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This work develops an integer linear programming methodology for the optimal design of municipal solid waste recycling systems. The model considers all costs, in present values, concerning recycling of products, disposal of solid wastes, as well as closure and monitoring of the old landfill, and opening of a new one. Economic benefits include reven...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... estimated degree of product recovery is presented in Table 2. These values were obtained considering various pilot recycling programs in Greece [ 16,17] and they represent realistic rather than desirable targets. ...
Context 2
... assumptions have the effect of over-estimating the collection costs of the recycling programs that handle more than one recyclable material. Expressing the value of 5000 GRD/tn as per unit volume of material, we extracted the values of recycling costs showing in Table 2. The specific weight of the materials was taken 88.1 kg/m 3 for aluminum, 81.7 kg/m 3 for paper, 193.8 kg/m 3 for glass and 288.3 kg/m 3 for putrescible matter, while for a composite sample of municipal solid wastes it was taken 137.9 kg/m 3 [ 6,18 ]. ...
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Citations
... Recycling waste can reduce greenhouse gas, and new infrastructure and innovative approaches to recycling activities can turn waste into reusable rather than final disposal (USEPA 2011). Recycling of solid wastes extends the lifetime of landfill sites, as well as economic benefits, are achieved by selling the recycled materials (Diamadopoulos et al, 1995). In Europe, almost the whole plastic waste is either recycled or incinerated although the processes of incineration and recycling are not a piece of cake (Irena & Carina, 2017). ...
Plastic waste being a part of solid waste is now a great concern for health and the environment all over the world as it is being generated massively due to its very cheap price and uncontrolled use. It is quite impossible to stop plastic waste generation in the anthroposphere system as it is being generated or deposited almost in every place. According to the report of The Business Standard, Bangladesh drowns in 8 lakh tons of plastic waste every year. Hence the proper management of plastic waste is a crying need. In Bangladesh, dynamic, systematic, smooth, sustainable plastic recycling shops have been established under private initiatives without official or formal funds over the years. These recycling shops have kept our life comfortable from being drowned in plastic waste as well as put the environment clean and safe from negative waste flows. In Khulna City Area, 26 well-recognized plastics recycling shops were found especially engaged with flakes-making operations from plastic waste. This study assessed the recyclable plastics fraction in selected recycling shops. The waste composition analysis of recycling shops was conducted by following local sorting instructions and converting the individual plastic waste fractions into PETE, HDPE, PVC, LDPE, PP, PS, and others. This study quantified the plastic waste fraction being utilized in recycling shops and accordingly establish a baseline scenario of plastic recycling in Khulna city.
... It can also significantly reduce the overall waste management costs. However, if the recycled products do not enter the local market at an optimal rate, the probability of these recycled products being discarded to landfills, at an elevated cost is high [124]. Recycling of materials like metals is further burdened by the lack of advanced sustainable technologies and the demand for virgin metals by manufacturers [125]. ...
One of the major environmental challenges faced by the aviation industry is the sustainable management of solid waste at airports. Rising passenger volumes and expansion of airport activities have considerably increased the types and quantities of waste generated at airports. With many regional and national governments emphasizing on waste diversion from landfills, numerous airports are gradually transitioning to sustainable alternatives. Despite being a pressing issue, there is limited literature on waste management initiatives and their efficiency at airports. This has become more vital since the outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), which has had a significant impact on the generation and management of wastes, especially at airports. This article conducts a systematic review of the various aspects of airport waste management, viz. the types and sources of wastes generated, the management practices adopted for the different waste streams, and the associated challenges. The waste generation trends and management models at different airports have been explored to develop a knowledge base for decision-makers and policy analysts. The article also identifies potential challenges lying ahead for the aviation industry with respect to waste management post-COVID-19.
... From an optimistic perspective, increased volumes of solid waste are not considered a problem; rather, they are considered to provide free resources and employment opportunities, especially for the poor and the marginalized [3][4][5]. Under this perspective, a focus on improving infrastructure, applying modern technologies, and using the best management approaches from a list of scientifically derived options [6] ensures sustainable management of MSW [7]. standards that assist in defining a specific set of possible alternatives. ...
Currently, large quantities of municipal solid waste (MSW) in many cities of the developing countries are being dumped in informal or formal but unregulated dumpsites that threaten the ecological environment and general public health. The situation in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania is of particular concern and is further challenged by a rapidly growing population and urbanization without adequate waste management systems. Current MSW treatment options have been selected based on the judgment and the experience of individuals with authority while underestimating the role of scientifically derived techniques. This study analyzes the most efficient waste treatment options, particularly scenarios with the lowest economic and environmental costs (EcC and EnC, respectively). It uses 12 years (2006-2017) of MSW management data and compares potential waste treatment options for the identified waste streams. A total of 108 different scenarios were designed, and a multi-criteria analysis method was applied to enable the identification of 11 scenarios with acceptable EcCs and EnCs. These formed an initial decision matrix of aggregation dominance that was then categorized into four groups, each represented by the most ideal point. Finally, the dominant scenario that formed the core for all considered options was found. It costs around $274,100 USD while saving about 1585 metric tons (MT) of CO2 emissions daily. This suggests that after all the MSW generated in the city is collected and segregated, organic waste should be composted whilst plastic, paper, glass, and ferrous metal should be recycled. After treatment, other waste will go to some form of landfill. Sustainable management of MSW in this city and others with similar conditions should consider particular local conditions and could use the methods and the findings of this study as a starting point.
... Analysis of the overall profitability of the material management pathway is a strong indicator of economic system sustainability for both the private and public sectors. An economic optimization model put forth by Diamadopoulos et al. (1995) thoroughly examined the potential profitability (i.e. net of revenues and costs) from increased recycling of landfilled materials, although the authors did not allow for comparison of different recycling technologies (i.e. ...
This article presents a model to determine profit-maximizing processing pathways for urban household organic material. It was applied to a case study system in the city of Rochester, NY to compare the profitability of local material management pathways. Four industrially relevant and locally available pathways were examined: anaerobic digestion (AD), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), windrow composting, and landfill with gas capture. This research hypothesized that the current status quo of landfill with gas capture is profit-maximizing, and formulated objective functions based on alternate practices of AD, SSF, and windrow composting to test the status quo. Material chemical parameters such as biomethane potential and carbon to nitrogen ratio were experimentally determined and used as inputs. The baseline model showed the status quo of landfill with gas capture is 52–92% less profitable than optimal pathways depending on ranges of input parameters. Optimal pathways were AD for single-stream and food, composting for compostable paper, and SSF for yard trimmings. Composting was the most sensitive pathway to market and chemical variables. AD being the optimal pathway is robust for food waste compared to landfill with gas capture; to reach parity with AD, landfill tipping fees must double or AD trucking costs triple.
... This is especially true when separate recyclables collection is found (or is assumed) to be more expensive than disposal (Beede and Bloom, 1995;Goddard, 1995;Hall, 1995 [considering recycling paper generally, not just source separation]; Highfill and McAsey, 1997;Masui et al., 2000;Tanskanen and Kaila, 2001;Caplan et al., 2002;Beigl and Salhofer, 2004;Blaine et al., 2005;Calcott and Walls, 2005;Kinnaman, 2005Kinnaman, , 2006Aadland and Caplan, 2006;Bohm et al., 2010;Kuo and Perrings, 2010;Bouvier and Wagner, 2011;Yoshida et al., 2012). Adding externalities often results in determinations that these programs have overall cost-effectiveness (e.g., Diamadopulos et al., 1995;Craighill and Powell, 1996;Masui et al., 2000;Lavee, 2010), or based on residents' willingness-to-pay for services, that programs can be cost-effective to society as a whole (Kinnaman, 2005;Aadland and Caplan, 2006). Goddard (1995) demonstrated that if the waste hierarchy (waste reduction, recycling, waste-to-energy incineration, and lastly landfilling) is justified, it implies, if all externalities are accounted for, marginal costs for recycling should need to be less than disposal (at least initially). ...
Financial analytical models of waste management systems have often found that recycling costs exceed direct benefits, and in order to economically justify recycling activities, externalities such as household expenses or environmental impacts must be invoked. Certain more empirically based studies have also found that recycling is more expensive than disposal. Other work, both through models and surveys, have found differently. Here we present an empirical systems model, largely drawn from a suburban Long Island municipality. The model accounts for changes in distribution of effort as recycling tonnages displace disposal tonnages, and the seven different cases examined all show that curbside collection programs that manage up to between 31% and 37% of the waste stream should result in overall system savings. These savings accrue partially because of assumed cost differences in tip fees for recyclables and disposed wastes, and also because recycling can result in a more efficient, cost-effective collection program. These results imply that increases in recycling are justifiable due to cost-savings alone, not on more difficult to measure factors that may not impact program budgets.
... This trend is related to the new materials being applied in consumption goods (e.g., nanomaterials) (Roes et al., 2012;Walser et al., 2011) to meet consumers' sophisticated functionality requests. MSW recycling requires a sufficient demand for recyclables (i.e., recovered materials and energy) (Diamadopoulos et al., 1995;Hervani, 2005). A third challenge can be identified by the fact that such demands are not stable but driven by manifold changes in domestic and foreign market structures and economic development. ...
All municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems—even “high quality systems” or those employing “best practices”—face multiple challenges, e.g., decreasing prices of secondary raw materials recovered by municipalities, increasing complexity of waste composition, technological lock-ins. Policy-making involves translating these challenges into goals that are generic in nature and implementing them on MSW fractions thanks to tailor-made policy tools, e.g., anticipated disposal fees. Anticipating the impacts of policies can provide valuable insights into the adequacy of policy tools with respect to economic, political, and social contexts of MSW. The goal of this paper is to construct consistent, future scenarios of Swiss waste glass-packaging disposal based on literature and stakeholder knowledge, including the allocation of waste to different disposal routes. These scenarios are future states to which the current system could transit to due to alternative policies in line with waste policy goals and varying societal constraints (e.g., commodity prices). Results of scenario construction show that policy has a limited effect on waste glass-packaging disposal because of economic constraints, preventing goals from consistently being achieved. For instance, increases in energy prices can impede a policy favoring recycling over downcycling to foam glass, an energy-saving product. The procedure applied to construct possible scenarios suits well the ambition of considering uncertain future developments affecting MSW management as it integrates qualitative and quantitative knowledge of various sources and disciplines.
... When plastics are buried in a landfill, they occupy about 25 % of the space ( Solid Waste, 2006). According to Diamadopoulos et al. (1995), if solid wastes are not recycled, the space in landfills will be exhausted very quickly and necessitate the construction of new ones. Plastics are not the waste and energy culprits that some people think they are. ...
ISSN 2075-4914
Volume 3 Number 1 December 2012
A Special Issue on Civil Engineering for Sustainable Development
Published by- Faculty of Civil Engineering; Khulna University of Engineering & Technology; Khulna – 9203, Bangladesh
... Khulna city is located in the southern part of Bangladesh and ranked third largest city in the country which would represent a typical scenario for the recycle/ reuse scheme of solid wastes in the context of developing countries. Many researchers have already addressed the recycling of solid wastes in developing countries (Diamadopoulos et al., 1995;Shuchi et al., 1998;Tilman and Sandhu, 1998). However, the existing reuse scheme of solid waste has yet to be addressed for its potential improvement with regards to longterm sustainability. ...
The reuse and recycling of waste materials are now sincerely considered to be an integral part of solid waste management in many parts of the world. In this context, a vast number of options ranging from small scale decentralized to larger scale centralized plants have been adopted. This study aimed at investigating the waste reuse schemes in Khulna city located in the southern part of Bangladesh and ranked third largest city in the country. The shops for reusable material (SRM) were mostly situated around railway, waterway, and truck station markets which provided easy transportation to further locations. For the reuses of waste materials and products, a chain system was found to collect reusable wastes under a total number of 310 identified SRM with 859 persons directly or indirectly involved in the scheme. This was a decentralized waste management system with self sufficient (autonomous) management. According to mass balance, about 38.52tonsd(-1) solid wastes were reused in Khulna city area, accounting for 7.65% of the total generated wastes. This study revealed that apparently a silent, systematic, smooth, and clean reuse chain has been established in Khulna city area under private initiatives, whose sustainability was confirmed over the years in the country without any official or formal funds. However, proper adjustment between the higher and lower chain in the materials flow path, as well as personal hygiene training for the workers, would further improve the achievements of the established reuse scheme.
... When plastics are buried in a landfill, they occupy about 25 % of the space ( Solid Waste, 2006). According to Diamadopoulos et al. (1995), if solid wastes are not recycled, the space in landfills will be exhausted very quickly and necessitate the construction of new ones. Plastics are not the waste and energy culprits that some people think they are. ...
... This is desirable from environmental, economic and social points of view. According to Diamadopoulos et al., (1995), if solid wastes are not recycled, the space in landfills would be exhausted very fast and necessitate the construction of new ones. Kaseva and Gupta (1996), have also reported that solid waste recycling reduces environmental damage and is an import-substitution economic activities which also saves energy, conserves resources and saves waste collection and disposal costs. ...
Recycling has become one of the key strategies for waste management for most of the cities in the world. Many efforts in developing countries especially in Bangladesh have been focused on waste collection and disposal only. The recycling part of waste management has been ignored by the government. However, the informal sector (many individual waste collectors, dealers and recycling industries) has been performing recycling activity traditionally based on outdated technology as a source of income for a long time in Khulna. In order to achieve sustainable solid waste management and improve recycling rates, one of the major challenges of Bangladesh is how to best effort with the informal sector to improve their working conditions, technologies and efficiency in recycling. For this purpose, three recycling approaches are proposed to evaluate the feasibility both economically and socially. The first approach would result in a net loss. In the second approach, the recovered costs of the recycled product would be greater than the expenses. However, it has obvious shortcomings of lose of employment. In the third approach the recovered cost of the recycled waste would exceed the expenses and no loss of jobs. This approach seems to be feasible both economically and socially.
