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Pure squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common pure variant form of bladder cancer, found in 2–5% of cases. It often presents late and is unresponsive to cisplatin‐based chemotherapy. The molecular features of these tumours have not been elucidated in detail. We carried out whole‐exome sequencing (WES), copy number, and transcriptome analysi...
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... the mean fraction of genome altered was 34.0% (range 0.28-66.6%, median 40.5%) with no gender-related difference (supplementary material, Table S1). Regions on 37 chromosome arms showed alterations in ≥25% of samples ( Figure 2A). ...Context 2
... on 37 chromosome arms showed alterations in ≥25% of samples ( Figure 2A). Significant regions (supplementary material, Table S1) included losses on 3p, 4p, and 8p, and gains on 5p, 7p, 8q, and 20, as reported in other SCC [22][23][24][25][26][27][28]. ...Context 3
... 4q contains FAT1 (4q35.2). Assessment of 4q35.2 copy number and mutation data revealed that 10 out of 11 samples examined by WES had deletion, mutation, or both ( Table 1), suggesting that loss of function of FAT1 is a critical event in these tumours. ...Context 4
... expression of selected genes implicated in YAP/TAZ-mediated stemness and modulation of the immune response in pure SCC and MIBC without SD (non-SD) Figure S12. Differential expression of selected genes implicated in YAP/TAZ-mediated stemness and modulation of the immune response in samples with SD and those without (non-SD) in the TCGA study of MIBC Table S1. Details of patients, samples, and analysis platforms Table S2. ...Citations
Oncostatin M (OSM) is a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a variety of inflammatory responses such as wound healing, liver regeneration, and bone remodeling. As a member of the interleukin-6 (IL-6) family of cytokines, OSM binds the shared receptor gp130, recruits either OSMRβ or LIFRβ, and activates a variety of signaling pathways including the JAK/STAT, MAPK, JNK, and PI3K/AKT pathways. Since its discovery in 1986, OSM has been identified as a significant contributor to a multitude of inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, lung and skin disease, cardiovascular disease, and most recently, COVID-19. Additionally, OSM has also been extensively studied in the context of several cancer types including breast, cervical, ovarian, testicular, colon and gastrointestinal, brain,lung, skin, as well as other cancers. While OSM has been recognized as a significant contributor for each of these diseases, and studies have shown OSM inhibition is effective at treating or reducing symptoms, very few therapeutics have succeeded into clinical trials, and none have yet been approved by the FDA for treatment. In this review, we outline the role OSM plays in a variety of inflammatory diseases, including cancer, and outline the previous and current strategies for developing an inhibitor for OSM signaling.
