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Dated phylogenetic tree from a Bayesian phylogeny reconstruction (BEAST version 1.6). Branches supported by posterior probabilities > 0.95 are thick and those with posterior probabilities of 0.85–0.95 are tagged by a star. On the same tree, an ancestral state reconstruction was inferred using a likelihood reconstruction method (binary-state speciation and extinction, BiSSE). Grey (vs. black) colour represents Neotropical (vs. Palaeotropical) species or internal nodes. States for unambiguous nodes are not represented for the sake of clarity.
Source publication
The ~Chrysobalanaceae is used to show the pace of evolution of species in the neotropics
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... A special case of environmental determination of rates is 'ecological limits', where the outcome of the diversification process (i.e. species diversity itself) is thought to exert a feedback effect on rates, increasing extinction or decreasing speciation/immigration (dark green arrow).Doyle, 2012), Chrysobalanaceae (Bardon et al., 2013), Sapotaceae (Richardson et al., 2014) and Malvaceae (Richardson et al., 2015). How can we reconcile the fact that phylogenetic evidence supports the mid-Cretaceous TRF origin scenario, while strong fossil evidence for TRF is not found until the early Cenozoic? ...
Summary' I. 'Introduction' II. 'A brief history of hypotheses' III. 'Age of TRF biome and lineages' IV. 'Frequency of immigration from other biomes' V. 'Speciation and extinction' VI. 'Ecological limits' VII. 'Key methodological challenges' VIII. 'Perspectives' IX. 'Conclusions' 'Acknowledgements' References Tropical rainforest (TRF) is the most species-rich terrestrial biome on Earth, harbouring just under half of the world's plant species in c. 7% of the land surface. Phylogenetic trees provide important insights into mechanisms underpinning TRF hyperdiversity that are complementary to those obtained from the fossil record. Phylogenetic studies of TRF plant diversity have mainly focused on whether this biome is an evolutionary ‘cradle’ or ‘museum’, emphasizing speciation and extinction rates. However, other explanations, such as biome age, immigration and ecological limits, must also be considered. We present a conceptual framework for addressing the drivers of TRF diversity, and review plant studies that have tested them with phylogenetic data. Although surprisingly few in number, these studies point to old age of TRF, low extinction and high speciation rates as credible drivers of TRF hyperdiversity. There is less evidence for immigration and ecological limits, but these cannot be dismissed owing to the limited number of studies. Rapid methodological developments in DNA sequencing, macroevolutionary analysis and the integration of phylogenetics with other disciplines may improve our grasp of TRF hyperdiversity in the future. However, such advances are critically dependent on fundamental systematic research, yielding numerous, additional, well-sampled phylogenies of TRF lineages.
... This is reflected in the imbalance in species diversity between the Neotropics and the Palaeotropics for many of the clades investigated in this issue [e.g. Solanaceae, Bignoniaceae, Verbenaceae (Olmstead, 2012); Melastomeae (Michelangeli et al., 2012); and perhaps most strik-ingly in Chrysobalanaceae in which 80% of the 531 species in the family are found in the Neotropics (Bardon et al., 2012)]. The reasons for Neotropical hyperdiversity have inspired and intrigued biogeographers, plant evolutionary biologists and systematists ever since Humboldt set foot in the Andes and first documented the exceptional plant diversity there nearly 200 years ago (Humboldt, 1820). ...
... These insights have been based largely on phylogenetic data, albeit until recently for just a small number of lineages representing a subset of Neotropical biomes. The new data in this issue provide new phylogenetic hypotheses for additional lineages, many of which corroborate emerging ideas for several of the better-studied Neotropical biomes -high elevation grasslands, seasonally dry tropical forests and savannas (see below) -and new data for what remain somewhat more neglected and less well understood biomes, including Amazonian and Mata Atlántica rain forests (Bardon et al., 2012;Michelangeli et al., 2012;Perret et al., 2012;Roncal et al., 2012), campos rupestres (Trovó et al., 2012) and pampas (Fregonezi et al., 2012). High-elevation Andean grasslands. ...
... Six of the seven papers in this issue that include time-calibrated phylogenetic trees include striking examples of species-rich Neotropical clades that originated in the Late Miocene or later, e.g. Couepia Aublet and Hirtella L. (Chrysobalanaceae) (Bardon et al., 2012); species-rich Andean and Mata Atlántica clades of Gesnerioideae (Gesneriaceae) (Perret et al., 2012); Lepechinia (Lamiaceae) (Drew & Sytsma, 2012); Trachycarpeae (Arecaceae) (Bacon et al., 2012); Astrocaryum (Arecaceae) (Roncal et al., 2012) and marked lack of phylogenetic resolution and short branch lengths are also suggestive of recent diversification for Paepalanthus (Eriocaulaceae) in campos rupestres (Trovó et al., 2012) and Petunia Juss. and Calibrachoa Cerv. ...
This paper and this issue attempt to address how, when and why the phenomenal c. 100,000 species of seed plants in tropical America (the Neotropics) arose. It is increasingly clear that an approach focusing on individual major biomes rather than a single aggregate view is useful because of evidence for differing diversification histories among biomes. Phylogenetic evidence suggests that Neotropical‐scale diversification patterns are structured more ecologically than geographically, with a key role for phylogenetic niche or biome conservatism. Lower geographical structure reflects the fact that long‐distance dispersal, inferred from dated phylogenetic trees, has overcome many supposed dispersal barriers. Overall, high rates of species turnover as inferred from palaeontological and molecular data have been the hallmark of plant evolutionary dynamics in the Neotropics throughout the Cenozoic, with most extant species diversity post‐dating the Mid‐ to Late Miocene, perhaps reflecting the conjunction of both global climatic changes and geological upheavals such as the Neogene uplift of the tropical Andes. Future studies of Neotropical diversification will be facilitated by taxonomically and genetically better sampled phylogenetic analyses, their integration with palaeontological, geological and ecological data, and improved methods to estimate biogeographic history and diversification dynamics at different spatial and temporal scales. Future biome‐focused approaches would benefit greatly from better delimitation and mapping of Neotropical biomes. © 2012 The Linnean Society of London
