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Context
Obesity has now become a common health problem worldwide. To gain insight into the epidemiology of the problem in Iran, we systematically reviewed all available studies on the prevalence of overweight and obesity in the Iranian pediatric population.
Evidence Acquisition
We systematically searched PubMed, ISI, SCOPUS, as well as Iranmedex,...
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Background
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a major cause of liver disease and a potential cause of substantial morbidity and mortality. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evidence on HCV Infection in Iranian hemodialysis (HD) patients we conducted a systematic review.
Materials and Methods
In this systematic review and meta-analysis, through a...
Citations
... Between 2000 and 2016 in Iran, the prevalence of obesity rose by 5.4% among boys and 4.2% among girls [2]. Additionally, the rate of overweight among Iranian students was higher in boys at 14% than at 8% in girls [3,4]. Overweight and obesity affect several aspects of health and well-being in children and adolescents and increase the risk of developing diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidaemia and depression in adulthood [5]. ...
... Due to the gender segregation of schools in Iran and the fact that the prevalence of obesity in male adolescents is higher than that of female adolescents (13.58 vs. 10.15%, respectively) [3], this study was conducted on male students. Two schools with considerable homogeneity in terms of the social and economic backgrounds of the students were randomly assigned as the intervention school and the control school. ...
Background
The FTO gene polymorphisms may influence the effects of lifestyle interventions on obesity. The present study aimed to assess the influence of the rs9930506 FTO gene polymorphism on the success of a comprehensive weight loss intervention in male adolescents with overweight and obesity.
Methods
This study was carried out on 96 adolescent boys with overweight and obesity who were randomly assigned to the intervention ( n = 53) and control ( n = 43) groups. The blood samples of the participants were collected, and the FTO gene was genotyped for the rs9930506 polymorphism. A comprehensive lifestyle intervention including changes in diet and physical activity was performed for 8 weeks in the intervention group.
Results
Following the lifestyle intervention, BMI and fat mass decreased significantly in the intervention group compared with the control group (both p < 0.05), while no change was found in weight, height or body muscle percentage between the groups. The participants in the intervention group with the AA/AG genotype and not in carriers of the GG genotype had a significantly higher reduction in BMI (−1.21 vs. 1.87 kg/m ² , F = 4.07, p < 0.05) compared with the control group.
Conclusion
The intervention in individuals with the AA/AG genotype has been significantly effective in weight loss compared with the control group. The intervention had no association effect on anthropometric indices in adolescents with the GG genotype of the FTO rs9930506 polymorphism.
Trial Registration
Name of the registry: National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute; Trial registration number: IRCT2016020925699N2; Date of registration: 24/04/2016; URL of trial registry record: https://www.irct.ir/trial/21447
... In the study by Janghorbani et al., based on the waist circumference index, the prevalence of central obesity in 15-34-year-old male youth was reported 3.2-7.4%, while being 18.1-44.5% in females 27 . ...
Growing prevalence of obesity among youth would have adverse consequences and increased risk of developing chronic diseases at older ages. This study explored the prevalence of obesity and its association with relevant risk factors in the Rafsanjan youth cohort population. This cross-sectional study was done on 3006 individuals from the 15–35-year-old population included in the Rafsanjan youth cohort study. The data were extracted from the youth cohort databases, which had been collected through in-person interview and standard questionnaires. Definition of general obesity was considered as body mass index ≤ 30 and that of central obesity as waist to hip ratio (WHR) ≥ 0.9 for men and ≥ 0.85 for women. Multivariate stepwise proportional odds model and multivariable stepwise logistic regression models were done to explore the factors associated with general obesity and central obesity. The mean age was 25.78 ± 6.06 years with 56% (n = 1683) female. The prevalence of general obesity was 15.80% (95% CI 14.50–17.11) and central obesity was 28.41% (95% CI 26.80–30.02). The risk of general obesity increased with increasing age (OR = 1.053, P < 0.0001), being married (OR = 1.658, P < 0.0001), history of diabetes (OR = 1.609, P = 0.0185), history of hypertension (OR = 1.609, P < 0.0001), elevated triglyceride (OR = 1.007, P < 0.0001) and LDL (OR = 1.015, P < 0.0001), while decreasing with being employed (OR = 0.748, P = 0.0002) and elevated HDL (OR = 0.975, P < 0.0001). Prevalence of obesity was high in study population. Marital status, increasing age, and history of chronic diseases were associated with obesity. Preventing programs should be developed against obesity and for promoting healthy habits in young adult especially during education at schools.
... and 10.15 (9.27%-11.09%), respectively [7]. ...
... World Health Organization (WHO) announced that the prevalence of childhood overweight in the Middle East is more considerable than some other developing countries 3 . According to a recent study, prevalence of obesity among 6-18 years old Iranians was estimated 13.58 and 10.15%, respectively 4 . Obesity could substantially lead to some adverse medical consequences such as dyslipidemia, hypertension, gastrointestinal diseases, cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, and some cancers 5,6 . ...
Existing evidence examining the relation between egg consumption and metabolic health of overweight/obese adolescents is scarce. We examined the association between egg consumption and metabolic status in Iranian overweight/obese adolescents. Using multistage cluster random sampling approach, overweight/obese adolescents (n = 203) with ages from 12 to 18 years old were selected for the present cross-sectional study. A validated 147-item food frequency questionnaire was adopted to determine usual dietary intakes. Blood pressure and anthropometric data and were assessed, and levels of lipid profile, insulin, and glucose were measured by collecting fasting blood samples. Participants were classified into metabolically healthy obese (MHO) or metabolically unhealthy obese (MUO) based on two methods of International Diabetes Federation (IDF) and the combination of IDF with Homeostasis Model Assessment Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). In total, 67 (33.0%) and 79 (38.9%) adolescents were classified as MUO based on IDF/HOMA and IDF definitions, respectively. Considering IDF criteria, the highest intake of egg was related to decreased chance of MUO, in crude (OR 0.22; 95% CI 0.10–0.48) and maximally-adjusted model (OR 0.25; 95% CI 0.10–0.59). Considering IDF/HOMA-IR criteria, similar results were obtained (crude model: OR 0.24; 95% CI 0.11–0.52; fully-adjusted model: OR 0.28; 95% CI 0.11–0.69). Stratified analyses found stronger relation among boys (vs. girls) and overweight (vs. obese) individuals. In conclusion, higher egg consumption was negatively related to decreased chance of being MUO in overweight/obese adolescents, especially in boys and overweight individuals, regardless of MUO definitions. Prospective studies are required to support our results.
... In order to achieve these goals, one of the eective strategies is to focus on the public health interventions [21]. It is predicted that without any interventions, NCDs will impose a substantial human and economic burden in the next two decades [5,15,[22][23][24][25]. ...
PurposeNon-communicable diseases (NCDs) have become a global health priority with a great need for prompt evidence-based preventing and managing interventions. Here, we describe the development of a comprehensive cohort study that provides the most accurate results for NCDs’ risk factors, named the Iran Cohort Study (ICS) to estimate the effect size of the risk factors associated with major NCDs.Methods
This cohort is an observational prospective study, which its baseline data was gathered through the Iran STEPwise Approach to NCD Risk Factor Surveillance (STEPs) survey in 2016. Following the STROBE criteria, the protocols for investigation of several areas were developed. The follow-up phase began through telephone calls to estimate the effect size of socio-demographic, behavioral, and metabolic risk factors on the incidence of or death due to major NCDs during the three years of study period.DelinerablesThe main deliverables of ICS are planned to be as following; a comprehensive bank of primary data and follow-up data, national and subnational reports on estimation of the effect size of various risk factors, and a policy brief on the policy options and recommendations for promotion of ongoing programs and designing new interventions. Also, the collected data on the individuals’ health status will be sent to the participants as an electronic health record.Conclusion
The present study is the first comprehensive national and sub-national representative cohort study on NCDs’ risk factors in Iranian adults. The results could be used for promotion of health planning and also future complementary studies and programs.
... Obesity in adolescence is considered as a risk factor for a broad range of chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and hypertension (3). The prevalence of obesity in Iranian adolescents was about 16% in 2016 (4). The most common criterion used for obesity assessment is body mass index (BMI) (5) and higher BMI of adolescents was reported to be associated with cardiovascular and all-cause mortality after 40-year follow-up (6). ...
Background:
Dietary antioxidants may decrease body fat through reduction of oxidative stress. This study aimed to examine the association between dietary antioxidant index (DAI) and body mass index (BMI) in adolescent boys.
Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, 593 adolescent boys aged 12-16 years were randomly selected and were divided into two groups of overweight and non-overweight individuals. Data on physical activity and anthropometric measurements were collected. Dietary intake was assessed using 168-item semi quantitative food frequency questionnaire and the DAI score was calculated to measure the antioxidant capacity of the diet.
Results:
The overweight adolescents had higher intake of energy (2490.55 ± 632.49 vs. 2354.33 ± 632.64 kcal/d, p = 0.01), carbohydrate (290.21 ± 71.41 vs. 272.93 ± 79.22 g/d, p = 0.01), fat (111.51 ± 40.76 vs. 104.51 ± 35.56 g/d, p = 0.04), calcium (811.70 ± 283.70 vs. 741.06 ± 251.17 g/d, p = 0.003), and vitamin D (1.41 ± 1.17 vs. 1.18 ± 1.19 μg/d, p = 0.031) in comparison with normal weight adolescents. The DAI had an inverse association with BMI after adjustment for age and caloric intake (OR: 0.85, 95% CI: 0.76-0.96, p = 0.009). Additional adjustment for dietary intake of vitamin A, vitamin E, vitamin C, zinc, manganese, and selenium did not change the results.
Conclusion:
The results of the study showed that following a diet rich in antioxidants may be effective in preventing obesity in adolescent boys. Further longitudinal studies are needed to confirm these finding and to determine the underlying mechanisms.
... According to the present findings, gender is a risk factor for combined obesity (AO, GO) and GO, such that the risk of this phenotype of obesity in boys is higher than in girls. Moreover, previous studies expressed the relationship between GO and AO with gender [21,32]. Similarly, in a study of obesity trends in Chinese children between 2011 and 2015, obesity was higher among boys compared to girls [33]. ...
Background
Childhood obesity has become a significant public health issue worldwide. Socioeconomic status is among its key determinants. This study examined the socioeconomic inequality in different phenotypes of childhood obesity at the national level in Iran.
Methods
This national, multistage school cross-sectional study was undertaken in 2015 on 14,400 students aged 7–18 years from urban and rural areas of 30 provinces of Iran. Using principal component analysis, socioeconomic status (SES) was categorized into tertiles. SES inequality in different phenotypes of obesity (i.e., generalized obesity", "abdominal obesity", and combined obesity) was estimated using the concentration index. The determinants of this inequality were assessed by the Blinder-Oaxaca decomposition method.
Results
Overall, 14,274 students completed the study (response rate: 99%). The mean age was 12.28 years, 50.6% were boys, and 71.42% lived in urban areas. The prevalence of generalized obesity and abdominal obesity was 20.8% and 11.3%, respectively. The concentration index for different phenotypes of obesity was positive, indicating that inequality is more common amongst the low SES groups. High SES, being male, living in a rural, and having a positive family history of obesity were associated with general obesity. Moderate physical activity and living in a rural area were associated with abdominal obesity. In addition, living in a rural area, having a high SES, being male, and having a positive family history of obesity were associated with combined obesity.
Conclusion
According to the present study findings, all childhood obesity phenotypes were more prevalent in Iranian children with high SES. Therefore, due to obesity and other diseases, it is essential to implement environmental changes in addition to designing macro-educational programs and prevention strategies.
... Among Chinese adolescents, an adverse trend in iCVH from 2004 to 2014 was observed, particularly among girls and younger age groups. [17] Although several studies in the MENA region have examined the prevalence of specific CVD risk factors and metabolic syndrome among adolescents [18][19][20], there is no information on the overall trend of iCVH among adolescents. Thus, in this study, we examined the changes in the prevalence of iCVH and its components during a decade in a cohort of 12-19 year old Tehranian adolescents. ...
Background
Assessment of both behavior and factors of health as ideal cardiovascular health (iCVH) in adolescence could contribute to cardiovascular disease prevention in adulthood.
Aims
To explore the changes in the prevalence of iCVH and its components during a decade among Tehranian adolescents.
Methods
The 12–19 years old adolescents were selected from the Tehran Lipid and Glucose Study(TLGS). The iCVH score was calculated in the study period 1 (2007–2008; n = 267) and 2 (2015–2017; n = 336). To calculate iCVH, body mass index(BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure (BP), total cholesterol, fasting plasma glucose (FPG), physical activity, smoking status, and dietary intakes were measured by standard protocols. The changes in iCVH components between the two study periods were reported by prevalence (95% confidence interval). A logistic regression model was conducted to test the effects of study periods, sex, and age groups on the iCVH(≥ 6 scores).
Results
Overall, there was a reduction in the prevalence of ideal FPG (97.4 vs. 91.1%) and ideal BP(91.8 vs. 82.7%). Girls had a decrease in the prevalence of ideal BP(91.2 vs. 79.4%) as well as an increase in non-smoking status(77.6 vs. 89.7%). However, the prevalence of ideal FPG (96.5 vs. 88.5%) and ideal BP(92.2 vs 85.0%) decreased in boys. Study period 2, compared to period 1 was associated with lower odds of having iCVH. Furthermore, boys were 1.57 folds more likely to have ideal CVH factors than girls.
Conclusion
There was a decrease in the prevalence of ideal CVD metrics, including FPG and BP, after one decade. Generally, adolescent boys had higher odds of having ideal CVH compared to girls.
... Moreover, the prevalence of MetS has increased by 8% among children in the United States and Western European countries [3]. Similarly, the prevalence of obesity and MetS also has an increasing trend among children in Iran [4,5]. ...
Background
The clinical significance of metabolic syndrome (MetS) during adolescence and its association with adulthood adverse outcomes is a controversial issue. This study aimed to investigate the association of MetS and metabolic phenotypes with a high carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) in early adulthood.
Methods
MetS was defined as proposed by Cook, de Ferranti, the National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP), and the pediatric International Diabetes Federation (IDF). Metabolic phenotypes were defined based on the binary clustering of cardiovascular risk factors. The participants were adolescent's individual selected from a large cohort study and followed for 18.2 years. Multivariate-adjusted odds ratios (ORs) were calculated for a high CIMT incidence (≥95th percentile).
Results
In this study, 862 adolescents (52.3% males), with the mean age of 13.4 ± 2.2 years, were included. The presence of MetS, based on the definitions proposed by Cook (OR = 1.90, 95% CI: 1.01–3.57, P = 0.046) and de Ferranti (OR = 1.74; 95% CI: 1.04–2.90, P = 0.033), was associated with the increased risk of a high CIMT in early adulthood. Metabolic phenotypes, including high waist circumference (WC)/hypertension (HTN), high WC/low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), and high triglyceride (TG)/high WC, showed higher risks of a high CIMT. However, these positive associations become insignificant after adjusting for the adulthood BMI, except for the high WC/low HDL-C phenotype (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.02–4.11, P = 0.044).
Conclusion
The high WC/low HDL-C phenotype had a better predictive value and could be used as a simpler alternative for MetS to identify adolescents with a higher risk of high CIMT during early adulthood.
... respectively. [7] Several factors can affect obesity and overweight people. Health literacy is one of these possible factors that has been mentioned in studies. ...
Background:
Obesity and overweight in children and adolescents have become a global problem in recent years. Adolescence increases the likelihood of obesity in adulthood and associated illnesses. Nowadays, health literacy is one of the greatest determinants of the health. This study was conducted to evaluate the correlation between body mass index (BMI) and health literacy in high school students.
Materials and methods:
In this descriptive-analytical study, 430 high school students were enrolled in a multi-stage random method in Yazd city in the center of Iran. The data were collected through The Health Literacy Measure for Adolescents and calculate BMI with measurement of height and weight of adolescents. The data were then analyzed using SPSS 25 and descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-square and multivariate regression).
Results:
The results showed that the mean score of BMI (21.76 ± 3.76) was in a normal range. The score of health literacy was at the borderline level (58.44 ± 13.79). BMI was not significantly correlated with health literacy (P = 0.09). BMI was significantly different in terms of age, high school grade, school type, and health status. School type and health status predict 37% of the variance of BMI (R 2 = 37%) and the best predictor was health status (P < 0.05).
Conclusions:
The results of the present study showed that BMI was not correlated with health literacy and student health literacy was at the borderline level. It is necessary to carry out further studies on the causes and facilitators and the barriers to increasing health literacy. Furthermore, educational interventions are needed to prevent the increase of BMI in adolescents and identify determining factors.
