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The research on impact of Cleonus piger Scop.(Coleoptera; Curculionidae) feeding and the occur-
rence of other pest insects on milk thistle plants grown in monoculture and crop rotation after cereals,
with two different seeding dates was carried out in the years 2003–2005. The infestation and density of
C. piger
larvae in roots of plants grown i...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... shoots on the main and lateral shoots developed in June starting intensive growth of plants. Blossoming and maturing did not proceed evenly, which is typical of milk thistle ( Table 2). The most adverse meteorological conditions for growing and cropping milk thistle were observed in 2003. ...Similar publications
Introduction: Behavioural traits can differ considerably between individuals, and such differences were found to be consistent over the lifetime of an organism in several species. Whether behavioural traits of holometabolous insects, which undergo a metamorphosis, are consistent across ontogeny is virtually unexplored. We investigated several behav...
Citations
... Weed control is very important in the initial stage of coriander, milk thistle, forage pea and chickpea, developments, when they are less competitive. The use of herbicides creates favorable conditions for germination, growth and development of these crops and also for the creation of well topped and high-yielding crops (Andrzejewska and Lamparski, 2006;Vaculík, 2007;Khan et al., 2009;Wágner, 2015;Delchev, 2018 and. In the crops of coriander, milk thistle, forage pea and chickpea, occurring weeds of various biological groups. ...
... ml), acetone was removed by distillation at the atmosphere pressure, where in approx. 1550-1530 ml (93.8-95.6%) of the whole amount was regenerated (Andrzejewska et al., 2006). ...
Known for the natural treatment for liver disorders, Milk thistle is an erect annual or biennial herbaceous plant originally a native of Southern Europe through to Asia, it is now found throughout the world. The plant is valued for its medicinal value, but it is sometimes grown as an ornamental plant because of its unusual leaves. There is immense scope for cultivating milk thistle in India. The plant is also very hardy in nature and facilitates easy and low-risk cultivation. Worldwide, there is increasing demand for its seed contains silymarin, making its cultivating profitable.
... Puccinia punctiformis, Microbotryum silybum and Septoria silybi have been reported as pathogens of milk thistle (Moscow and Lindow, 1989;Berner et al., 2002;Souissi et al., 2005). Furthermore, milk thistle is susceptible to the insects Terellia fuscicornis, Larinus latus, Cleonus piger, Nezara viridula, Dysaphis lappae cynarae and Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis (Clarke and Walter, 1993;Abdel-Moniem, 2002, Andrzejewska et al., 2006Kavallieratos et al., 2007;Rezwani, 2008;Sayar et al., 2009). Andrzejewska et al. (2006) observed that the infestation and density of Cleonus piger larvae in roots of plants grown in monoculture increased with subsequent developmental phases and subsequent years of the experiment. ...
... Furthermore, milk thistle is susceptible to the insects Terellia fuscicornis, Larinus latus, Cleonus piger, Nezara viridula, Dysaphis lappae cynarae and Aphis fabae cirsiiacanthoidis (Clarke and Walter, 1993;Abdel-Moniem, 2002, Andrzejewska et al., 2006Kavallieratos et al., 2007;Rezwani, 2008;Sayar et al., 2009). Andrzejewska et al. (2006) observed that the infestation and density of Cleonus piger larvae in roots of plants grown in monoculture increased with subsequent developmental phases and subsequent years of the experiment. Feeding resulted in the decrease in crop yield by 40% compared to the crop rotation treatment. ...
Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn.] is an important medicinal-industrial plant. The medicinal compounds of milk thistle are derived from its seeds. The plant is commercially cultivated for the production of silymarin. Cultivation offers the opportunity to optimise achene yield and silymarin content. Furthermore, efforts should be made to develop new cultivars. The main objective of milk thistle breeding is to develop high yielding cultivars with elevated silymarin content. There are few developed cultivars of milk thistle (e.g. Argintiu, Budakalaszi, Szibilla, Khoreslo, Babak Castle, Mirel, Silma and Silyb). Different genotypes of milk thistle have variable amount of silymarin e.g. a ‘Royston’ genotype is rich in silymarin (6-10%). Further progress can be made by using the genetic diversity available in abundance in different genotypes. The main concern of the breeder should be to increase the yield and silymarin contents of the seeds. Asynchronous flowering and seed shedding are also major problems in milk thistle cultivation. At the time of harvest, the plants have flower heads at all stages of development resulting in non-uniform maturation of seeds. Therefore, a breeding effort in milk thistle should be planned to obtain plants with simultaneous flowering and reduced crop losses. The developed cultivar Argintiu is characterised by simultaneous seed maturation in flower heads. The wild populations, as valuable gene pools, could be exploited for the improvement of milk thistle crop.
... In Hungary, the highest Milk thistle yields were reported from sowing in March or early April ( Foldesi and Barsi, 1983). Earlier experiments carried out in Poland demonstrated that delaying the sowing date from April 1 to April 22 resulted in decreased fruit yields by 0.23 t ha −1 , but silymarin content increased from 0.3% to 0.5% (Andrzejewska et al., 2006). According to those authors, the total average daily air temperature from the formation of inflorescence shoots to the Milk thistle harvest has a significant effect on silymarin content. ...
SUMMARY
The present study was conducted at Bazian location during two winter seasons of 2010- 2011 and 2011- 2012. A factorial experiment was conducted using Completely Randomized Block Design (CRBD) with three replications. The study included two different irrigation; Rainfed and Irrigated, combined with three fertilization applications; No fertilization Chemical fertilization and Organic fertilization and two different plant densities; 8 and 16 plant m-2. Means of studied characters were compared by using Least Significant Differences LSD (P≤ 0.05) for studying the effect of irrigation, fertilization, plant density treatments and their interactions on the growth stages of Milk thistle plants, which was divided in to six stages and the most important vegetative characters; root dry weight plant-1 (g), root depth plant-1 (cm), leaves dry weight plant-1 (g), number of leaves plant-1, stem dry weight plant-1 (g), number of branches plant-1, plant height (cm), anthodium dry weight plant-1 (g), and total dry weight plant-1 (g), and reproductive characters; number of fruit anthodium-1, number of anthodium plant-1, number of fruit plant-1, weight of fruit plant-1 (g), 1000 fruit weight (g), total fruit weight (kg ha-1), biological weight (kg ha-1) and harvest index. Beside oil%, weight of oil in seeds (kg ha-1), unsaturated fatty acids content and flavonolignans content were also determined.
The most important results of the average of both seasons can be summarized as follows:-
Irrigated and organic fertilization treatments exhibited superior values for the all studied vegetative growth characters, while treatment of 8 plant m-2 showed its superiority for the characters; root depth plant-1, number of leaves plant-1, number of branches plant-1 and plant height. The interactions between irrigated and organic fertilization exceeded the other interaction treatments in the characters; root dry weight plant-1, root depth plant-1, stem dry weight plant-1, number of branches plant-1, plant height, anthodium dry weight plant-1 and total dry weight plant-1, while the interaction between irrigated and chemical fertilization exhibited maximum value for the leaves dry weight plant-1. The treatment interactions of irrigated and 16 plant m-2 showed superior value only for stem dry weight plant-1. Treatment interactions of organic fertilization and 8 plant m-2 exhibited maximum values for all studied characters. Interaction between irrigated, organic fertilization and 8 plant m-2 treatments showed its superiority for the characters; root dry weigh plant-1, number of branch plant-1, plant height and total dry weight plant-1, while interaction treatments of irrigated, organic fertilization and 16 plant m-2 exhibited maximum value for stem dry weight plant-1.
There were significant effect of irrigation on all fruit yield and its component characters which were studied, and there was exceeding effect of irrigated in comparison to rainfed. And also the effect of fertilization treatment was significant on all fruit yield and its component characters, with exceeding organic fertilization in compared to the rest. The treatment of 8 plant m-2 exhibited maximum values for the fruit yield and its components; number of anthodium plant-1, number of fruits plant-1, weight of fruits plant-1, 1000 fruit weight and harvest index, while treatment of 16 plant m-2 showed its superiority for the fruit yield and its components; total fruit weight, biological weight and weight of oil in fruit. The treatment interactions of irrigated and organic fertilization exhibited superior values for the fruit yield and its components; number of fruit plant-1, weight of fruits plant-1, total fruit weigh, biological weight, harvest index and weight of oil in fruits, while irrigated and chemical fertilization interaction showed its superiority to the number of anthodium plant-1. Interaction treatments of irrigated and 8 plant m-2 gave maximum values in 1000 fruit weight and harvest index, while interaction between irrigated and 16 plan m-2 exhibited maximum values for the character; total fruit weight, biological weight and weight of oil in fruit. Interaction between organic fertilization and 16 plant m-2 produced maximum values for fruit yield and its components; Number of fruit anthodium-1, total fruit weigh, biological weigh and weight of oil in fruits, and interaction between chemical fertilization and 8 plant m-2 exhibited maximum value for the character; number of anthodium, while the treatment interactions of organic fertilization and 8 plant m-2 predominated the rest in the fruit yield and its components; weight of fruits plant-1, 1000 fruit weight and harvest index. The interaction between rainfed, organic fertilization and 16 plant m-2 treatments gave maximum value for the number of fruit anthodium-1, while the interaction between irrigated, organic fertilization and 16 plant m-2 treatments exhibited maximum values for the fruit yield and its components; total fruit weight, biological weight and weight of oil in fruits.
Fruit samples were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively by HPLC for their contents of unsaturated fatty acids (mg g-1); α-linolenic, linoleic, oleic and gadoleic acid and flavonolignans (mg g-1); silychristin A, silychristin B, silydianin, silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B, total flavonolignans and weight of flavonolignans in fruits (kg ha-1).
The irrigated treatment exhibited maximum values for the amount of unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic and oleic. The treatment of no fertilization predominated the unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic. The 8 plant m-2 treatment produced maximum value for the amount of unsaturated fatty acids; linoleic. The interaction between rainfed, chemical fertilization and 8 plant m-2 showed its superiority for the amount of α-linolenic acid. The treatment of rainfed exhibited superior values for the silychristin B and isosilybin B, while irrigated treatment produced maximum values for the silybin A and weight of flavonolignans in fruits. The treatment of no fertilization showed its superiority for the silychristin A, silychristin B, silydianin, isosilybin A and total flavonolignans, while organic fertilization produced maximum values for the silybin A and weight of flavonolignans in fruits. The effect of 8 plant m-2 exhibited maximum values for the silybin A, silybin B, isosilybin A and total flavonolignans, while 16 plant m-2 produced maximum value for the weight of flavonolignans in fruits. Interaction between rainfed and no fertilization increased the amount of silychristin B, silydianin, silybin B, isosilybin A, isosilybin B and total flavonolignans, while interaction of irrigated and organic fertilization produced maximum values for the weight of flavonolignans in fruits. The treatment of irrigated and 16 plant m-2 exhibited superior value for the weight of flavonolignans in fruits. No fertilization and 8 plant m-2 treatment interactions produced maximum value for the isosilybin A, while in case of interaction between rainfed, no fertilization and 8 plant m-2 treatments exhibited maximum value for the isosilybin A. The treatment interactions of organic fertilization and 8 plant m-2 produced maximum values for the weight of flavonolignans in fruits.
Wild and cultivated plants (first and second season) were compared in the amount of unsaturated fatty acids and flavonolignans in the fruits. Results indicated that the second season had exhibited superior values for all studied unsaturated fatty acids and, most of flavonolignans amount produce maximum values in the wild plant in comparison to cultivated except in isosilybin A which increased in the first season.
... In a study by Andrzejewska and Sadowska [2008], milk thistle yield was significantly correlated with plant height before harvest, the number of fruits per inflorescence on the main shoot and lateral shoots. The yield can also be reduced by pest infestations [Andrzejewska et al. 2006] and infections caused by pathogenic fungi, Botrytis cinerea and species of the genera Alternaria, Fusarium, Rhizoctonia and Phoma, commonly found in the soil environment of herbaceous and garden plants [Zimowska and Machowicz-Stefaniak 2004, Berbegal et al. 2007, Machowicz-Stefaniak and Zalewska 2007, Ortega and Pérez, 2007. ...
The achenes of milk thistle contain a variety of lipids, proteins and biologically active substance, which is why they are used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic products, as well as an ingredient of functional food and animal feed. The yield of milk thistle is de-termined by both agrotechnological factors (sowing date, cultivation regime, fertilization) and the health status of plants. The study was conducted over the years 2009–2011 in ex-perimental plots located in Tomaszkowo (NE Poland). The experiment involved the fol-lowing treatments: 1. N 0 PK, 2. N 0 PKMg, 3. N 0 PKMg+microelement B, 4. N 1 PK, 5. N 1 PKMg, 6. N 1 PKMg+B, 7. N 2 PK, 8. N 2 PKMg, 9. N 2 PKMg+B, 10. N 3 PK, 11. N 3 PKMg, 12. N 3 PKMg+B (where: N 0 – without nitrogen fertilization, N 1 – 40 kg · ha -1 /ammonium nitrate/, N 2 – 80 kg · ha -1 , N 3 – 120 kg · ha -1 , P – 40 kg · ha -1 /triple super-phosphate/, K – 117 kg · ha -1 /60% potash salt/, Mg – 20 kg · ha -1 /kieserite/ before sow-ing, B – foliar application/Bormax/). The structure of fungal communities colonizing the stems of milk thistle was analyzed at the laboratory. Achene yield was determined after harvest. The composition of fungal communities colonizing the stems of milk thistle was affected by weather conditions, and macronutrient and B fertilization. Potential pathogens had a 50–80% share of the fungal community. The predominant species was Alternaria alternata, fungi of the genus Fusarium were identified less frequently (six species), while Rhizoctonia solani, Botrytis cinerea and Phoma spp. were encountered only sporadically. The abundance of A. alternata was lower in treatments without N fertilization and with N fertilization at 40 kg P · ha -1 . In contrast to A. alternata, fungi of the genus Fusarium were less abundant in treatments with Mg and Mg+B fertilization. The yield of milk thistle achenes increased in response to increasing rates of nitrogen fertilization.
... Weather conditions over the research years and the cultivation method (crop rotation, monoculture) mostly diversified the milk thistle yields (Table 2). A decrease in the yield of milk thistle grown in monoculture was a result of a high intensity of insect feeding [Andrzejewska et al. 2006]. A three-week delay in the sowing date made ripening occur later in summer, when it was warmer, which enhanced the accumulation of silymarin. ...
... A high content of silymarin is obtained from plants producing high fruit yields, which also coincides with other reports [Hetz et al. 1995]. One of the main conditions of high yields is keeping the plantation pest-free [Andrzejewska et al. 2006]. Of the flavonolignans which make up the silymarin, the content of silydianin changes more than the content of silychristin and isosilybin. ...
The aim of the research was to identify characters which determine the yield and the content of silymarin in the fruits (achenes) of Silybum marianum as well as to show the range of their variation. The research was performed based on field experiments conducted at the Mochełek Research Station (53o13’ N; 17o51’ E) over 2003-2005. Fruit yield and the content of silymarin were affected mainly by weather conditions, the forecrop and the sowing time. The coefficient of variance for fruit yields was 37.3%, and the content of silymarin – 12.7%. Plant height prior to harvest, number of fruits per anthodium on lateral and main shoots, thousand fruit weight, number of anthodiums with pappus and number of all the anthodiums per plant were significantly correlated with fruit yield. The content of silymarin was positively correlated with the number of plants per m2 prior to harvest, plant height prior to harvest and fruit yield, and negatively correlated with the content of total N in the reserve material of fruits. The content of flavonolignans which make up the silymarin appeared relatively constant and only silydianin changes slightly more than the content of silychristin and isosilybin.
The aim of this study is to determine the total phenolic content and the antioxidant potential of Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae), medicinal plant widely used in Algerian folk medicine.
Air-dried and powdered aerial parts of Peganum harmala, harvested from the area of Tébessa (North-Eastern Algeria), were extracted by percolation using solvents with increasing polarity, successively: petroleum ether (PE), dichloromethane (DM), ethyl acetate (EA) and methanol (ME), to yield dry extracts. The capacity of the obtained extracts to inhibit the free radical 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) was measured according to the method of Loo et al. (2008). Total phenolic content was estimated as gallic acid equivalents per milligram of dried plant extract, according to the Folin-Ciocalteu phenol reagent method (Li et al., 2007).
The ME extract showed, on the one hand, the best DPPH inhibition percentage at test-concentration, and, on the other hand, the highest yield which was 4.3, 5.6 and 15.8-fold higher than that of PE, DM and EA extracts, respectively. Its total phenolic content was 2-fold higher than that of PE, DM and EA extracts.
Peganum harmala may be suggested as a new potential source of natural antioxidant via its ME extract justifying the Algerian folk medicine use of this plant. Further investigations are necessary in order to refine its antioxidant potential and to determine its phytochemical composition.
