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Degree of microbiological acceptability of whole and skim milk powder samples vs. Egyptian standards ES: 1780/2014: n -number of examined samples
Source publication
Background:
Nowadays, dried milk products are highly traded and consumed all over the world, so we aimed in this study to evaluate to what extent whole and skim milk powders are safe and comply with Egyptian standards.
Methods:
Eighty samples of dried milk (50 whole milk powder and 30 skim milk powder) were gathered from several retailers and su...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial agents is considered to be a global health issue, causing increased morbidity and death rates as it frequently makes curing microbial infections difficult (Falegan and Olu- waniyi, 2015). According to Egyptian standards (ES: 1780/2014), only 32 samples of whole milk powder were accepted in a percentage of 64.00, and other 18 samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, also 2 samples of skimmed milk powder were unacceptable due to contamination by Staphylococcus aureus as illustrated in Figure 3. ...
Context 2
... occurrence of resistance to antimicrobial agents is considered to be a global health issue, causing increased morbidity and death rates as it frequently makes curing microbial infections difficult (Falegan and Olu- waniyi, 2015). According to Egyptian standards (ES: 1780/2014), only 32 samples of whole milk powder were accepted in a percentage of 64.00, and other 18 samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus aureus, also 2 samples of skimmed milk powder were unacceptable due to contamination by Staphylococcus aureus as illustrated in Figure 3. ...
Citations
... Also, individual studies from Southern Africa have reported Lm prevalence in milk as 1.00% in raw milk in Botswana 30 , 8.00% in pasteurized milk and 26.92% in raw milk in South Africa 1 . In the Northern Africa subregion, Lm prevalence from individual studies in milk ranged from 0.00 to 2.61% in raw and pasteurized milk in Algeria 31-34 , 0.0% in pasteurized milk (Ahmed et al. 2022), 0.0-5.63% in powdered milk 6,35 , and 0.00-34.00% in raw milk 8,11,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51] ; in Egypt. Previous individual studies on Lm contamination of milk in the Eastern African reported 0.00% 52 and 20.00% 53 in pasteurized milk, 2.34-22.00% ...
Abstract Listeria outbreaks and food recalls is on the raise globally. Milk particularly is highly susceptible to Listeria as its production and storage adequately support Listeria growth. The extent of milk contamination with Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) and preventative actions to halt milk associated outbreaks in Africa are unknown. Hence, this study aimed at assessing the national and subregional prevalence of Lm in milk in Africa and identify impacting factors via generalized logistic mixed-effects (GLMEs) and meta-regression modelling. Lm-milk-specific data acquired from primary studies according to standard protocol were fitted using a GLMEs. The GLMEs was subjected to leave-one-study-out-cross-validation (LOSOCV). Factors impacting Lm prevalence in milk were assayed via a 1000-permutation-assisted meta-regression-modelling. The pooled prevalence of Lm in milk in Africa was 4.35% [2.73–6.86] with a prediction interval (PI) of 0.14–59.86% and LOSOCV value of 2.43% [1.62–3.62; PI: 0.32–16.11%]. Western Africa had the highest prevalence [20.13%, 4.13–59.59], then Southern Africa [5.85%, 0.12–75.72], Northern Africa [4.67%, 2.82–7.64], Eastern Africa [1.91%, 0.64–5.55], and there was no record from Central Africa. In term of country, Lm prevalence in milk significantly (p
... The follow-up good hygienic practices in raw milk and other raw ingredients production, handling, and transportation are recommended (Fricker-Feer, 2012). In addition, training programs for industrialists and completeness of Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point system are needed for fulfilling the highest safe products for achieving high hygiene and sanitation levels in the production environment (Hafiz et al., 2016;Ibrahim et al., 2020;Ibrahim et al., 2021;Ibrahim et al., 2022b). ...
For evaluating the prevalence of Enterobacteriaceae in baby formulas, we examined 60 different samples of powdered infant milk formula and milk-cereal based infant formula that is recommended for first-day birth and from 6-month age, respectively, and collected from various supermarkets, shops, and pharmacies. Six (20.0%) and thirteen (43.3%) powdered infant milk formulas and milk-cereal based infant formulas, respectively, were contaminated by different Enterobacteriaceae involved Enterobacter cloacae ssp. cloacae, Pantoea spp., Enterobacter hormaechei, and Raoultella ornithinolytica, which were identified using traditional biochemical tests and the vitek2 compact system. Only five samples of investigating milk-cereal based infant formula type have coliforms count of 4 MPN/g. All species were susceptible to gentamycin, while all were resistant to cephalothin antibiotics. Eventually, 20.0 % of powdered infant milk formula samples were unacceptable referred to Egyptian standards (2072/2006) and most of the comparable international standards. In the study, we proved the contamination of powdered milk baby formula by Enterobacteriaceae, which mainly causes health problems in immature and immunocompromised infants. The dried infant formula factories are more needful for good hygiene and safety systems applications. This study is one of the fewest studies conducted in Egypt to isolate Enterobacteriaceae members from dried foods; especially milk-cereal based infant formula.
... Foodborne Enterobacter contaminations have been found in pasteurized milk and dehydrated dairy products (Skinnader et al., 2022). Ibrahim, Saad and Hafiz (2021) reported finding several species of this family in powdered milk analyzed in their study, including E. cloacae. According to Odenthal, Akineden and Usleber (2016), who also found E. cloacae in their study of refrigerated raw milk in Germany, this is not necessarily a public health concern, as UHT heat treatment of milk safely inactivates members of the Enterobacteriaceae family. ...
Milk is a rich food, source of several indispensable nutrients, much consumed by the population. Its quality and microbiota are influenced by several factors. The objective of the present study was to determine the microbiota of refrigerated raw milk and processed milk in dairy products in Vale do Taquari - RS, through genetic sequencing. Three types of milk were analyzed in two dairies in the region: raw refrigerated milk, which arrives at the dairies by means of tank trucks, pasteurized milk and milk treated by Ultra High Temperature (UHT). The determination of the milk microbiota was performed through sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The results showed that refrigerated raw milk has the highest number of microorganisms in the two dairy products, followed by pasteurized milk and milk sterilized by the UHT process, successively. Dairy processing 2 proved to be more efficient, especially for UHT treated milk, considerably reducing the microbiota. Eighty-seven species of the Bacteria Kingdom were identified and the samples showed considerable microbiological diversity. Psychrotrophic microorganisms such as Kurthia gibsonii were expressive in the samples. Lactic acid bacteria such as Streptococcus macedonicus were found in refrigerated raw milk and pasteurized milk and Streptococcus thermophilus in sterilized milk. Harmful species such as Bacillus cereus group, Aeromonas dhakensis and Acinetobacter haemolyticus were found in UHT treated milk from both dairy products, in addition to Aeromonas caviae, Enterobacter mori and Viridibacillus arenosi.
Index terms:
Microorganisms; metagenomics; genetic sequencing; milk quality; milk production
... MSCC is proportionally linked with milk MDA concentration [32]. Efficient wholesome traineeship and toxocariasis control are decisive factors for the elevated protection of bubaline and humans [33,34]. ...
This study aimed to evaluate the immune responses and oxidative stress provoked by Toxocara vitulorum infection in buffaloes with special reference to milk parameters as an emerging tool. The use of the milk tool was reported for the first time in tracing T. vitulorum infection in Egyptian buffaloes. Intestine, milk, serum, and liver samples were gathered from flocks in Cairo and Giza districts to evaluate buffalo immune responses provoked by T. vitulorum. The compositional items and somatic cells of milk were monitored. The intestine and milk were evaluated for interleukin IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction protocol and the analysis of malondialdehyde (MDA) as an oxidative stress marker. The mean percentages for the total solids, fats, proteins, lactose, salts, pH, and somatic cell count/ml in positive samples were 11.23 ± 0.37, 5.1 ± 0.17, 4.44 ± 0.14, 3.9 ± 0.14, 0.81 ± 0.02, 6.8 ± 0.22, and 4.23 × 10⁶± 1.41 × 10⁵ cells/ml, respectively. A significant difference (p < 0.05) was observed in the mean values of compositional items except for the total protein %, salts %, and pH. For T. vitulorum-contaminated samples, the milk IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and MDA (nmol/ml) were 7 ± 0.23, 18 ± 0.6, 17 ± 0.56, and 3.7 ± 0.12, respectively (which were less than the values for intestinal cytokines). There is a statistical difference (p < 0.05) between positive and negative samples in the intestinal, milk cytokines, and MDA. This study is an initial investigation of the utilization of intestine and milk cytokines in the evaluation of buffalo toxocariasis.
... As documented by EFSA 2016, cells or even spores of B. cereus in a count of > 10 4 CFU/g will produce diarrheal toxins in the human gut and intestine. Timely manufacturing practice and actualizing food safety management systems are needed for supreme safe production (Ibrahim et al. 2021). ...
Bacillus cereus is a common environmental foodborne microorganism that is mainly found to harbor toxigenic genes with multiple antibiotic resistances and is linked to threatening the safety of dried milk in concern to powdered infant milk formula. In the current investigation, the mean value of B. cereus in 140 samples of powdered milk was 0.57 × 10² ± 0.182 × 10², 0.15 × 10² ± 0.027 × 10², 0.21 × 10² ± 0.035 × 10², and 0.32 × 10² ± 0.072 × 10² CFU/g in a percentage of 64.0 samples of whole milk powder, 43.3 of skim milk powder, 26.7 of powdered infant milk formula and 36.7 milk–cereal-based infant formula, respectively. The results revealed that B. cereus isolates were found to harbor toxigenic genes in the following percentages: 77.8, 2.0, 72.7, 16.2, and 67.7 for nhe, hbl, cytK, ces, and bceT, respectively. Despite all evaluated B. cereus strains were originated from dairy powders, they showed a significant difference (P < 0.05) in their harbored toxigenic cytK gene between whole and skim milk powders with powdered infant formula and milk–cereal-based infant formula, as well as between powdered infant formula and milk–cereal-based infant formula. All isolated B. cereus strains were resistant to cefoxitin, colistin sulfate, neomycin, trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole, oxacillin, and penicillin. Based on the antimicrobial resistance of B. cereus strains to cephalothin, chloramphenicol, nalidixic acid, and tetracycline, there was a significant difference (P < 0.05) between powdered infant milk formula and whole milk powder strains. This survey is one of few studies proceeded in Egypt to determine the prevalence of toxigenic B. cereus strains in milk–cereal-based infant formula and powdered infant formula as well as skim milk powder.
... Escherichia coli was lesser common in egg wash; this may be attributed to bloom presence, as E. coli is an index organism of pathogens. The outcomes suggest that proper procedures were carried out by farmers to stop faecal pollution (Nesma et al. 2020;Ibrahim et al. 2021). ...
A total of 300 quail eggs were collected randomly from different markets in Cairo and Giza Governorates. Five eggs were represented as one egg sample. Shell and content of each egg were examined for their microbiological contents, sensory evaluation, and study of E. coli O157 survival in artificially contaminated eggs. Moreover, qualitative detection of antimicrobial residues by seven plates microbiologically bioassay and confirmed by validated High‐performance Liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods for positively reacted antimicrobials in raw and boiled samples. There was a significant difference (P< 0.05) between the grading score of eggs after the boiling at 2‐, 4‐, 5‐, and 7‐min. Based on the survival results, the refrigeration storage and boiling for five min of quail eggs was confirmed that such eggs without E. coli O157. After the boil, the concentrations of Oxytetracycline (OTC) and 4‐Epi‐OTC residues were significantly reduced, and there was no effect on the concentration of Sulfadimidine (SDD), Amoxicillin (AMO), and Diketo residues. Samples that exceeded the maximum residual limits (MRLs) were 17.0%, 12.0%, 10.0%, 16.0%, and 14.0% for SDD, OTC, 4‐Epi‐OTC, AMO, and Diketo, respectively. After boiling, no significant change was noted for SDD, AMO, and Diketo but all OTC and 4‐Epi‐OTC were completely below MRLs. Therefore, SDD and AMO with their metabolite (Diketo) are heat‐stable antimicrobials residues with multiple human health hazards.
... These infants were fed on powdered infant milk, and milk-cereal-based baby formulae may be exposed to melamine. So the application of the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points system is a precondition for the uppermost safe such products and regular monitoring of these products plus increasing awareness of Egyptian mothers will help safeguard the health of their infants [24,25,26,27]. ...
This study was conducted to screen melamine and cyanuric acid in powdered dairy products, which becomes a high safety concern, as considered one of the scanty surveys in Egypt. A total of 140 samples (fifty whole milk powder, thirty samples of each; skim milk powder, powdered infant milk formula, and dried milk-cereal-based infant formula were collected from Egyptian markets and pharmacies. Samples were analyzed for the presence of melamine and cyanuric acid using Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Melamine was detected in 15/50 of whole milk powder, 22/30 of skim milk powder, 20/30 of powdered infant milk formula, and 25/30 milk-cereal-based infant formula samples. Meanwhile, cy-anuric acid couldn't be detected in any examined samples, as its concentration was < 0.05 mg/kg. This investigation initially proceeded in Egypt for melamine and cyanuric acid detection in milk-cereal-based infant formula and skim milk powder. It is targeted for re-attention from concerned authorities to these toxic chemicals.
... The overall high score of cheese acceptability was reported by Abd El-Galeel et al. (2017), while lower results were recorded by Karima (2012), Thoraya (2013) and Ahmed (2016). Additionally, Ibrahim et al. (2021) draw back the fair and poor quality of milk powder to the cooked flavor that was the most frequent off-flavors noticed. ...
... Regarding cheddar cheese, the obtained results were lower than that reported by Abdelmagid and Hamid (2018) and Mohamed et al. (2020) who reported mean titratable acidity % of 0.43±0.02. Additionally, Abdelkhalek et al. (2016) and Ibrahim et al. (2021) recorded a higher mean titratable acidity % of 0.99 in milk powder samples, whereas Nissreen (2006) and Kajal et al. (2012) estimated nearly similar results with mean titratable acidity % of 0.13. ...
... The obtained results of coliform in milk powder and labneh were higher than that reported by Matin et al. (2019); Gavião et al. (2020) and Ibrahim et al. (2021) who reported counts less than 3 MPN/g. While, lower results of cheddar cheese were recorded by Abdelmagid and Hamid (2018) and Mohamed et al. (2020) who found that the mean coliform count was 7.3×10 4 ±3.9×10 4 mpn/g. ...
Sixty Bubaline milk samples with corresponding blood samples were obtained from flocks at random in Cairo and Giza Governorates. The aerobic bacteria & somatic cells were counted and evaluated the physicochemical parameters of milk. Both milk and serum of buffaloes' were evaluated for tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and interferon (IFN-ɤ) by quantitative real-time PCR protocol, and oxidative stress markers were measured spectrophotometrically. There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the mean values of whole milk physicochemical aspects except the moisture % & pH values were recorded for infested and non-infested animals. For F. gigantica infested animals, the milk TNF-α, IL-1β, interferon IFN-γ, malondialdehyde (MDA), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) values were 17.5 ± 0.67, 18.5 ± 0.71, 19.25 ± 0.74, 7.75 ± 0.29, and 1.1 ± 0.04, respectively (lesser than serum values) with a significant difference (p < 0.05) between positive and negative samples for both examined serum and milk samples. There was also a significant (p < 0.05) negative relationship between MSCC & fat% and protein%, while a significant (p < 0.05) positive relationship between MSCC and the investigated milk cytokines in F. gigantica infested animals. This study is considered one of the fewest investigations of milk cytokines and oxidative stress markers in buffaloes fascioliasis diagnosis. Meanwhile, monitoring these genes modification that is active in the milk-producing gland is significant to typify the act technicality of the inherited immunity that helps the progress of schemes to retain the udder health.
