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The study evaluates the utilization of fuelwood as household energy among residents in Benin metropolis. Its utilization and availability as household energy source as well as reasons for its preference to other household energy sources was assessed. A random sampling technique was used to select 10 communities within the study area namely; Uselu,...
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Exploring why more males achieve more than females in mathematics at secondary school level when there appear to be no gender differences in the achievement at earlier years is worthy of investigation. The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of attitude towards mathematics on the achievement of female students in comparison with thei...
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... The results showed that 88% of respondent in Makurdi prefer charcoal for cooking in providing food for the family because of its low price compared to other cooking energy source (Figure 8) The data showed that higher percentage of people in Makurdi metropolis prefer using charcoal to other household energy sources. This agrees with the work of (Izekor & Amiandamhen, 2017), (Kambewa, 2007) and (Babalola, 2011) which in their research also showed that 76.7% of households used charcoal as energy for cooking food and rank on top of their main reasons for using charcoal by majority of the households was due to its cheaper cost (62.8%) when compare with other domestic energy sources. ...
Charcoal is the dark grey residue consisting of impure carbon obtained from vegetation substance and produced by pyrolysis, the heating of wood in the absence of oxygen. Charcoal is considered the major source of energy for the inhabitants of Makurdi metropolis. The study was conducted to assess the consumption of charcoal in Makurdi metropolis. Five council wards were selected purposively for data collection. The selected wards are noted for having large quantities of charcoal and consumers almost all year round. The wards selected are Agan, Fiidi, Wadata, Modern Market, and North Bank. From each council ward, 20 respondents were drawn using a random sampling technique. 100 respondents were selected and interviewed using a pre-tested checklist (questionnaire) to collect primary data. From the result, Prosopis africana was the highest used tree species for charcoal with 83.5% then Vitellaria paradoxa with 7.9%. Also, 88% of the respondents preferred charcoal for cooking in providing food for the family because of its affordability compared to other cooking energy sources. Therefore, it is inferred that charcoal has a positive impact on the lives of consumers since affordability is considered the main reason why the majority of households use charcoal. However, the continuous use of forest trees threatens the future of our forest estate and biodiversity leading to land degradation, endangering of species and enhancement of global warming. Therefore, Alternative energy sources should be encouraged for household fuel to ease the pressure on charcoal.
... The findings also corroborate (Naibbi, 2013;Izekor and Amiandamhen, 2017) that observed poor practices of harvesting commercial fuelwood. The study further characterized licensed Players of the formal supply chain with poor practices such as unsustainable forest exploitation and indiscriminate felling practices and encroaching gazetted forest and woodlands. ...
The reliance of more than 80% of the population in Yobe on fuelwood as cooking energy has escalated its commercialization in the state. However, information on the social aspects of the commercial fuelwood sector remains undocumented. This study examines the level of participation and practices of fuelwood value chain players across supply chain, and identify the challenges limiting the value chain players in participating at the formal supply chain. The data of the study were generated through face-to-face interviews conducted with 150 stratified sampled fuelwood value chain players in Potiskum, Yobe. Data were analyze using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed two genderized fuel wood supply chains recognized as formal and informal. The former comprises 93% married men that are licensed, organized, and specialized in specific operation in the four identified chains that made up the structure of the generic fuelwood chain; while the latter constitutes 97% of unspecialized and unorganized single-parent women, who engaged in vertical integration. The findings show the fuelwood harvesting practices are generally unsustainable. However, the informality structure of the non-licensed value chain players deters their contribution to complement the conservation effort of government in planting trees. To promote participation at the formal supply chain, improve sustainable fuelwood harvesting and enhance conservation of forests, the government should decentralized the license application system to villages level so that non-licensed players from informal supply chain be encouraged to relocate to formal supply chain, and undertaking holistic awareness on the benefits of operating at the formal supply chain.
... The findings also corroborate (Naibbi, 2013;Izekor and Amiandamhen, 2017) that observed poor practices of harvesting commercial fuelwood. The study further characterized licensed Players of the formal supply chain with poor practices such as unsustainable forest exploitation and indiscriminate felling practices and encroaching gazetted forest and woodlands. ...
The reliance of more than 80% of the population in Yobe on fuelwood as cooking energy has escalated its commercialization in the state. However, information on the social aspects of the commercial fuelwood sector remains undocumented. This study examines the level of participation and practices of fuelwood value chain players across supply chain, and identify the challenges limiting the value chain players in participating at the formal supply chain. The data of the study were generated through face-to-face interviews conducted with 150 stratified sampled fuelwood value chain players in Potiskum, Yobe. Data were analyze using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis. Findings revealed two genderized fuel wood supply chains recognized as formal and informal. The former comprises 93% married men that are licensed, organized, and specialized in specific operation in the four identified chains that made up the structure of the generic fuelwood chain; while the latter constitutes 97% of unspecialized and unorganized single-parent women, who engaged in vertical integration. The findings show the fuelwood harvesting practices are generally unsustainable. However, the informality structure of the non-licensed value chain players deters their contribution to complement the conservation effort of government in planting trees. To promote participation at the formal supply chain, improve sustainable fuelwood harvesting and enhance conservation of forests, the government should decentralized the license application system to villages level so that non-licensed players from informal supply chain be encouraged to relocate to formal supply chain, and undertaking holistic awareness on the benefits of operating at the formal supply chain.
... It provides necessities to humanity such as food, shelter, clothing and medicine (Lattimore, et.al., 2009). Aside this vegetation also provides fuel for the survival of man (Izekor & Amiandamhen 2017). There are various forms of fuel that man derives from vegetation. ...
Investigationsontheimpactofcharcoalproductionontheecology,health,socialandeconomiclivesof
thepeopleandenvironmentofIbarapaaxisofOyoState,southwest,NigeriawascarriedoutbetweenJanuaryandJuly,
2019.Sixplotsofcharcoalloadingsoilsample(LSS),Burntsoilsamples(BSS)andtheControlSoilSample(CSS)
whichserveasthecontrolplotswereselectedforthestudywithconsiderabledistanceapart.Soilsampleswere
collectedrandomlyfromfifteen(15)samplingpointsineachoftheareaoftheLSS,BSSandCSS.Thesoilsamples
werecollectedfrom0-15cmand15-30cmdepthwhichisreferredtoastopsoilandsubsoil.Thedepthwastaken
becausetheactivityinvestigatedonthisstudytakesplacewithinthissoilprofilesaforementioned.Thesoilsamples
werecollectedwithbucketaugerandmixedthoroughlyinatrayandpackedwellintowelllabelledpolythenebags.
Theywerethenair-dried,crushedandpassedthrougha2mmsieveforvariouslaboratoryanalysisusingstandard
methods.Theanalysisofsoilparticlesizehoweverrevealedthatthere’sasignificantdifferencebetweenactivesites
andnon-activesitesofcharcoalproductioninthetop0-15cminclayandsiltbutshowednosimilardifferenceinthe
15-30cm.Thishowever,wasdifferentinthecaseofsandwhichshowednosignificantdifferenceinbothactiveand
nonactive(control)oratthetwodifferentlevelsofsoilsamples.Theresultsalsoshowedsignificantdifferenceinthe
meanvaluesofsoilpropertieslikeorganiccarbon,totalnitrogen,calcium,potassium,copperandzincofbothbetween
theactiveandnon-activesitesatthetop0-15cmunderconsiderationat5%confidencelevel.Exceptinthecaseof
totalnitrogenwhichhasshownsignificantdifferenceatbothtwosamplelevels,thesignificantdifferenceseemstobe
limitedtothetopsoilsinalltheothercases.Theresultsoftheanalysesofvarianceofsoilparametersshowssignificant
differenceinpH,OrganicCarbon,Ave.P,Ex-Acidity,Ca,Mg,K,Na,Zninthetop0-15cm,Mg,Na,Fe,andCuinthe
15-30cmlayerat(P<0.05).Owingtotheanthropocentricnatureofthestudy,questionnaireadministrationwasalso
employedtogatherinformation.Thestudyconcludedthatcharcoalproductionhassignificantimpactonsocio-
economiclivesofthepeopleandonthephysicalandchemicalsoilpropertiesandrecommendsrelevantgovernment
authoritiestouptheirgametoprotectthealreadydegradedforestecosystemsfromfurtherdeterioration.
... It was showed that about 90% of the respondents said that trees for charcoal production are getting scarce, unlike two to three decades ago when trees for charcoal production could be gotten a little distance from their villages, but as at time of this research work, they have to go a very long distance in search of the available forest where the kind of wood required could be found (Anderson 1996). This, therefore, results into a change in price in terms of the amount paid by the traders i.e. the farther the distance of production site from the villages, the higher the transportation cost and the lesser the price that traders would want to pay (Izekor & Amiandamhen 2017). It was also discovered that wildfire as revealed by the respondents is also another problem people were faced with the production of charcoal which is negatively affects both the charcoal producers and nonproducers and even lead to total destruction of the forest where the production is being carried out. ...
... This study reveals that about 60% of the respondents source for the wood they use in producing the charcoal from an inherited farmland, while 30% of them often purchase wood for the purpose of the production and the remaining 10% of the respondents combines the two sources for their charcoal production (i.e. the source from an inherited farmland and as well as purchasing the wood resource) as represented in table 3. But the case was different from the report of the research conducted by (Izekor & Amiandamhen 2017) and reported that about 51% of the respondents get their supply of fuel wood from fuelwood sellers 15% collects theirs from bushes around and 25% received theirs from farm lands. Table 3. Resources for charcoal production, production process and other important variables. ...
Many households in developing countries experience low energy consumption and this make them depend upon wood fuels for their energy. This study examined socio-economic impacts of charcoal production in Oke-Ogun, Oyo State, Nigeria. Two Local Government Areas were selected based on the accessibility and the availability of charcoal farmers among ten Local Government Areas. Results show that 74% of the respondents were male while 26% were female that are into production of charcoal in the study area. 37.5% of the age range (41–50) of respondent produces more charcoal than other age range. The respondent did not go beyond primary school educationally and they are all married. However, respondents with over 11–20 years of experience in the production of charcoal have higher percentage of frequency. Some of the problem faced by the producers of charcoal in Oke Ogun area are scarcity of trees, wildfire, government disturbance and transportation. Trees commonly used for production are from inherited farms and most of the trees used are Butyrosopermum paradoxium, Dialium guineense, Terminalia glaucencens, Khaya ivorensis. Production is once in a month and later exported. Energy provision is a basic human need and consumption is closely related to the level of a country’s development.
Reports on forest degradation from increasing fuelwood collection and consumption as energy source by both households and large fuelwood consuming businesses across Nigeria is enough to have attracted the attention of major stakeholders in the forest and fuelwood sector in taking decisive plan and implement appropriate intervention measures towards solving the menace. This paper provides information on the current situation of fuelwood consumption and extend of forest degradation due to trees" harvesting for fuel in Nigeria. The review analysed different literatures on households" energy consumption and types of behavioral responses display during fuelwood stress across different regions in Nigeria. Thus, the review aim at attracting the attention of energy planners in the country to understand the level of fuelwood consumption and the pressure on forested areas in the country. We therefore first, present current situation of fuelwood consumption and its determinants, and secondly, we discuss the results and show a wide range of similar behavioral responses of households in coping with reduced supply of across regions in Nigeria. The review findings among others include the loss of vegetational cover of up to 96% mainly attributed to fuelwood collection and consumption as fuel, with more than 87% of Nigeria"s households relying on fuelwood irrespective of geopolitical region, income, occupation, and educational level. Furthermore, increase fuelwood market, increase cost of fuelwood bundles, diversification in the means of transporting fuelwood from sources to marketing are among the scarcity indicators. Therefore, this review conclude that there is continuing increase in fuelwood stress based on the revealed households" behavioral responses across all regions in Nigeria. The reviewers therefore, recommended the urgent need of interventions as community involvement in the management of natural forest and introduce tree growers" incentive to motivate farmers growing trees in both farms and homestead so as to reduce relying on natural forest for fuelwood.
This study explores the quantification of PM2.5 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter of less than or equal to 2.5 µm) and how it is impacted by meteorological parameters. The study was conducted in Benin City between January and December 2019. The city was divided into four zones, namely, North West (NW), North East (NE), South East (SE), and South West (SW). A total of 180 representative samples for PM2.5 were collected from artisans’ workshops in both wet and dry seasons, using an Apex2IS Casella standard pump fitted with a conical inhalable sampling (CIS) head at a flow rate of 3.5 L/min for 8 h. Meteorological parameters were collected simultaneously with PM2.5. The PM2.5 levels range from 37.9 to 735.1 (µg/m3) and 60.6 to 313.9 (µg/m3) during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The estimated PM2.5 concentration exceeded the World Health Organization (WHO) and National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) of 25 and 250 ug/m3, respectively. The meteorological parameters were estimated to be 27.9–33.4 (°C), 59.8–78.9 (%), 748.4–754.3 (mmHg), 2.8–6.9 (km/h), 154.9–205.4 (o), 425.1–1,073.4 (W/m2), and 717.3–1,133.7 (µW/m2) for temperature, relative humidity, pressure, wind speed, wind direction, solar radiation, and ultra-violet radiation, respectively. A significant positive correlation was observed between PM2.5, temperature, solar radiation, and ultra-violet radiation. However, a negative correlation was observed for pressure. This positive correlation may influence the poor dispersion of PM2.5, particularly in the wet season when we experience low temperatures and low wind speeds, and consequently impact negatively on human health.
