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Degradation profile fitted to dry matter losses of unmolassed sugar beet pulp (USBP) from mobile bags recovered from equine faeces.
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The purpose of this review paper is to outline developments in the use of the mobile bag and in situ porous bag techniques for use in nutrition studies with equines. Adaptation of these techniques, combined with mathematical modelling of feed degradation profiles and estimates of digesta passage allow the in vivo quantitative partition of feed degr...
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Citations
... The MBT was used to estimate the individual feedstuffs' digestibility based on nutrient disappearance from the bags after administration and the subsequent recovery of the bags in the caecum or faeces (Macheboeuf et al., 1996;Hyslop, 2006). Bags (1 ×2 × 12 cm) were made from precision-woven open mesh fabric with 36 µm porosity (Sefar Nitex, 03-36/28, Sefar AG, Heiden, Switzerland). ...
To evaluate the effect of substituting hay with alternative fibrous feedstuffs, the total collection of faeces was used to measure the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD). Nutrient disappearance and digestion kinetics were examined with the mobile bag technique (MBT) and marker passage measurements. Four caecally-cannulated horses (body weight (BW) 558±32 kg) were used in a cross-over design experiment with two periods of 14 days adaptation and four days of faecal collection. Horses were fed three times a day with either a hay-only (HAY) diet or a mixture of hay:supplement (MIX) (15.1 and 8.4:6.7 g dry matter (DM)/kg BW/day, respectively). The hay used in both treatments (HAY and MIX) was mainly of Timothy and first cut. The MIX supplement diet consisted of oat hulls, alfalfa-, sugar beet pulp- (SBP), grass- and soya hull pellets, each given in 0.44 g DM/kg BW/meal. On day 15 in each period, 20 bags of either hay or SBP and 6–12 bags (1x2x12 cm; 37 μm pore size; 0.5 g feed) of each feedstuff and ytterbium (Yb, 3 g) were placed in the stomach or caecum, respectively. Bags were harvested from the caecum every hour and faeces were checked for bags every fourth hour, collection time was noted and data from the bags were used to estimate pre-caecal, hindgut and total tract nutrient disappearance. Further, faecal subsamples of 300 g were collected, weighed and stored for Yb analysis and further estimation of feed mean retention time. Rate and extent of feed degradation were estimated from the MBT assuming exponential degradation. The ATTD of DM was similar between the two diets (P>0.05), but the HAY diet had higher ATTD of crude protein (CP) (P=0.001), neutral detergent fibre assayed with heat-stable amylase and expressed inclusive of residual ash (aNDF) (P=0.006), acid detergent fibre (ADF) (P=0.017), hemicellulose (P=0.001) and celluloseNDF (P<0.001). The hindgut mean retention time (MRT) for Yb was longer for the MIX than the HAY diet (P<0.001). No differences for DM, aNDF or ADF digestibility were measured when comparing the ATTD with nutrient disappearance from bags found in the time interval 20–30 h, indicating the ATTD of these nutrients can be predicted by the MBT. The estimated degradation (Dt), but not effective degradation (ED), is preferred when the MBT is used to predict the ATTD. It can be concluded that hay can be substituted partly by fibrous feedstuffs and that the MBT can predict the ATTD of DM, aNDF and ADF in a mixed ration based on MBT measures on individual feedstuffs.
... Feedstuff evaluation is important for optimising nutrient supply and for accuracy in ration formulation for horses (Hyslop, 2006). To optimise this, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) can be measured using different methods, such as the total collection of faeces or the mobile bag technique (MBT). ...
... The ATTD provides information about the digestibility of a diet or individual feedstuffs, but it gives no information as to where in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) or at what rate the different feedstuffs are degraded. However, a combination of the MBT with effective degradability (ED) calculations (Ørskov and McDonald, 1979) can provide essential knowledge on feed degradation kinetics in different segments of the equine GIT (Hyslop, 2006). This has been studied widely in ruminants (Hvelplund et al., 1992;Volden and Harstad, 1995) and has been used to determine the degradation kinetics of four botanically diverse fibrous feeds in the small intestine and total tract of ponies (Moore-Colyer et al., 2002). ...
... In the Nordic feed evaluation system for ruminants (Åkerlind et al., 2011) in-sacco bags are recommended with a pore size of 38 μm and a feed to surface area (FSA) of 10 mg/cm 2 for feedstuffs when studying digestion in the rumen (Åkerlind et al., 2011). However, recommendations for the technique are unclear when applied in horses because the MBT has been adjusted in relation to knowledge obtained from pigs and ruminants (Hyslop, 2006;Åkerlind et al., 2011). In equine studies, Macheboeuf et al. (1996) are often interpreted as a recommendation for the MBT (bag diameter 1 cm, length 6 cm and porosity 48 μm). ...
Total collection of faeces is considered the golden standard for estimating apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) in horses. However, the evaluation of individual feedstuffs is limited and determination of nutrient digestibility in different segments of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) is excluded. The rationale for performing this study was that the mobile bag technique (MBT) can provide information on individual feedstuffs' degradation, and the use of fistulated animals does provide additionally information regarding degradation in individual segments of the GIT. Recommendations for using the MBT in ruminants are well established, but limited methodical studies have been published with horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the MBT by comparing the ATTD with the nutrient disappearance and degradation kinetics of hay in horses. It was hypothesised that DM degradation as estimated by the MBT is equal to the ATTD of the DM. Furthermore, we hypothesised that bag size has no effect on nutrient disappearance but increasing the feed to surface area (FSA) decreases the DM disappearance. Five caecum cannulated horses were fed a hay-only diet (6.7 kg DM/day) with 14 days of adaptation followed by four consecutive days of total faeces collection. Three bag sizes (height × length × side, cm; 1.2 × 10 × 2, 3 × 4 × 2, 1 × 6 × 2) and three FSAs (10.4, 20.8 and 41.7 mg/cm²) were administrated at each meal (3 meals/day) on days 1 and 2 of the collection. Faeces were checked for bags every 6th h, the collection time was noted and the DM disappearance together with the transit time (TT) for each bag type was estimated. Dry matter disappearance from the individual bags was fitted to degradation profiles, and the effective degradability (ED) and degradation (Dt) were determined. The results of the study showed that the ATTD of DM, organic matter (OM), NDF and ADF can be predicted based on their disappearance from the mobile bags, but that ash and CP are overestimated in comparison to the ATTD. The TT for the bags was 29.2 h, and when using a mean retention time of 30 h to predict ED and Dt, it was clear that ED was underestimated, whereas Dt reflected the ATTD of DM. In conclusion, the MBT can be used to estimate the degradability of DM, OM and fibre as these nutrients resemble the ATTD. The bag size did not affect the DM disappearance, but the FSA should be kept below 20 mg/cm² as higher levels might limit the degradation kinetics.
... Several studies with equine species were performed using in vivo or in situ methodologies to better understand the digestion process, which invariably involves kinetics of passage and nutrient degradation. Therefore, we have used the kinetic of passage (Van Weyenberg et al., 2006;Silva et al., 2014) and nutrient degradation information (Hyslop, 2006;Silva et al., 2010) to support the interpretations of the present study. Additionally, due to limitation to obtain fistulated animals for in vitro fermentation studies, a limiting factor nowadays, we had to use the information currently existing in the literature. ...
This study evaluated the influence of coastcross hay substrate hydration and equine fecal inoculum dilution on the parameters of fermentation and microbiology in in vitro essays. A 2 × 2 factorial block design was used. The first factor was hydration of the coastcross hay substrate 12 h before incubation or at the time of incubation, and the second factor was the dilution of fecal inoculum with a nutrient solution in a weight: weight ratio of 1:1 or 1:3. Degradation of the dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) were evaluated at 24, 48, and 72 h. Microorganisms were counted 24 h after inoculation. The ammoniacal nitrogen concentration (NH3-N), pH, and cumulative gas production were measured up to 72 h and adjusted by the non-linear Gompertz regression model. Hydration of substrate and time of incubation increased nutrient degradation of coastcross hay, as well as the final volume of gases and the concentration of Streptococcus spp. The 1:3 dilution increased the final pH and Streptococcus spp. concentration. The hydration of substrate did not have any effect on NH3-N, Lactobacillus spp., cellulolytic, and total anaerobic bacteria concentrations. In addition, no effect of hydration was observed on the fermentation rate and the maximum fermentation time on the model used. The fermentation profile of the grass substrate is not affected by dilution, and, therefore, horse feces can be used as a source of inoculum in in vitro fermentation trials. Hydration increases the gas volumes and the nutrient degradation of grass hay, renders the lag phase time insignificant and, therefore, can be irrelevant in terms of fermentation model settings.
... Ancak sindirim sisteminin farklı bölgelerindeki segmental sindirimin ölçülme gerekliliği araştırmacıları bu zorlukları aşacak çözümler bulmaya itmiştir. Ruminantlarda post ruminal sindirim dinamiklerinin incelenmesi ve domuzlarda protein sindirimi çalışmalarının ardından MKY atlarda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır (28). İlk olarak Frank Alexander tarafından 1949 yılında atlarda çekostomi yapılmıştır (29). ...
... MKY atlarda tam sindirim kanalı yıkılabilirliğini(33) ve presekal segmentte kaba yemlerin sindirim dinamiklerini incelemek için kullanılmıştır (33,28). ...
... Kalın barsaktan sonraki kompartımana geçen yem maddesinin ise dışkıyla atıldığı kabul edilir. Naylon kese yöntemine benzer olarak keselerden kaybolan besin madde miktarı ve içerikleri üzerinden sindirilebilirlik hesaplamaları yapılır (28). ...
Yemlerin gerçek değeri, içeriklerindeki besin maddeleri ile tam olarak belirlenemez. Yemlerdeki besin madde içeriğinin değerliliğinde, sindirilebilir ve yararlanılabilir kısımlar önemlilik gösterir. Yemlerin sindirilme derecesini etkileyen birçok etken bulunmaktadır. Yemlerin sindirilme derecelerinin belirlenmesinde in vivo, in situ ve in vitro yöntemlerinden yararlanılır. Bu yöntemler arasında en çok kullanılanı in situ deneme metodu olan naylon kese yöntemidir. Tam olarak sindirim kanalı yıkılabilirliğinin ölçülmesi ve pasaj zamanına bağlı ölçümlere ihtiyaç duyulması gibi birçok etken, geleneksel in situ naylon kese yöntemi dışında daha farklı bir metot olan mobil (hareketli) kese yönteminin (MKY) geliştirilmesini sağlamıştır.
... Although several workers have examined the total intestinal tract digestibility of different fibrous feeds in horses using the mobile bag technique (Martin-Rosset et al., 1984;Macheboeuf et al., 1995;Moore-Colyer et al., 2002;Hyslop, 2006), limited information is still available on the site and to the extent of their digestion within the different regions of the gastrointestinal tract. Knowledge of the amount of feed that is digested within a certain region of the gut is particularly useful when considering energy production and use (Vermorel and Martin-Rosset, 1997). ...
Having evolved as a grazing animal, a horse's digestive physiology is characterized by rapid gastric transit, a rapid but intense enzymatic digestion along the small intestine, and a long and intense microbial fermentation in the large intestine. The process of understanding and describing feed degradation mechanisms in the equine digestive system in general, and in the hindgut ecosystem in particular, is essential. Regardless of its importance for the nutritional status of the host, the significance of the cecum-colon ecosystem has not yet been fully understood, and few reports have focused deeply on the contribution of the hindgut microbial population to the nitrogen and energy requirements of the horse. Compared to ruminal activity, very little is known about hindgut ecosystem activity in the horse. Information concerning the metabolism of this microbial population and its requirements is lacking. The use of internal bacterial markers for quantifying microbial outflow in ruminants is widely reported. These techniques can be applied to cecum-colon microbial quantification, contributing to a better characterization of this ecosystem. It is likely wrong to believe that the optimization strategy in the hindgut is similar to what happens in the rumen - that is, to maximize microbial growth and, therefore, fermentation. If we consider the type of substrate that, in normal conditions, arrives in the hindgut, we can expect it to be nitrogen limiting, providing limited nitrogen-based substrates for microbial fermentation. In this review paper, we intend to gather existing information on the equine ecosystem and to provide future perspectives of research.
... Horses are naturally herbivorous and the fiber of roughages has fundamental importance in promoting the normal digestive function (Moore-Colyer et al., 2003) and preventing behavioral disorders (NRC, 2007). The knowledge of horse nutrition has followed the feed evaluation techniques applied to other species (Hyslop et al., 2006). The in situ technique was first developed for swine, applied to ruminants, and then methodological adaptation for horses allowed assessment of the dynamic of feed degradation at segments of the horse's gastrointestinal tract (Koller & Hintz, 1978;Udén & Van Soest, 1984;Miraglia et al., 1988;Moore-Colyer et al., 2002;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... The knowledge of horse nutrition has followed the feed evaluation techniques applied to other species (Hyslop et al., 2006). The in situ technique was first developed for swine, applied to ruminants, and then methodological adaptation for horses allowed assessment of the dynamic of feed degradation at segments of the horse's gastrointestinal tract (Koller & Hintz, 1978;Udén & Van Soest, 1984;Miraglia et al., 1988;Moore-Colyer et al., 2002;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... Three or four bags were placed in the caecum at every incubation time, beginning always at 9 a.m.. The bags were incubated according to Hyslop (2006), for 0, 2, 4, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hours. ...
The present study was carried out to evaluate the in situ degradation of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and crude protein (CP) in roughages by the in situ caecal digestion technique in horses. The roughages evaluated were: Lucerne hay (Medicago sativa), peanut (Arachis pintoi cv. Amarillo), desmodio(Desmodium ovalifolium), stylo (Stylosanthes guianensis cv. Mineirão), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan), lime-yellow pea (Macrotyloma axillare) and coastcross hay (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross). The assay was conducted in a complete randomized design with seven roughages and three replications. One mare with a cannula fitted in the caecum was used, fed diet consisting of coastcross hay (80%) and concentrate (20%) at 2.0% BW, four times a day. Nylon 6.5 × 20 cm bags were used with 45 μ/pore, containing 5.2 g DM/bag, inserting 3 or 4 bags in the caecum at the times of 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 48 hours incubation. The caecum in situ degradability parameters of nutrients were obtained by Ørskov model. The DM degradability parameters of all the roughages were significant. There was no fit to the model for pigeon pea for CP and NDF and desmodio. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented larger potentially degradable DM with values of 53, 46.5 and 40%, respectively, and higher values for the soluble fraction of 20, 21, 28.6%, with high degradability rates of 10.36, 20.26 and 14.8% h-1. Higher NDF degradation rates were observed in these foodstuffs with values of 9.1 and 11.3, 11.2% h-1, high potentially degradable fraction with values of 55, 51.8 and 47.2%, and greater CP degradation at 48 hours with values of 87, 95, and 94.8%. Peanut, stylo and lime-yellow pea presented potential for use in horses diets.
... Na impossibilidade de utilização de dietas exclusivas de um alimento volumoso alternativo, o que também não reflete a realidade na alimentação da espécie, os sacos móveis têm a vantagem de permitir a avaliação de vários alimentos simultaneamente. A técnica é um método in vivo que consiste na utilização de pequena quantidade de alimento em sacos que são inseridos no trato digestivo através de uma cânula ou diretamente no estômago através de sonda nasogástrica, permitindo que os sacos atravessem todo o trato digestivo e sejam depois recuperados nas fezes (Hyslop, 2006). Esta técnica foi inicialmente utilizada em suínos (Sauer et al., 1983), depois em ruminantes e então adaptada para eqüinos (Araújo et al., 1996ab;Macheboeuf et al., 2003;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... A técnica é um método in vivo que consiste na utilização de pequena quantidade de alimento em sacos que são inseridos no trato digestivo através de uma cânula ou diretamente no estômago através de sonda nasogástrica, permitindo que os sacos atravessem todo o trato digestivo e sejam depois recuperados nas fezes (Hyslop, 2006). Esta técnica foi inicialmente utilizada em suínos (Sauer et al., 1983), depois em ruminantes e então adaptada para eqüinos (Araújo et al., 1996ab;Macheboeuf et al., 2003;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... A perda de partículas de alimentos dos sacos está diretamente ligada à abertura do poro, uma característica importante no aspecto quantitativo da técnica, pois deve permitir apenas o influxo da microbiota, de enzimas digestivas e soluções tamponantes e, impedir a saída da amostra não-degradada (Huntington & Givens, 1995). A perda de partículas de alimentos dos sacos também foi discutida por Hyslop (2006), que sugeriu que parte desse material não é necessariamente digerida, pois dissolve-se em solução e sai do saco antes mesmo de sua digestão. É importante impedir a entrada de material de origem dietética prevenindo valores subestimados de digestibilidade, bem como a saída precoce de material não digerido, o que leva à superestimativa dos coeficientes. ...
Objetivou-se estimar a digestibilidade de nutrientes de forrageiras em eqüinos utilizando-se a técnica de sacos de náilon móveis. Foram avaliados alfafa (Medicago sativa), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), desmódio (Desmodium ovalifolium), estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis), guandu (Cajanus cajan), macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare) e capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross). O delineamento foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com sete alimentos e cinco blocos (animais). Foram utilizados cinco eqüinos mestiços com 17 a 27 anos de idade e peso vivo médio de 350 kg. O ensaio teve duração de 12 dias: três para a adaptação às baias, cinco para inserção gástrica dos sacos através de sonda nasogástrica e quatro de coleta dos sacos nas fezes. No período pré-experimental de 30 dias, os animais foram mantidos em piquetes com dieta composta de 80% de feno de coastcross e 20% de concentrado. Na confecção dos sacos, utilizou-se náilon com porosidade de 45 µ e dimensão de 7,5 × 2 cm. Em cada saco, foram inseridos 510 mg de matéria seca de amostra do alimento. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das forragens foram calculados considerando o resíduo obtido no saco. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes do amendoim, estilosantes e macrotiloma foram superiores à da demais forrageiras, com destaque para a digestibilidade da proteína bruta, cujos valores foram de 91,4; 94,9 e 97,0%, respectivamente. O amendoim e macrotiloma apresentaram digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro de 72,3 e 65,2% e da fibra em detergente ácido de 70,9 e 59,4%, respectivamente. O amendoim forrageiro, macrotiloma e estilosantes apresentam digestibilidade dos nutrientes satisfatória e têm potencial para o uso em dietas para eqüinos.
... Na impossibilidade de utilização de dietas exclusivas de um alimento volumoso alternativo, o que também não reflete a realidade na alimentação da espécie, os sacos móveis têm a vantagem de permitir a avaliação de vários alimentos simultaneamente. A técnica é um método in vivo que consiste na utilização de pequena quantidade de alimento em sacos que são inseridos no trato digestivo através de uma cânula ou diretamente no estômago através de sonda nasogástrica, permitindo que os sacos atravessem todo o trato digestivo e sejam depois recuperados nas fezes (Hyslop, 2006). Esta técnica foi inicialmente utilizada em suínos (Sauer et al., 1983), depois em ruminantes e então adaptada para eqüinos (Araújo et al., 1996ab;Macheboeuf et al., 2003;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... A técnica é um método in vivo que consiste na utilização de pequena quantidade de alimento em sacos que são inseridos no trato digestivo através de uma cânula ou diretamente no estômago através de sonda nasogástrica, permitindo que os sacos atravessem todo o trato digestivo e sejam depois recuperados nas fezes (Hyslop, 2006). Esta técnica foi inicialmente utilizada em suínos (Sauer et al., 1983), depois em ruminantes e então adaptada para eqüinos (Araújo et al., 1996ab;Macheboeuf et al., 2003;Hyslop, 2006). ...
... A perda de partículas de alimentos dos sacos está diretamente ligada à abertura do poro, uma característica importante no aspecto quantitativo da técnica, pois deve permitir apenas o influxo da microbiota, de enzimas digestivas e soluções tamponantes e, impedir a saída da amostra não-degradada (Huntington & Givens, 1995). A perda de partículas de alimentos dos sacos também foi discutida por Hyslop (2006), que sugeriu que parte desse material não é necessariamente digerida, pois dissolve-se em solução e sai do saco antes mesmo de sua digestão. É importante impedir a entrada de material de origem dietética prevenindo valores subestimados de digestibilidade, bem como a saída precoce de material não digerido, o que leva à superestimativa dos coeficientes. ...
Objetivou-se estimar a digestibilidade de nutrientes de forrageiras em eqüinos utilizando-se a técnica de sacos de náilon móveis. Foram avaliados alfafa (Medicago sativa), amendoim forrageiro (Arachis pintoi), desmódio (Desmodium ovalifolium), estilosantes (Stylosanthes guianensis), guandu (Cajanus cajan), macrotiloma (Macrotyloma axillare) e capim-coastcross (Cynodon dactylon cv. coastcross). O delineamento foi em blocos inteiramente casualizados com sete alimentos e cinco blocos (animais). Foram utilizados cinco eqüinos mestiços com 17 a 27 anos de idade e peso vivo médio de 350 kg. O ensaio teve duração de 12 dias: três para a adaptação às baias, cinco para inserção gástrica dos sacos através de sonda nasogástrica e quatro de coleta dos sacos nas fezes. No período pré-experimental de 30 dias, os animais foram mantidos em piquetes com dieta composta de 80% de feno de coastcross e 20% de concentrado. Na confecção dos sacos, utilizou-se náilon com porosidade de 45 µ e dimensão de 7,5 × 2 cm. Em cada saco, foram inseridos 510 mg de matéria seca de amostra do alimento. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade dos nutrientes das forragens foram calculados considerando o resíduo obtido no saco. A digestibilidade dos nutrientes do amendoim, estilosantes e macrotiloma foram superiores à da demais forrageiras, com destaque para a digestibilidade da proteína bruta, cujos valores foram de 91,4; 94,9 e 97,0%, respectivamente. O amendoim e macrotiloma apresentaram digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro de 72,3 e 65,2% e da fibra em detergente ácido de 70,9 e 59,4%, respectivamente. O amendoim forrageiro, macrotiloma e estilosantes apresentam digestibilidade dos nutrientes satisfatória e têm potencial para o uso em dietas para eqüinos.
