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This paper evaluates the impact of multi-5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a Fifth Generation (5G) of cellular networks. Both the proposed model and the analysis of the EE in this study take into account (i) the path losses, fading, and shadowing that affect the received signal at the user equipment (UE) within the same cell, a...
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Citations
... Yang et al. [18] investigated the impact of vehicle obstructions on the angular distributions of multipath components. Alsharif et al. [19] evaluated the effect of 5G small cell systems on the energy efficiency (EE) in a 5G cellular system using the large-scale parameters of pathloss and shadowing both of which affect the small cells received signal strength. They concluded that massive MIMO in the mmWave system improves the EE of small cells in UDN while reducing interference. ...
span>Network densification (ND) in 5G has been suggested as a solution to improve network capacity. ND has small cell backhaul as its bottleneck in the ensuing ultra-dense network (UDN). Due to the new deployment scenarios of small cells, it becomes necessary to thoroughly investigate the radio-propagation characteristics of the new transmission path between the base station and the small cells. The problem of the impact of small cell height on the backhaul large-scale parameters under typical outdoor-to-indoor (high-rise) and outdoor-to-outdoor (street canyon) scenarios was first investigated. Next, the probability distribution functions of the various parameters were investigated and modeled. Novel use of 5G NR air interface using a deterministic ray-tracing engine to characterize the backhaul at
28 GHz center frequency and 100 MHz bandwidth using 4x4 cross-polarized uniform planar array (UPA) at the base station and 2x2 multiple input, multiple output (MIMO) antennas at the small cells was proposed. New sets of models for root mean square (RMS) delay spread and RMS angular spread suitable for predicting network deployment in the two scenarios and similar environments were presented.</span
... Mobile subscriptions increased by about 4 percent, while cellular data usage increased by around 70 percent between Q1 2016 and Q1 2017 [1]. These increases can be attributed to an increase load of signals from smart phones [2] as well as growth in machine to machine applications (automotive systems, robots, remote controls.) ...
The rapid growth of both mobile users and application numbers has caused a huge load on the core network (CN). This is attributed to the large numbers of control messages circulating between CN entities for each communication or service request, however, making it imperative to develop innovative designs to handle this load. Consequently, a variety of proposed architectures, including a software defined network (SDN) paradigm focused on the separation of control and data plans, have been implemented to make networks more flexible. Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) architecture has been suggested for this purpose, which is based on separating base band units (BBU) from several base stations and assembling these in one place. In this work, a novel approach to realize this process is based on SDN and C-RAN, which also distributes the control elements of the CN and locates them alongside the BBU to obtain the lowest possible load. The performance of this proposed architecture was evaluated against traditional architecture using MATLAB simulation, and. the results of this assessment indicated a major reduction in signalling load as compared to that seen in the traditional architecture. Overall, the number of signalling messages exchanged between control entities was decreased by 53.19 percent as compared to that seen in the existing architecture. © 2021 Institute of Advanced Engineering and Science. All rights reserved.
... Although there is a swelling interest in the field of IoT technology, several challenges still need to be investigated. One of the most significant challenges is the limited energy of the sensor nodes comprising the IoT network [84]. In order to overcome this challenge, reliable communication protocols need to be developed that increase network life span and reduce energy consumption. ...
Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) is an innovative technology employed for enhancing the energy sustainability of wireless devices with a limited life span. The idea of integrating WPT in wireless communication leads to the idea of Simultaneous Wireless Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) that transfers information and power to wireless devices simultaneously, thereby resulting in a drastic increase in spectral efficiency of the network. SWIPT aided Cooperative Relaying (CoR) has emerged as a new trend for Fifth Generation (5G) and Beyond 5G (B5G) systems owing to the rapidly increasing challenges faced by these networks. Cooperative relaying combined with SWIPT can be helpful in overcoming the rising demands of next generation wireless networks by providing an enhanced date rate, low latency, shorter coverage, wide spread connectivity of massive number of devices along with energy-efficiency. This article provides a comprehensive review of SWIPT technology that enables the use of CoR networks for 5G and B5G mobile networks including the significance, technologies, and protocols which can be applied. This article also examines the deployment of cooperative SWIPT involving a single relay, multiple relays and optimal relay selection, multi antenna systems and optimal beamforming.SWIPT under the influence of Hardware Impairments (HI), imperfect Channel State Information (CSI), non-linear energy harvesting models, Intelligent Reconfigurable Surface (IRS), massive MIMO, massive access for the Internet of Things (IoT) has been discussed in detail. Meanwhile, this study discusses key challenges being faced in the implementation of SWIPT for future wireless networks that need to be addressed efficiently.
... In the HetNets, it is more inefficient. Because of different features of femtocells like access mode, measurement reports in the HO process includes more information which means increased delays during the HO process [17,18]. The other issue is based on the intrafrequency inter-cell layer type of HO. ...
... A disadvantage of the process is obvious when small cell works in different carrier frequencies. In this regard, the power consumption of UE increases; moreover, because of the measurement gaps, achievable throughput is reduced [17]. ...
The importance of Heterogeneous Networks (HetNets) is increased after enabling the high band spectrum such as millimeter Wave (mmWave), in the development of the Fifth Generation (5G) wireless communication system. In a HetNet, small cells are suitable to operate by using mmWave due to its short-range, while macrocells are liable to use long-range radio waves. As a result, the performance of the next generations of wireless communication systems will enhance dramatically. However, the networks' architecture has become more complex and challenging to manage and optimize. Besides, the handover (HO) among small cells is another big challenge and needs to address it on a prior basis. Different techniques are proposed in the literature to improve the current network architectures. In this paper, we provide fundamental background concepts and notions used in the 5G wireless communication system. Besides, we study different HO techniques and management schemes that perform acceptably in the dynamic nature of next-generation wireless networks. Finally, the software-defined network and machine learning-based approaches are suggested as solutions for HO management in the 5G HetNet system.
The advent of the 5G era has a very important influence and effect on the development of cities in our country, and it can also play a certain role in promoting the development of urban sculpture in our country in the future. In a modern society, 5G technology can continue to develop. Full use of this technology in the process of urban sculpture business can accurately and comprehensively analyze the current development of urban sculpture business, meet the needs of stable development of the city, provide innovations in new sculpture business, and promote the sustainable development of cities in our country. Promote the continuous progress of the city towards the direction of intelligence. This paper takes the development status and innovation transformation of urban sculpture under the background of 5G as the theoretical basis of the research, and integrates its important content to analyze and research the improvement of urban sculpture. This article takes the development of sculpture as the research object, and optimizes and improves the decision-making method of urban sculpture under the background of 5G. Through the combination of the new data analysis technology in the 5G era and the urban sculpture career, based on this, this article outlines the urban sculpture career and proposes the application of the urban sculpture career in the construction of smart cities in the 5G era. The application of 5G technology in the urban sculpture business can create many opportunities for the development of cities and sculptures by improving the development and innovation of urban sculpture business, provide many conveniences, and also help comprehensively enhance the innovation and transformation of urban sculptures. The experimental results show that this research has a better effect on improving the development and innovation of urban sculpture undertakings using the technology in the era of 5G background.
