Table 2 - uploaded by Andreas Matzarakis
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Definition of parameters used in the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme
Source publication
The aim of this paper is to present in a useful and understandable way how climatic change could be interpreted for tourism and recreation. Future climate change conditions are analyzed using the Climate Version of the Local Model (CLM) based on the COSMO model, which is currently used among other weather services by the DWD (Deutscher Wetterdienst...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... CTIS describes frequencies of selective parameters, here relevant for tourism purpose, on a monthly scale. Thereby, the parameters are subject to certain thresholds that are exceeded and fallen below, respectively (Table 2). Since the presented results are based on model projections and thus affected by the models' uncertainties, a temporal resolution finer than one month is not considered useful. ...
Context 2
... the presented results are based on model projections and thus affected by the models' uncertainties, a temporal resolution finer than one month is not considered useful. The analyzed bioclimatic parameters under predefined thresholds are presented in frequencies (%) in a matrix, where the coloumns (12) refer to months and the rows (9) to the selected parameters described in Table 2. Thus, each coloured column depicts the corresponding frequency of each parameter listed on the right hand side (Figure 2), within a specific month. ...
Citations
... Applying daily resolution has been the most widespread and recommended approach in studies that evaluate the suitability of certain climates for tourism in order to determine which periods have the greatest tourism potential. Studies carried out for warm temperate areas of the Mediterranean (Gómez-Martín et al. 2002;Martínez-Ibarra 2008;Matzarakis et al. 2014;Nastos and Matzarakis 2019;Sahabi Abed and Matzarakis 2018) or for the humid tropics of the Caribbean or Asia (Gómez-Martín et al. 2020;Lin and Matzarakis 2011;Rutty et al. 2020;Zhao and Wang 2021), to name but a few examples, have typically used daily data grouped in periods of 30, 10 or 5 days according to the dayto-day variability recorded in the destinations, the characteristics of the method or index used in the evaluation, and the level of detail adopted in the research. The application of hourly resolution has been given less attention in tourism climatology (Matzarakis et al. 2013;Yu et al. 2009), although it is very important in the day-to-day scheduling of leisure and recreational activities in places with extreme climates. ...
... As a result, they are distinct from the tourism climate indexes that are traditionally used in studies of tourism climatology. While such indexes furnish overall suitability values that are easy to interpret, they rarely identify real atmospheric situations (Besancenot 1991;De Freitas 2003;Matzarakis 2014). ...
The availability of reliable information on local climatic-tourism conditions is a growing need due to the influence it exerts on the quality of the organizational strategy of tourist destination’s, and travel experience. Evaluations of the tourism potential of the climate have been carried out on a daily or monthly resolution, thus limiting the collection of detailed information that makes it possible to fine-tune tourism management and operational decision-making on an intraday scale. This research is the first case study to analyse the climatic suitability for nature tourism, using the weather types method at hourly resolution. The study applies to arid tourist destinations in Isfahan province (Iran). The detailed resolution has made it possible to identify the time slots favourable to the development of nature tourism in those periods of the year recognized as critical in the daily resolution analyses. In the same way, the hourly resolution has also identified critical bands in those periods indicated as favourable in the evaluations to daily resolution. The hourly resolution provides detailed information that can allow tourists and also tourism managers to establish intraday adaptation strategies that make it possible to develop the activity even in places with extreme climates.
... Daily resolution is the most widely used and recommended approach in research on the suitability of climates for tourism. Studies conducted in warm temperate areas of the Mediterranean [24][25][26][27][28] and humid tropical areas of the Caribbean and Asia [29][30][31][32], to name just a few examples, have routinely used daily data grouped into periods of 30, 10 or 5 days based on the inter-day variability of destinations, the characteristics of the method or index used in the evaluation and the level of detail of the research. The hourly approach is less common in tourism climatology [33,34], although it is crucially important when planning leisure and recreational activities in destinations with extreme climates. ...
This article applies the weather types method to assess the climate suitability for nature-based tourism (NBT) in the arid and hyper-arid climate zones of the province of Isfahan (Iran) based on bioclimatic criteria and the preferences of Iranian domestic tourists identified by means of a survey. To date, there are no climate potential assessments for the practice of nature tourism based on an analysis of climate preferences in the study area. According to the results, the distribution of favorable weather types in the study area between March and November during the period 1998-2017 showed that there is a low season in summer and two high seasons corresponding to autumn and spring. The highest frequencies of weather types conducive to NBT were recorded between the second half of September to the first half of November and between the second half of April until the end of May. The calendars resulting from application of the weather types method will serve as an efficient tool for providing tourists and the region's main tourist stakeholders with information; in the case of the latter, they will be particularly useful for destination planning and activity scheduling.
... Coastal tourism in some areas of the Mediterranean region may be negatively influenced by increased temperature [37], while other risks associated with climate change are also relevant for coastal tourism, such as beach loss caused by shoreline recession [38] or coastal storms. Urban tourism is also likely to be affected mainly due to the increase in temperature associated with more intense thermal discomfort [39,40] amplified by the urban heat island effect. ...
This study presents an assessment of climate suitability for outdoor leisure activities in Romania using the Holliday Climate Index (HCI) for the near future (2021–2040), focusing on unfavorable and good climate conditions. The analysis employs data from an ensemble of model simulations in the context of RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 climate change scenarios. The results indicate that the number of days with low weather suitability is decreasing in almost the entire country, especially during the warm season, while during the winter and spring, extended regions may be characterized by a higher number of days favorable for outdoor activities than during the current climate. An estimation of the impact of climate change on tourism flux in Romania is further carried out, suggesting that the increasing attractivity of climate conditions may lead to an increased number of tourist overnights in the near future, and this will be more pronounced in rural destinations.
... Cultural heritage and urban tourism is also projected to be negatively affected by increasing temperatures in the summer months (Rutty & Scott, 2010;Matzarakis et al., 2014). In a study on the medieval city of Gubbio (Italy), indoor temperatures are projected to increase from 29 C to 32 C, while outdoor temperatures could increase by up to 10 C due to the microclimatic conditions, posing a serious threat to human health and potentially negatively affecting heritage tourism (Pioppi et al., 2020). ...
Europe accounts for 51% of international tourist arrivals and the tourism industry provides about 10% of workplaces in Europe. Tourism will be impacted by climate change in a diverse number of ways. At the same time, tourism is also a significant contributor of greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of this article is, therefore, to provide an assessment of climate and carbon risks for the European tourism industry based on a systematic literature review. Climate risk is the dominant category with 313 papers (74%), while 110 papers (26%) were on carbon risks. The following gaps were identified: geographical gaps, especially in countries of the former Soviet Union and former Yugoslavia; a lack of coherent studies on national tourism’s and its sub-sectors’ emissions; research addressing how climate policies might affect tourism demand; assessments of the integrated carbon and climate risks; lack of evidence on the link between tourism climate indicators and tourism demand; lack of climate change and tourism studies addressing policy and institutional tools for adaptation and implementation of adaptation measures in destinations; and research on rising sea levels and coastal erosion and its impacts on tourism destinations and demand.
... The findings of this comparative study come to complement other relevant studies conducted in other cities or regions in Europe that investigate possible future changes in thermal stress levels, such as in German cities (Brecht et al. 2020;Ketterer and Matzarakis 2014;Matzarakis and Endler 2010), in Warsaw (Poland) (Blazejczyk et al. 2013), in Luxembourg (Lokys et al. 2015;Matzarakis et al. 2013), in Gothenburg (Sweden) (Thorsson et al. 2011), in the Netherlands (Molenaar et al. 2016), and in Athens (Greece) (Giannakopoulos et al. 2011;Keramitsoglou et al. 2017;Matzarakis et al. 2014). In the future climate of Warsaw, the study of Blazejczyk et al. (2013) showed an increase of 9% in the number of days with at least strong heat stress in summer and a decrease up to 30% in the number of days with at least strong cold stress in winter. ...
The thermal conditions that prevail in cities pose a number of challenges to urban residents and policy makers related to quality of life, health and welfare as well as to sustainable urban development. However, the changes in thermal stress due to climate change are probably not uniform among cities with different background climates. In this work, a comparative analysis of observed and projected thermal stress (cold stress, heat stress, no thermal stress) across four European cities (Helsinki, Rotterdam, Vienna, and Athens), which are representative of different geographical and climatic regions of the continent, for a recent period (1975 − 2004) and two future periods (2029 − 2058, 2069 − 2098) has been conducted. Applying a rational thermal index (Universal Thermal Climate Index) and considering two models of the EURO-CORDEX experiment (RCA4-MOHC, RCA4-MPI) under two Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP4.5, RCP8.5), the projected future changes in thermal conditions are inspected. The distribution of thermal stress in the current climate varies greatly between the cities, reflecting their climatic and urban heterogeneity. In the future climate, a reduction in the frequency of cold stress is expected across all cities, ranging between − 2.9% and − 16.2%. The projected increase in the frequency of optimal thermal conditions increases with increasing latitude, while the projected increase in the frequency of heat stress (ranging from + 0.2 to + 14.6%) decreases with increasing latitudes. Asymmetrical changes in cold- and heat-related stress between cities were found to affect the annual percentage of optimal (no thermal stress) conditions in future. Although future projections are expected to partly bridge the gap between the less-privileged cities (with respect to annual frequency of optimal thermal conditions) like Helsinki and Rotterdam and the more privileged ones like Athens, the former will still lag behind on an annual basis.
... These findings provide further insight into the future thermal environment and heat stress levels in Santorini and they are quite consistent with the results reported in other islands and tourist destinations of the Mediterranean, using different indices. Specifically, recent studies focusing on Mediterranean areas like Palma (Spain) [6], Portugal [15], Milos Island (Greece) [18], Cyprus [19], Greece [17] and Athens (Greece) [58] report projected degradation of optimal thermal conditions during the peak of the tourist period and improvement of conditions in spring and autumn. ...
The Mediterranean area is one of the most visited tourist destinations of the world, but it has also been recognized as one of the most vulnerable to climate change areas worldwide with respect to increased thermal risk. The study focuses on a top worldwide tourist destination of the Mediterranean, Santorini Island in Greece, and aims to assess the past, present and future thermal environment in the island based on the advanced Universal Thermal Climate Index (UTCI). The study utilizes historical observations capturing past (late 19th to early 20th century) and more recent (1982–2019) time periods, while future projections are realized based on four regional climate models (RCMs) under the weak mitigation scenario (RCP4.5) and the non-mitigation scenario with high emissions (RCP8.5). The frequency of cold stress conditions at midday decreases during winter and early spring months by up to 19.8% (January) in the recent period compared to the historical one, while heat stress conditions increase in summer by up to 22.4% (August). Future projections suggest progressive shifts of the UTCI towards higher values in the future and an increase in the exposure time under heat stress depending on the RCM and adopted scenario. The increase in moderate and strong heat stress conditions is mainly expected during the summer months (June, July, August); nevertheless, a noticeable increase is also foreseen in September and May. The highest occurrences of favorable (no thermal stress) conditions are also projected to shift by one month, from June to May and from September to October, in the future.
... Consequently, disadvantaged climate areas are less favored by tourism planners and tourists (Corobov, 2007). Thus, the studies that were conducted to emphasize the significance of the subject (Lenzuni et al., 2009;Matzarakis et al., 2014;Abuloye et al., 2017;Staiger et al., 2019;Algeciras et al., 2020;Anna et al., 2020;Hasanah et al., 2020;Rozbicka & Rozbicki, 2020) are gaining importance day by day. ...
In addition to several negative environmental effects, climate change, which reduces bioclimatic comfort levels especially in urban areas, also has economic implications, especially in cities where the economic structure is tourism-oriented. Considering most of the tourism practices are based on outdoor activities in cities such as Antalya, it is of great importance to determine bioclimatic comfort level as well as the attitudes of people toward climate change who live in those conditions to be able to take proper precautions in terms of tourism and urban planning. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to reveal the bioclimatic comfort conditions of Antalya city center, and a comprehensive questionnaire was conducted with the people living in the area questioning the opinions on reasons and consequences of climate change, perceivable effects of climate change in Antalya, and suggestions to prevent or reduce the adverse effects. The areas with appropriate bioclimatic comfort conditions were determined and mapped via geographical information systems using temperature and relative humidity data of the years between 1960 and 2018. The data gathered via questionnaires were analyzed using confirmatory factor analysis, regression, correlation, and structural equation modelling via SPSS and AMOS software. According to the results, it was determined that in some parts of city center the bioclimatic comfort conditions decreased to levels that could reach harmful dimensions for human health and the analysis of the questionnaires revealed that people living in that area state that the effects of climate change are perceivable as the precipitation seasons have become irregular. According to the participants, it was determined that a 1-unit increase in environmental measures causes a decrease of 0.136 units in disasters (R2 = 1.1%). In comparison, 1-unit increase of Administrative Precautions will cause 0.030 units decrease in effects of climate change on vital needs (R2 = 1.4%). These analysis results show that the respondents expect the disaster scenarios to decrease when environmental measures are increased.
... In this sense, well-defined research fields have been revealed, and to date, several authors' research converge in two crucial aspects (Zalatan 1996;Matzarakis 2006;Teh and Cabanban 2007;Zaninović and Matzarakis 2009;Bafaluy et al. 2014;Roshan et al. 2015;Curtis et al. 2011;Matzarakis et al. 2014;Hewer et al. 2015;Lin et al. 2015;De Freitas 2017;Abed and Matzarakis 2018;Hübner and Gössling 2012;Truong et al. 2018;Kicovic et al. 2019;Lam-González et al. 2019;Wu et al. 2020): ...
... However, the need for devising numerical climatological indexes to supply an integrated evaluation of climatic events was evident. The assessment of weather/ climate data in terms of comfort indexes would provide crucial information for planners to make determinations on climate-sensitive outdoor environments (Spagnolo and De Dear 2003;Ndetto and Matzarakis 2013;Matzarakis 2007a, b;Rosselló-Nadal 2014;Matzarakis et al. 2014;Staiger et al. 2019). The most recognized thermal index related to tourism climatology was the Tourism Climate Index (TCI) (Mieczkowski 1985). ...
The incorporation of climate and environmental resources into the sustainable development of contemporary tourism is a challenge that requires special attention. From this imperative approach, the trustworthy information on local tourism-related climate and bioclimate conditions is a growing need, and influences the tourists’ travel decision-making process. This study aims to increase the sensitivity towards tourism-related climate information to support an adjusted and responsible planning in the tourism industry in Barcelona, Spain. The assessment of local climate and bioclimate conditions was conducted by using meteorological data from 2007 to 2017. Accordingly, a bioclimatological brochure with practical use was designed integrating thermal, esthetic, and physical climate facets for tourism, which were analyzed in 10-day intervals and combined with the Climate-Tourism-Information-Scheme (CTIS). The CTIS of Barcelona highlights that the most suitable climatic and bioclimatic conditions last from the end of February to the first 10 days of June, and from September to mid-November, where all analyzed parameters converge at a relatively high rate of ideal conditions. This study certainly is a contribution on how to evaluate the climate and bioclimate for a defined destination from the perspective of tourism. The results here provided are crucial for tourism planners, visitors, tourism attendees, and health authorities. Furthermore, they should be used to encourage and establish decisive strategies to mitigate the seasonality of tourism.
... Climate data is commonly employed as a differentiating resource of the destination to improve its image and achieve a better profile because of its attractive effect on tourist demand [28]. Climate is also a variable taken into account in the design and combination of tourism products and packages in order to take advantage of climatic characteristics of the destinations [29]. ...
The occurrence of infectious diseases may change tourists’ perceptions of a destination’s image and value. This article proposes and empirically tests a choice model to measure the effect of the risk of infectious disease outbreaks caused by climate change on tourists’ willingness to pay for holidays to island destinations. With this aim, an online survey was administrated to 2538 European frequent travellers at their country of residence. Tourists were presented with a hypothetical situation whereby they had to choose among eleven well-known European island destinations for their next holiday. The choice cards included the probability of the occurrence of infectious disease events in the context of other potential risks caused by climate change (i.e., forest fires, floods, heat waves, etc.). The results show infectious disease is the risk that more negatively affects tourists’ willingness to pay to visit islands, followed by forest fires. The results have implications for tourism policy, highlighting the importance of prevention and response strategies, and the design of climate-oriented services, which may raise opportunities to work towards the enhancement of those health and environmental conditions of tourist destinations that ensure their sustainability in the longer term.
... PET index suggests that the optimum comfortable zone is between 18.1 and 23°C and it is based on a human energy budget equation (Höppe 1999). According to literature, PET index is one of the most wellknown indices that have been used in several studies associated to human thermal comfort in many fields of science, such as mortality Matzarakis 2006, 2012;Analitis et al. 2008;Almeida et al. 2010;Bleta et al. 2014), human morbidity (Nastos and Matzarakis 2006), urban areas (Nikolopoulou and Lykoudis 2006;Fröhlich and Matzarakis 2013;Charalampopoulos et al. 2015;Nastos and Polychroni 2016), and tourism potential (Didaskalou and Nastos 2003;Hamilton and Lau 2005;Gössling and Hall 2005;Matzarakis and Nastos 2011;Matzarakis 2011a, 2011b;Matzarakis et al. 2012;Matzarakis et al. 2014;Nastos and Matzarakis 2019). ...
Mt. Ainos in Kefalonia Island, Greece, hosts a large variety of plant species, some of them endemic to the region. Because of its rich biodiversity, a large portion of the mountain area is designated as National Park and is protected from human activities such as hunting or logging. Therefore, the area presents a lot of opportunities for ecotourist activities, such as trekking, birdwatching, and mountain climbing. In order to estimate its touristic activities potential, it is essential to assess the mountain’s biometeorological conditions. To achieve that, the human thermal index PET (physiologically equivalent temperature) was used, which is based on a human energy balance model. However, it is difficult to get the specific meteorological data over mountainous areas (air temperature, humidity, wind speed, and global solar radiation), appropriate as input variables for PET modeling. In order to overcome this limitation, artificial neural networks (ANNs) were developed for the estimation of PET index in ten sites within the Ainos National Park. In the process, the spatiotemporal distributions of the PET thermal index were illustrated, taking into consideration the ANN modeling. The findings of the performed analysis shed light that Mt. Ainos offers the greatest touristic opportunities from May to September, when thermal comfort conditions appear. The study also proves that the highest frequency of thermal comfort appears within the aforementioned time period over the highest altitudes, while on the contrary, slightly warm class appears as the altitude decreases on both sides of the mountain.
