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Dedicated Short Range Communication (DSRC) channel band and Basic Safety Messages (BSMs) transmission on channel 172.
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![Figure 3. The trade-off dilemma by using constant transmit powers [30].](profile/Jaekel-Arunita/publication/333056746/figure/fig3/AS:758127356022787@1557763055611/The-trade-off-dilemma-by-using-constant-transmit-powers-30_Q320.jpg)
The emergence of Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANETs) is expected to be an important step toward achieving safety and efficiency in intelligent transportation systems (ITS). One important requirement of safety applications is that vehicles are able to communicate with neighboring vehicles, with very low latency and packet loss. The high mobility, unr...
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Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) are crucial components of intelligent transportation systems (ITS) aimed at enhancing road safety and providing additional services to vehicles and their users. To achieve reliable delivery of periodic status information, referred to as basic safety messages (BSMs) and event-driven alerts, vehicles need to manage...
Vehicle platooning is an enabler technology for increasing road capacity, improving safety and reducing fuel consumption. Platoon control is a two-layered system where each layer runs under a different communication standard and rate – (i) the upper-layer operates under a specific V2V communication standard such as IEEE 802.11p and (ii) the lower-l...
The constrained application protocol (CoAP) is an application layer protocol in IoT, with underlying support for congestion control mechanism. It minimizes the frequent retransmissions, but does not optimize the throughput or adapt dynamic conditions. However, designing an efficient congestion control mechanism over the IoT poses new challenges bec...
The nature of vehicular mobility and the high speed of vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) with dynamic change in the network topology let the vehicular remain as one of the most challenging problems in vehicular-to-vehicular (V2V) communications. Information dissemination is the major problem in VANET with a fixed bandwidth which is causing congestio...
Citations
... Safe and reliable V2I communication greatly depends on the packet success ratio of the vehicles and RSU. Packet loss occurs due to signal fading, collisions, or channel congestion [52]. Channel congestion potentially happens in dense networks with a large number of packet transmissions. ...
... Vehicular networks are burdened with restricted channel bandwidth which is shared among road entities such as RSU and vehicles. It is worth noting that successful packet delivery without latency or loss is highly dependant on the channel congestion, especially in dense areas [52]. Furthermore, saturated wireless channel has an adverse impact on transmission range [52]. ...
... It is worth noting that successful packet delivery without latency or loss is highly dependant on the channel congestion, especially in dense areas [52]. Furthermore, saturated wireless channel has an adverse impact on transmission range [52]. CBR specifies the the ratio of channel busy time to the whole observation time, e.g, 100 ms. ...
This paper introduces a novel centralized autonomous inclusive intersection management mechanism (CAI
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) for heterogeneous connected vehicles (HCVs). The system embraces a diverse array of human-driven vehicles, each possessing unique characteristics. The proposed system navigates vehicles through the intersection safely and efficiently considering various road conditions including dry (D), wet (W), snowy (S), and icy (I). The communication relies on dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) to facilitate the seamless exchange of traffic information between roadside unit (RSU) and vehicles. The coordination policy takes into account parameters such as vehicle types, arrival times, intersection rules, road priorities, and prevailing road conditions. To enhance safety and prevent collisions, vehicles are classified based on distinctive safety features and dynamics, such as reaction distance (
d<sub>r</sub>
), stopping distance (
d<sub>s</sub>
), braking distance (
d<sub>b</sub>
), braking lag distance (
d<sub>bl</sub>
), acceleration (
acc
.), deceleration (
d<sub>ec</sub>
.), load, and velocity (v). The paper evaluates the system performance through metrics encompassing average travel time (ATT), packet loss rate (PLR), throughput, intersection busy time (IBT), and channel busy rate (CBR) across several traffic scenarios with different densities and distribution patterns. Additionally, the study compares the system efficiency with signalized intersections under various road conditions, aiming to identify an optimal control approach for autonomous intersection management
... To guarantee emergency applications in vehicular networks, reliable congestion control is crucial. [6][7][8] Data congestion of vehicular networks aggravates message delivery ratio failure and end-to-end (E2E) delay. In a dense network environment, a significant number of nodes trying to compete with each other to send messages cause network congestion. ...
... In this regard, we can mention that Liu and Jaekel 6 proposed a thorough summary of VANET congestion control methods. They established the crucial variables and success factors used to evaluate different approaches. ...
... strategies affects network performance which changes many evaluation factors, including throughput, delay, packet loss ratio (PLR), accuracy, congestion ratio (CR), waiting time (WT), packet delivery ratio (PDR), and the response time (RT). 6,8,11 Figure 2 shows a vehicular network, wherein a vast number of packets are being sent to a common node simultaneously. In a short period, this vehicle will face buffer overflow and burst packet loss (i.e., referred to as a congested vehicle), which fails to help the neighboring vehicles to reach a common goal. ...
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV) integrates various technologies to enable real‐time data exchange between vehicles, pedestrians, roadside units, unmanned aerial vehicles, road‐added things, and so forth. IoV is an improved internet‐enabled vehicular ad hoc network (VANET), which is similarly affected by data traffic aggravated by time‐variant network density and the network's topological and informational changes. A high density of simultaneous vehicular communication leads to channel saturation and data congestion, which leads to rapid increases in data loss, packet latency, and lower service quality. Due to the importance of real‐time data communications in high dynamic networks, we used the systematic literature review (SLR) approach to identify 54 articles up to May 2023 to discuss the ways to deal with data traffic congestion in VANETs and IoV networks as well as existing and upcoming issues in this area.
... Moreover, the V2V safety communications for C-ITS are supported by periodically broadcasting beacons every 0.1 seconds between the involved vehicles, using the Dedicated short-range communication (DSRC) technology, based on Carrier Sensing Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance (CSMA/CA) in the media access layer. Delivery of safety messages in a reliable manner is a strict requirement for V2V communication in safety applications [4]. Various factors can cause delays or failure in sending safety messages due to the wireless channel with multiple access. ...
... This spectrum is divided into seven 10 MHz channels with associated guard bands, from which channel 172 is assigned for the exchange of safety messages [14]. Many VANET simulations [13,15,16] and some standardization activities [17] use a BSM transmission data rate of 6 Mbps, although some papers have considered other data rates; for example, a data rate of 3 Mbps was used in Refs. [18,19] because of its low signal to interference and noise ratio (SINR) requirement. ...
... The eight possible data rates that the DSRC standard has specified can be used for BSM transmissions are 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 27 Mbps; the most commonly used of these is 6 Mbps [15]. Data rate-based approaches alter the bitrate used when transmitting BSMs, and they have recently been garnering more focus [15]. ...
... The eight possible data rates that the DSRC standard has specified can be used for BSM transmissions are 3, 4.5, 6, 9, 12, 18, 24, and 27 Mbps; the most commonly used of these is 6 Mbps [15]. Data rate-based approaches alter the bitrate used when transmitting BSMs, and they have recently been garnering more focus [15]. The work in Ref. [56] compares power control-and data rate control-based approaches, and shows that the latter can outperform the former in a variety of different scenarios, such as when congestion occurs in a localized cluster of vehicles. ...
Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) facilitate communication among vehicles and possess designated infrastructure nodes to improve road safety and traffic flow. As the number of vehicles increases, the limited bandwidth of the wireless channel used for vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) communication can become congested, leading to packets being dropped or delayed. VANET congestion control techniques attempt to address this by adjusting different transmission parameters, including the data rate, message rate, and transmission power. In this paper, we propose a decentralized congestion control algorithm where each factor adjusts the data rate (bitrate) used to transmit its wireless packet congestion based on the current load on the channel. The channel load is estimated independently by each vehicle using the measured channel busy ratio (CBR). The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach outperforms existing data rate-based algorithms, in terms of both packet reception and overall channel load.
... To) prevent this congestion, a number of distributed congestion control (DCC) schemes for the delivery of safety messages have been proposed [6, 14, 15, 19-21, 23, 27-32], and there are currently several standardized DCC methods (e.g., SAE J2945/1 [1], ETSI EN 302 571 [10], and ETSI TS 102 687 [9,11]). Unfortunately, since vehicle safety applications have to meet different performance metrics and criteria [19], it has proven difficult to reach a consensus on the most appropriate method [19]. ...
... To) prevent this congestion, a number of distributed congestion control (DCC) schemes for the delivery of safety messages have been proposed [6, 14, 15, 19-21, 23, 27-32], and there are currently several standardized DCC methods (e.g., SAE J2945/1 [1], ETSI EN 302 571 [10], and ETSI TS 102 687 [9,11]). Unfortunately, since vehicle safety applications have to meet different performance metrics and criteria [19], it has proven difficult to reach a consensus on the most appropriate method [19]. ...
In the present paper, we propose a method for controlling the interval of safety message transmissions in a fully distributed manner that maximizes the number of successful transmissions to vehicles located a set target distance away. In the proposed method, each vehicle estimates the density of vehicles in its vicinity, and, based on the estimated vehicle density, each vehicle calculates an optimal message transmission interval in order to maximize the number of successful message transmissions to vehicles located a set target distance away. The optimal message transmission interval can be analytically obtained as a simple expression when it is assumed that the vehicles are positioned according to a two-dimensional Poisson point process, which is appropriate for downtown scenarios. In addition, we propose two different methods for a vehicle by which to estimate the density of other vehicles in its vicinity. The first method is based on the measured channel busy ratio, and the second method relies on counting the number of distinct IDs of vehicles in the vicinity. We validate the effectiveness of the proposed methods using several simulations.
... As the vehicles would be not reported to access the intersection area and given data pertaining to other vehicles, this improves traffic control and road safety. In 2019, Liu et al. (16) have presented a thorough analysis of VANET congestion control strategies. Withal determined the pertinent Measurable variables and indicators of performance that could use to assess these strategies, and evaluated each strategy based on a variety of factors, including the nature of traffic, whichever it was energetic or sensitive, and the method for reducing blockage. ...
... Safe V2I communications require reliable delivery of packets to the vehicles and RSU. Packet loss happens due to some reasons such as transmission collisions, signal fading, or channel congestion [16]. In principle, in each scenario PLR is measured for RSU and K number of vehicles as stated in Equation 6. ...
... Channel congestion is of utmost importance and can easily occur especially in higher vehicle densities leading to loss or delay in packet dissemination [16]. Besides, high channel load greatly impacts the transmission range [16]. ...
... Channel congestion is of utmost importance and can easily occur especially in higher vehicle densities leading to loss or delay in packet dissemination [16]. Besides, high channel load greatly impacts the transmission range [16]. CBR defines the fraction of time the channel is treated as busy to the entire observation time, e.g, 200 ms. ...
This paper proposes a novel plenary centralized
intersection management scheme (PCIMS) for a non-signalized
intersection. Our contributions are fourfold. First, we take into
account vehicle heterogeneity by integrating various vehicle
classes in the system. Second, we consider some key elements
in the scheduling mechanism such as vehicle types, intersection
rules and road priorities. Third, we discuss the significant role
of different road conditions, specific vehicles behavior and safety
parameters in the traffic safety. Forth, in addition to the traffic
safety assurance, we demonstrate the superiority of the system
performance over conventional traffic lights (TLs) in several
scenarios with congested and sparse traffic in terms of average
travel time (ATT), packet loss rate (PLR), channel busy rate
(CBR), intersection busy time (IBT), and throughput.
... CBR is crucial especially in highly populated areas where a wireless channel is prone to congestion leading to packets drop [13]. CBR is dependent on the transmission rate, traffic load, and packet size III. ...
This paper proposes a centralized autonomous intersection management scheme for heterogeneous connected vehicles
(HCVs). Contributions of this work are as follows. First, we
sustainably classify heterogeneous vehicles with their distinctive
safety-related characteristics. Second, we conduct a safe and
efficient coordination algorithm with respect to some criteria
such as vehicle types, road priorities and right of way rules.
Third, we consider the impact of different road conditions,
vehicle characteristics, load, and braking technology on the
system performance. Forth, we demonstrate the efficiency of
the system under various traffic densities with symmetric and
asymmetric vehicle distribution. Besides, system performance is
to be compared with traffic lights (TLs) scenarios in terms of
throughput, average travel time (ATT), intersection busy time
(IBT), channel busy rate (CBR), and packet loss rate (PLR) in
various road conditions.
... Congestion control in VANET is investigated intensively using different approaches like topology algorithms and power control algorithms with different metrics such as CBR, and IPD as performance indicators. Results have suggested that hybrid techniques such as combined Tx power and rate control are promising [14]. ...
The routing protocol is considered the backbone of network communication. However, mobility and bandwidth availability make optimizing broadcast message flooding a problem in an Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR)-based mobile wireless network. The selection of Multi-Point Relays (MPRs) has lately been proposed as a potential approach that has the added benefit of eliminating duplicate re-transmissions in VANET networks. Wingsuit Flying Search (WFS) is one of the swarm intelligent metaheuristic algorithms, it enables one to find the minimum number of MPR. In this study, a novel methodology based on (WFS) is called WS-OLSR (Wingsuit Search-OLSR). The (WS-OLSR) is investigated to enhance the existing MPR-based solution, arguing that considering a cost function as a further decision measure will effectively compute minimum MPR nodes that give the maximum coverage area possible. The enhanced MPR selection powered by (WFS) algorithm leads to decreasing MPR count required to cover 95% of mobile nodes, increasing throughput , and decreasing topology control which mitigates broadcasting storm phenomenon in VANETs.
... The platoon leader makes decisions associated with speed, acceleration, deceleration and platoon maneuvers. Due to the multi-access nature of a V2V wireless channel, several factors will lead to delays in the delivery of communication data between members [10]. A limited transmission bandwidth, for instance, implies possible congestion, especially when one radio channel is shared by increasingly many platoon members. ...
... Some experiments have even demonstrated that transmission congestion can happen in less-complicated scenarios [11]. Unique challenges ensue in consideration of VANET communication - [10] note that because safety messages must broadcast to the entire platoon, ACK collection from each member must occur, which is practically infeasible and will only further exacerbate the congestion problem. The congestion issue presents a distinct security problem, when taking "security" to mean the quality of being threat-free as defined by measures taken to ensure safety and protection. ...
... In [13] and [16], the Hybrid Trust Model has been investigated as a solution for trustworthiness of vehicles in a VANET. [8] and [10] have also investigated the effectiveness of the DSRC/WAVE system in V2V safety communication, and the effect of vehicle influx on communication efficiency. This research will focus attention on V2V and V2I communication and the states of compromise triggered by the three types of malicious attacks. ...
This research entails an investigation into enhanced attack detection techniques as a security feature in vehicular platooning. The paper evaluates critical challenges in the security of Vehicular Ad hoc Networks (VANETs) with a focus on vulnerabilities in vehicle platooning. We evaluate the possibilities of securing a platoon through enhanced attack detection following an inside attack while considering current communication-based approaches to vehicular platoon security that have been effective at isolating infected platoon members. This study proposes the use of color-shift keying (CSK) as a security tool for enhanced detection of an apparent platoon attack. We simulate various attack scenarios involving a vehicular platoon communicating via a VLC network and assess the degree of exposure of such networks to three types of attacks – Sybil attacks, delay attacks, and denial-of-service (DoS) attacks. We recommend the use of a light-to-frequency (LTF) converter comprising of a receiver to collect and decode transmitted symbols with regard to the frequency of transmission. Once there is a drop in the intensity of the light transmitted in the platoon, CSK is implemented to alter the intensity of the red, green, and blue (RGB) spectrum coupled with radiofrequency to ensure the security of the communication. CSK will use coded symbols to transmit the control information from the leader using a microcontroller.
