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Definition and Types of Problem and Emotion-Focused Coping Behaviors.
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This case study explores the psychological concepts of stress and coping as experienced by residents of a host community. Stress can negatively affect communities and individuals in myriad ways, leading to community dysfunction, negative health outcomes, and psychological consequences. Successful coping actions can moderate the affects of stress on...
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... is a vast body of research examining how individu- als cope with stress, and several prominent models of cop- ing are currently in use ( Skinner et al. 2003). One of the most popular models of coping, The Ways of Coping ( Folkman and Lazarus 1980), identified several types of coping behaviors that fall under the broad categories of problem and emotion-focused coping (Table 1). Subsequent research has shown that those coping with stressful situa- tions almost always utilize both problem and emotion- focused coping, as individuals cope with both the stressful situation and their emotional response (Folkman and Lazarus 1985). ...
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Citations
... The first area of research focuses on stress experienced by employees or stakeholders of the tourism industry (Alrawadieh, Cetin, Dincer, & Istanbullu Dincer, 2020;Houge Mackenzie & Kerr, 2013;Iwasaki, 2003;Law, Pearce, & Woods, 1995). The second area of research concentrates on stress experienced by host community residents of tourism development (Jordan, 2015;Jordan, Spencer, & Prayag, 2019). Findings reveal that tourism development impacts and tourism-related stress are interrelated, thereby affecting the lives of residents by tourists that negatively downgrade residents' physical and psychological well-being by the perceived stress (Jordan, Lesar, & Spencer, 2019). ...
... Tourists' cognitive appraisals of environmental factors involve complicated interpretation processes, which may lead to negative physical, psychological, and emotional manifestations (Folkman & Lazarus, 1980;Jordan, Lesar, & Spencer, 2019;Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). A large body of literature has examined the impacts of tourism on the quality of community residents' lives (Calgaro, Dominey-Howes, & Lloyd, 2014;Jordan, Lesar, & Spencer, 2019;Jordan, Moran, & Godwyll, 2019;Moghal & O'Connell, 2018), with substantial efforts on community residents' responses to, and stress on, tourism development Jordan & Vogt, 2017b) and the interrelation of stressors, perceived stress, and tourism impacts on a community level (Jordan, 2015;Jordan & Vogt, 2017a). However, research on conceptualizing, assessing, and quantifying tourists' encountered stressors, and their coping strategies against stress has received relatively little attention. ...
... In tourism, coping has mostly been related to Cognitive Appraisal Theory, which asserts that individuals continuously cognitively appraise their experiences in everyday life, which influences their emotional and behavioral responses to the external environment (Folkman et al., 1986). Tourism-related studies have focused on how residents cope with tourism in general and at specific sites (Jordan, 2015;Jordan et al., 2015Jordan et al., , 2019Jordan & Vogt, 2017;Prayag et al., 2021). The referenced research found that many residents experience stress from cruise development, however, how residents cope with cruise tourism in particular remains unclear. ...
Cruise tourism is a contested practice, requiring research that moves beyond oversimplified accounts of progress or despair and applies primary data at the community level. Using in-depth interviews with residents of Eidfjord, Norway, during the pandemic-induced "break" from cruise tourism, this study critically examines their perspectives on and coping with cruising. It reveals that the pandemic has spurred residents to shift from more individualistic (reac-tive/anticipatory) coping to more communal (proactive/preventive) coping. Findings suggest that the good/bad, for/against debate about cruising needs to transition towards a comprehensive approach emphasizing not only sustainable planning, regulations, and visitor management but also a better understanding of how residents cope with cruise tourism and distinguish between impacts that they can and cannot cope with.
... on nature conservation and tourism development (Törn et al., 2008). Direct participation in actions relating to the development of sustainable tourism is also fundamental to resolve conflicting values within the stakeholder group, as well as to increase local communities' quality of life, residents' satisfaction and tourism development support (Jordan, 2014;Su & Wall, 2014;Wondirad & Ewnetu, 2019). When communities derive tangible benefits from PAs, their attitudes towards environmental conservation improve (Nastran, 2015) and they become more receptive to conservation programmes (Sekhar, 2003). ...
The Alvão Natural Park (PNAL) is the smallest natural park in Portugal. The PNAL is currently in the process of implementing its co-management model, abandoning the old centralized top-down model, and aiming for a more sustainable development of the protected area. Recognizing the key role of stakeholders in sustainable tourism development in protected areas, this study examines how PNAL stakeholders perceive various topics related to sustainable tourism and local development. To this end, 19 PNAL stakeholders participated in two focus groups that were conducted to collect the primary data. NVivo software was used for content analysis and mapping stakeholders' perceptions. The results indicate that even though the stakeholders believe that the protected area has great tourism potential and that the park's residents are open to tourism, public authority conflicts and the lack of infrastructure and services to support tourism present obstacles to a sustainable tourism development.
... One element of resident Qol that has recently emerged as being particularly impacted by tourism development is stress seo et al., 2021). Research has shown that stressors experienced by residents of destinations range from the anticipation of tourism development to unfulfilled expectations for tourism development, to more traditional negative impacts like traffic and crowding (Jordan, 2015;Jordan & Vogt, 2017a). these stressors are sometimes, but not always, analogous to impacts studied in traditional tourism impacts and support for development studies . ...
Resident stress has emerged as a problem in many tourism communities. However, little is known about differences in resident stress across diverse destinations. This research gap is addressed by comparing stressors experienced by residents of three global island destinations of O’ahu, Hawaii, U.S., Falmouth, Jamaica, and São Miguel, Azores, Portugal. These three island tourism destinations have diverse tourism types and differing levels of tourism development along the tourism area life cycle (TALC). The ‘Travel Intensity Indices’ (TII) were used to evaluate tourism development inflection points and determine stage of the TALC for each destination. Thematic analysis of open-ended responses about stressors experienced by residents revealed that in the early stages of tourism development, residents experience stress related to physical changes to their community. In later stages of development, residents experience stress related to the presence of tourists in their community. The type of tourism present in the community also played a role in resident stress, with cruise tourism creating a unique set of stressors. The implications of above findings have two sections. Theoretically, examining resident stress in diverse destinations expands the application of stress theory in the tourism context and begins to establish destination level characteristics that influence resident stress. These findings also extend the application of TALC model to the health and wellness of residents’ vis-a-vis the stress they experience. Practically, exploring similarities and differences across these destinations can inform destination developers and managers of the potential stressors that residents may be experiencing that are unique to their level and type of development.
... The literature has pointed out that community participation in sustainability-focused tourism development is crucial in order to reconcile contrasting values of destination stakeholders, increase resident satisfaction and quality of life, boost social support and enhance social capital (e.g. Koutra & Edwards, 2012;Su & Wall, 2014Jordan, 2015. Residents usually support tourism and participate in its development motivated mainly by the related economic benefits (Haralambopoulos & Pizam, 1996). ...
This study explores how sustainability can constitute a driver of tourist demand in small areas, at the early stage of tourism development. Feasible methods and scales are proposed to analyze the perceived value of rural tourism and visitor perceived sustainability, where the low tourist demand and the touch-and-go nature of the typical visit imply measurement and modeling problems. The advantages of ordinal SEM in our
empirical setting are compared to the standard model. Results indicate that a good state of conservation of the cultural heritage is the most important indicator of perceived sustainability, followed by a well-protected natural environment. We disentangle the relationship between tourism and sustainability, showing that the latter is perceived
as a limitation directly, but it turns out to be a driver of destinations’ competitiveness thanks to its strong influence on the perceived value, that moderates its contribution to destination image, satisfaction and intention to recommend.
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... In addition, while much of the literature has focused on how residents cope with stressors related to tourism development in their communities (Jordan 2015;Jordan, Spencer, and Prayag 2019;Jordan, Vogt, and DeShon 2015;Jordan and Vogt 2017), this study shows the preponderance of emotion and mixed coping focused strategies as ways for residents to cope with the emotions elicited at dark tourism sites. Our findings give credence to studies on individual coping postdisaster (Nolen-Hoeksema and Morrow 1991) by showing that the emotions experienced by individuals after a disaster conflate with the emotions triggered at a dark tourism site and these play an important role in the breadth and scope of coping options at individuals' disposal. ...
While tourist emotions elicited at dark tourism sites are well understood, little is known about residents’ experiences at local dark tourism sites. This study explores residents’ emotional experiences at dark tourism sites, the cognitive appraisals of their experiences and emotions, and the coping strategies they deploy to address them. In-depth interviews with 37 residents of Christchurch, New Zealand (site of the Canterbury earthquakes), reveal that residents cognitively appraised their experience at local dark tourism sites on important facets such as centrality and controllability. Visits to local dark tourism sites embodied memories of the disaster that elicit more negative (e.g., sadness) than positive emotions (e.g., gratefulness). Residents coped through seeking comfort from others or positive reappraisal of the experience. Furthermore, visits to dark tourism sites are in and of themselves a coping strategy for residents postdisaster. Implications for the development of dark tourism attractions and support for resident well-being are offered.
... They also note the importance of the involvement of local communities "to drive these policies forward" and increase the chance of success, and in this regard, highlight the importance of the nexus between leadership and followership. The catalyst for developing a vision may result from, for example, a national economic crisis (Gorman & Mottiar, 2015), a funding scheme (Haven-Tang & Jones, 2012), concerns for enhanced equity and community involvement (Boluk, 2011), or the decline of a local industry on which the community was dependent (Jordan, 2015). McGehee, Knollenberg, and Komoowski (2015) also observe the important role of leaders in rural tourism development and the impact that their bridging and bonding social capital attributes can have on the destination. ...
... Responsibility lies with the government to promote and facilitate community participation, remove the barriers that prevent people from participation and create a sense of ownership for residents. This makes members of the community active change agents with the ability to define planning will provide ownership of tourism in the community, and will reduce the perception of impacts which allow the community to determine those impacts that are acceptable or not (Jordan, 2015;Jordan et al., 2019). ...
An individual’s personality and the community in which they are members can undoubtedly shape the way they view tourism. This study examines the role that aspects of community play in fostering residents’ satisfaction with tourism, which ultimately explains support for tourism development. The moderating effects of personality on the relationship between community factors and satisfaction as well as on the relationship between satisfaction and support for tourism development were examined. Focusing on the growing tourism industry in rural Malaysia, data were collected from 340 residents living in remote destinations and analysed using structural equation modelling. Results show that residents’ community attachment, community commitment, and community involvement are important factors predicting residents’ satisfaction and support for tourism development. Moderating effects were found within four of the five personality types in explaining the relationship between community factors and satisfaction, as well as the relationship between satisfaction and support for tourism development.
... Stress research in the tourism context falls into three literature streams: (1) stress as experienced by employees of tourism organizations (Houge Mackenzie and Kerr 2013;Law, Pearce, and Woods 1995), (2) stress as experienced by recreationists or tourists Moore 2003, 2006;Iwasaki and Schneider 2003;Schneider and Stanis 2007;Schneider and Hammitt 1995), and (3) stress as experienced by residents of host communities (Jordan, Vogt, and DeShon 2015;Jordan andVogt 2017a, 2017b;Jordan 2015;Jordan, Spencer, and Prayag 2019). ...
... Stress research in the tourism context falls into three literature streams: (1) stress as experienced by employees of tourism organizations (Houge Mackenzie and Kerr 2013;Law, Pearce, and Woods 1995), (2) stress as experienced by recreationists or tourists Moore 2003, 2006;Iwasaki and Schneider 2003;Schneider and Stanis 2007;Schneider and Hammitt 1995), and (3) stress as experienced by residents of host communities (Jordan, Vogt, and DeShon 2015;Jordan andVogt 2017a, 2017b;Jordan 2015;Jordan, Spencer, and Prayag 2019). ...
While stress has recently been documented as an adverse impact of tourism, it has not been examined alongside traditional tourism impacts to determine their similarities and differences. To clarify the interrelations of these phenomena, we explored whether tourism-related stressors were similar to well-known tourism impacts, and whether perceived tourism impacts increased the likelihood of experiencing tourism-related stress. Residents of O’ahu, Hawai’i, were asked how much tourism impacted them on 36 variables, whether tourism caused them stress, and if so, how. Study findings reveal that tourism-related stressors often correspond with what have been traditionally considered tourism impacts. Moreover, only five of the tourism impact variables predicted the experience of tourism-related stress, and of these only one was a frequently cited stressor. Connecting impacts to stressors expands the possibility that certain tourism impacts could have consequences that go beyond mere opinions and attitudes, as stress has many health and wellness consequences.
... The forms of coping that focus on problems includes dealing with the source of stress, planning problem solving and seeking social support (Folkman et al, 1986). Meanwhile, the forms of emotional-focused coping include taking distance, self-control, accepting responsibility, avoiding/staying away and positive reevaluating [31]. ...
This study discusses the concept of psychological costs, especially its shape in the context of tourism, the theory behind it, and furthermore, proposes a theoretical framework and practical interventions to understand psychological costs. Psychological costs consist of two types, namely psychological costs originating from the destination and psychological costs that come from tourists. This study is a literature-based study by looking at the concept of psychological costs from the perspective of a number of theories such as the theory of transfer costs, decision-making theory, value-expectation theory, planned behaviour theory, top-down spill theory, coping theory and comfort theory. The results of the study indicate a number of curative and preventive interventions that can affect the planning of costs, psychological costs and coping abilities carried out by tourists. However, this intervention effort requires the involvement of various stakeholders starting from the government, tourism actors and local communities.
