from mixtures of different fruits. Speciality shops and farmers markets have encouraged this use of a wider range of fruits and this led to our investigation of older jam recipes. In this study fiv...
This article reports on the New Zealand case study within a larger project investigating cross-media news repertoires within (and across) national audiences. Six key news media repertoires emerged in this case study; heavy news consumers; hybrid browsers; digital browsers; ambivalent networkers; mainstream multiplatformers; and casual and connected...
Flexible job shop scheduling (FJSS) can be regarded as an optimization problem in production scheduling that captures practical and challenging issues in real-world scheduling tasks such as order picking in manufacturing and cloud computing. Given a set of machines and jobs, FJSS aims to determine which machine to process a particular job (by routi...
Citations
... In other words, this study articulates the VALEX phenomenon in the shopping research domain through a post-positivism paradigm to highlight the unique relationships pertaining to how different values and experiences are juxtaposed. To this end, this study has provided a needed update the literature by going beyond the commonly acknowledged research paradigms such as shopping categories (Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005;Wong, 2013), souvenir shopping and authenticity (Li & Cai, 2008;Swanson & Horridge, 2004;Wei, 2018;Yu & Littrell, 2005), shopping satisfaction and experience (Tosun et al., 2007;Wong & Wan, 2013); and more. The study thus opens a new avenue of research with a focus on a more complex dynamic of shopping in a foreign space. ...
This study draws on the premise of value-in-the-experience (VALEX), axiology, and situated cognition to investigate how value is contextualized within a broader social system that is manifested through the service environment where the shopping experience occurs. A cross-level framework is proposed to examine how shopping value is embedded within the broader setting. Findings reveal that the broader shopping environment is a facilitator of the value–experience process when tourists are seeking hedonic value, while it is a disabler when they are seeking utilitarian value. This inquiry opens a new avenue of research in shopping tourism, with a focus on a more complex dynamic of value-in-context based on situated cognition.
... Furthermore, Rosenbaum and Spears (2005) affirm that first-time visitors are more interested in exploring their destination. Therefore, it is fundamentally important to know of previous experiences that the tourist has had in the location. ...
Purpose
Knowing the behavior of tourists visiting cultural destinations enables better management of tourist flows, a better understanding of areas with greater tourist density and an opportunity to decongest popular neighborhoods. The purpose of this study is to segment tourists according to their spatio-temporal behavior and identify the primary variables that characterize the resulting segments, which will help urban destinations prevent problems arising from the saturation of tourists in certain areas.
Design/methodology/approach
To do this, this paper analyzes the behavior of tourists visiting the southeastern Spanish city of Granada, one of the most highly visited cultural tourism destinations. The data analysis used the methodology of sequence alignment which is used to identify segments as a function of their contained elements and the order in which these appear.
Findings
The results demonstrate the existence of three segments with different behavioral patterns: the “explorer tourists” segment, the “non-traditional cultural tourists” segments and the “typical cultural tourists” segment. These segments show differences in the concentration of their visits. This study discovered that the segments that visit a greater number of destination areas are those with less cultural orientation, higher travel budgets and younger and more frequent visitors.
Originality/value
In the segmentation not only keep in mind the visited areas, but the order in which they were visited as well. In addition, one should consider the time that each tourist remains in each relevant zone of the destination, given that the visiting time is an important variable to assess the congestion of an area.
... One theme of study on cultural distance emphasizes the effect of cultural proximity or culture ft, arguing that cultural similarities are what attract tourists to a particular destination. Since the cultural difference between two countries is a source of increased transaction costs, tourists prefer to travel to countries having cultural values and practices closer to or aligned with those of their own country than those that are perceived as distant (Ankomah, Crompton & Baker, 1995;Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2013;Li, 2014;Ng, Lee & Soutar, 2007Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005;Qiang, Shen & Xie, 2019), in a way conducive to "cultural matching" (DiMaggio, 1993, p. 127). Another strand of cultural distance study tends to focus on the opposite direction, arguing that cultural dissimilarity rather than cultural similarity infuences travel intentions, because some people may seek novel experiences that differ from their prior life experiences when deciding on the destinations they visit (Crompton, 1979;McKercher & Cros, 2003;O'Leary & Deegan, 2003;Wu, Zhang & Fujiwara, 2012). ...
... One theme of study on cultural distance emphasizes the effect of cultural proximity or culture ft, arguing that cultural similarities are what attract tourists to a particular destination. Since the cultural difference between two countries is a source of increased transaction costs, tourists prefer to travel to countries having cultural values and practices closer to or aligned with those of their own country than those that are perceived as distant (Ankomah, Crompton & Baker, 1995;Fourie & Santana-Gallego, 2013;Li, 2014;Ng, Lee & Soutar, 2007Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005;Qiang, Shen & Xie, 2019), in a way conducive to "cultural matching" (DiMaggio, 1993, p. 127). Another strand of cultural distance study tends to focus on the opposite direction, arguing that cultural dissimilarity rather than cultural similarity infuences travel intentions, because some people may seek novel experiences that differ from their prior life experiences when deciding on the destinations they visit (Crompton, 1979;McKercher & Cros, 2003;O'Leary & Deegan, 2003;Wu, Zhang & Fujiwara, 2012). ...
... Although travelers rarely mention shopping as the main reason, traveling is incomplete without shopping (Turner and Reisinger, 2001). The survey results of the American Travel Industry Association showed 63% of tourists doing shopping activities (Gentry, 2001), and they spend three to four times more than ordinary buyers (Rosenbaum and Spears, 2005). ...
Yogyakarta is a city tourism that has no natural tourism potential. Shopping tourism can become an alternative strategy to increase the expenditure and length of tourists stay in Yogyakarta. The research is a qualitative research. The research aims to examine shopping tourism products in Yogyakarta. The research attempts to identify top five products as the main magnetism of shopping tourism in Yogyakarta. Data analysis is conducted through reduction techniques. The research obtained top five culinary products, they are Gudeg, Bakpia, Bakmi Jawa, Kopi Joss, and Kipo, while the top five souvenir products are Batik, Silver, Dagadu, Wayang, and Miniature.
... Tourists who travel overseas might have alternative purposes. For example, travellers on business purposes had primary activities such as meetings and conferences whereas travellers on vacation focused on sightseeing, local food, and recreation (Chadwick, 1994;Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005). Several studies found that visitors who travelled for leisure or business had different expectations of hotel attributes (Liu et al. 2013;Radder & Wang 2006). ...
The present study investigated and developed an integrated theoretical relationship with the inclusion of destination image and the self-congruity to observe the moderating role of the trips' purposes based on New Zealand's tourism destination. The purposive sampling technique and face-to-face surveys were conducted in New Zealand. Subsequently, 317 outbound Chinese visitors were sampled. The analysis was performed via Partial Least Squares-structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The results of this study indicated that there is a direct and indirect relationship between destination image, self-congruity and post-travel intention. Moreover, trip purpose has no moderator effect of self-congruity on post travel intention. From a practical perspective, the results provided managerial insights into DMOs in New Zealand, which can be utilised to promote post-travel intention among the Chinese tourism market. From a theoretical point of view, this study contributed to body of knowledge on examining model among destination image, self-congruity, trip purpose and post-travel intention in New Zealand tourism destination.
... Early cross-cultural tourism studies employed indirect methods to understanding culture and its implications for tourism management, yielding little more than generalized stereotypes of tourism markets (See Pizam & Fleischer, 2005 for a literature review). These analyses evolved to country-by-country comparisons concerning destination choice, attitudes and purchasing behaviors (Mykletun, Crotts, & Mykletun, 2001;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2006;Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005). Later on, researchers came to the belief that culture is a measurable and stable construct that can be scored on various dimensions and linked to specific consumer preferences and behaviors (Jenner et al., 2008). ...
... As for some, Japanese show a high tendency to spend money on shopping at the destinations they visit (Pizam and Sussmann, 1995;Pizam and Reichel, 1996;Pizam et al. 1997;Jang et al. 2004;Rosenbaum and Spears, 2006a;Kim et al. 2011;Özdemir, 2014: 49, 62). Besides, 'duty free' shops are ranked among those shops where Japanese tourists mostly visit during their overseas travels (Rosenbaum and Spears, 2005;Rosenbaum and Spears, 2006b;Yeung et al. 2016). Japanese's high rate of shopping tendency to buy their acquaintances (friends and relatives) souvenirs and gifts is stemmed from their custom of 'senbetsu-omiyage' (Ikkai, 1988;Ahmed and Krohn, 1992;Reisinger and Waryszak, 1994;Nishiyama, 1996: 10;Park, 2000;Hobson and Christensen, 2001;Pigliasco, 2005;Watkins, 2008;Kim et al. 2011;Spears and Rosenbaum, 2012). ...
This research aims at investigating the behaviors of Iranian tourists on guided excursion tours. In accordance with this purpose, firstly, the authors used the scale developed by Pizam & Sussmann (1995) and added sixteen more items to find out Iranians’ behaviors on guided tours. Before adding those items, the researchers first acquire the opinions of industry professionals such as travel agents, tour operators, salespeople and guides. Then, secondly, one of the researchers joined in five guided excursions 174 Iranian tourists (71 male; 73 female and 30 children) participated at different occasions in Kusadasi (The Virgin Mary- Ephesus tour and shopping oriented city tours). During those daily excursions, one of the researchers participated as a participant observer and observed Iranians’ behaviors (such as bargaining, purchasing, tipping, interaction etc.). The observer was introduced to the tourists as an intern with the purpose of observing their natural behaviors from the beginning to the end of the tours. The research reveals that Iranians show a low tendency to interact with other tourists, salespeople/ vendors and to buy local products. Unless the tour guides take their attention to the tip box, Iranians do not show any tendency to leave tips. Besides, these tourists do not tend to eat or drink anything during the shopping oriented tours. It is also revealed that some delays are detected during the excursions, so it is possible to state that punctuality is not ranked among their priorities. On the other hand, they show a high tendency to buy clothes in their free time at the shopping malls. According to the findings of the research, LCW, Zara and Koton are, respectively, the clothing brands most preferred by Iranians during their shopping tours. In addition, they prefer buying souvenir photographs taken during the site visits and bargaining when the prices are not fixed.
... As for some, Japanese show a high tendency to spend money on shopping at the destinations they visit (Pizam and Sussmann, 1995;Pizam and Reichel, 1996;Pizam et al. 1997;Jang et al. 2004;Rosenbaum and Spears, 2006a;Kim et al. 2011;Özdemir, 2014: 49, 62). Besides, 'duty free' shops are ranked among those shops where Japanese tourists mostly visit during their overseas travels (Rosenbaum and Spears, 2005;Rosenbaum and Spears, 2006b;Yeung et al. 2016). Japanese's high rate of shopping tendency to buy their acquaintances (friends and relatives) souvenirs and gifts is stemmed from their custom of 'senbetsu-omiyage' (Ikkai, 1988;Ahmed and Krohn, 1992;Reisinger and Waryszak, 1994;Nishiyama, 1996: 10;Park, 2000;Hobson and Christensen, 2001;Pigliasco, 2005;Watkins, 2008;Kim et al. 2011;Spears and Rosenbaum, 2012). ...
The current study aims to investigate the tourist behaviors (bargaining, interacting, shopping and etc.) of Iranians on guided excursions visiting Kusadasi. Firstly, the "twenty typical tourist behavior" scale, developed by Pizam and Sussmann (1995) was utilized, and then a participant observation form was created by adding 16 more items to the scale as a result of acquiring the opinions of some industry professionals. Thereafter, one of the researchers started observing Iranian tourists' behaviors by joining in guided excursions for Iranian tourists at different occasions in Kusadasi. During those five daily excursions, 174 Iranians were observed in total. In order not to disturb the tourist groups during the participant observations, the researcher, also being a professional tour guide, hung his tour guide ID around his neck during the excursions. With this approach, the researcher aimed to being perceived as an employee of the travel agent by the Iranian tourists. At this research, it was revealed that Iranians showed a low tendency to interact with other tourists, salespeople/ vendors and to buy local products. In addition to this, there were no Iranians leaving any tips unless the tour guides took their attention to the tip box. Besides this, they showed a low tendency to eat or drink during shopping oriented tours. Some delays were also detected during those daily excursions. Thus, it is possible to state that punctuality is not ranked among their priorities. On the other hand, it was revealed that Iranian tourists showed a high tendency to buy clothes in at the shopping malls. According to the findings, LCW, Zara and Koton were, respectively, the clothing brands most preferred by Iranians during the shopping tours. In addition, some of them bought souvenir photographs taken during the site visits. Although there were no Iranian visitors attempting to bargain at the shopping malls, some of them bargained with the vendors at Ephesus, and sales clerks at the leather shop. MANAS Journal of Social Studies 2188 GÜNÜBİRLİK REHBERLİ TURLARA KATILAN İRANLI TURİSTLER ÜZERİNE KATILIMLI GÖZLEMLER: KUŞADASI (TÜRKİYE) ÖRNEĞİ Öz Bu araştırma, Kuşadası'nı ziyaret eden İranlı turistlerin rehberli turlarda sergiledikleri turist davranışlarını (pazarlık, etkileşim, alışveriş vb.) ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Öncelikle, Pizam ve Sussmann (1995) tarafından geliştirilen "20 tipik turist davranışı" ölçeğinden yararlanılmış, sonrasında turizm sektörü çalışanları ile yapılan fikir alışverişleri neticesinde bu ölçeğe 16 ifade daha ilave edilerek bir katılımlı gözlem formu oluşturulmuştur. Daha sonra, araştırmacılardan biri, Kuşadası'nda farklı zamanlarda İranlı turistlere yönelik gerçekleştirilen rehberli turlara katılarak onların davranışlarını gözlemlemiştir. Beş günübirlik tur boyunca toplamda 174 İranlı turist (71 erkek, 73 kadın ve 30 çocuk) gözlemlenmiştir. Katılımlı gözlemler esnasında turist gruplarını rahatsız etmemek adına aynı zamanda profesyonel turist rehberi olan araştırmacı, turlar boyunca turist rehberi çalışma kartını boynuna asmıştır. Bu yaklaşımla araştırmacı, İranlı turistler tarafından seyahat acentası çalışanı olarak algılanmasını amaçlamıştır. Bu araştırmada, İranlıların diğer turistlerle, satış personeli/ seyyar satıcılarla etkileşime girme ve yöresel ürün satın alma eğilimlerinin düşük düzeyde olduğu ortaya koyulmuştur. Bunun yanı sıra, tur rehberi bahşiş kutusuna dikkat çekmedikçe İranlı turistlerden bahşiş veren olmamıştır. Bunun yanı sıra, alışveriş odaklı turlarda İranlı turistler, düşük düzeyde yeme içme eğilimi sergilemiştir. Günübirlik turlar boyunca zaman zaman gecikmeler yaşanmıştır. Dolayısıyla, dakikliğin İranlı turistlerin öncelikleri arasında yer almadığı söylenebilir. Diğer yandan İranlı turistlerin, alışveriş merkezinde kıyafet satın alma eğilimlerinin yüksek olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Araştırma bulgularına göre, alışveriş turları boyunca İranlı turistler tarafından en fazla tercih edilen giyim markaları sırasıyla LCW, Zara ve Koton olmuştur. Bununla birlikte, bazı turistler, ören yeri ziyaretleri esnasında çekilen hatıra fotoğraflarından satın almışlardır. Alışveriş merkezinde pazarlığa yönelen İranlı ziyaretçi olmamasına rağmen Efes'teki seyyar satıcılarla ve deri mağazasında görevli tezgâhtarlarla pazarlık eden ziyaretçiler olmuştur.
... Early cross-cultural tourism studies employed indirect methods to understanding culture and its implications for tourism management, yielding little more than generalized stereotypes of tourism markets (See Pizam & Fleischer, 2005 for a literature review). These analyses evolved to country-by-country comparisons concerning destination choice, attitudes and purchasing behaviors (Mykletun, Crotts, & Mykletun, 2001;Reisinger & Mavondo, 2006;Rosenbaum & Spears, 2005). Later on, researchers came to the belief that culture is a measurable and stable construct that can be scored on various dimensions and linked to specific consumer preferences and behaviors (Jenner et al., 2008). ...
Abstract:
Culture has been assumed to influence tourist behavior but due to the difficulty of measuring culture values directly at the individual level, the relationship between national culture and visitor satisfaction remains yet to be empirically attested. This study used two national level inbound tourist samples, i.e., Tourism Research Australia’s 2017 International Visitor Survey holiday/pleasure travellers’ sample and the Hong Kong Tourist Satisfaction Index Project 2016 sample, to test the relationships between Hofstede’s six cultural dimensions (Power Distance, Individualism/Collectivism, Masculinity/Femininity, Uncertainty Avoidance, Long Term Orientation/Short Term Normative Orientation, and Indulgence/Restraint) and visitor satisfaction. Bivariate correlation with bootstrapping tests show consistent correlations between four of the six cultural dimensions and visitor satisfaction across the two samples. While Individualism and Indulgence are found to be positively related to visitor satisfaction, Power Distance and Long Term Orientation are negatively related to visitor satisfaction. The findings are validated with a further test involving the concept of cultural distance. This study contributes to the literature by providing solid evidence on the relation between culture and visitor satisfaction. Calls for future research are discussed.
