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Liquefaction is an earthquake ground failure mechanism that occurs in loose, saturated granular sediments and has caused extensive damage to the ground. Liquefaction potential zoning is the process of estimating the response of soil layers under earthquake excitations. Ground conditions play important roles in the prediction of hazards caused by ea...
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Citations
... In data-scarce regions, such as the Kathmandu Valley, geostatistical tools may be used to extrapolate results from point locations to a geographical area (e.g., De Risi et al. 2021). Kriging interpolation is often used to determine values for liquefaction potential measures at locations without sufficient geotechnical data (e.g., Baise and Lenz 2006;Maruyama et al. 2010;Pokhrel et al. 2010Pokhrel et al. , 2013Pokhrel et al. , 2012Thompson et al. 2010;Chung and Rogers 2011;Baker and Faber 2008;Liu andChen 2006, 2010;Habibullah et al. 2012). ...
An assessment of liquefaction potential for the Kathmandu Valley considering seasonal variability of the groundwater table has been conducted. To gain deeper understanding seven historical liquefaction records located adjacent to borehole datapoints (published in SAFER/GEO-591) were used to compare two methods for the estimation of liquefaction potential. Standard Penetration Test (SPT) blowcount data from 75 boreholes inform the new liquefaction potential maps. Various scenarios were modelled, i.e., seasonal variation of the groundwater table and peak ground acceleration. Ordinary kriging, implemented in ArcGIS, was used to prepare maps at urban scale. Liquefaction potential calculations using the methodology from (Sonmez, Environ Geol 44:862-871, 2003) provided a good match to the historical liquefaction records in the region. Seasonal variation of the groundwater table is shown to have a significant effect on the spatial distribution of calculated liquefac-tion potential across the valley. The less than anticipated liquefaction manifestations due to the Gorkha earthquake are possibly due to the seasonal water table level.
... It is obvious that investigation and assessment of sub and site surface relating to geology and geomorphological structure is of paramount importance in terms of delineating liquefaction potential zones of a site [12]. Liquefaction potential zonation is a scientific and technical approach for estimating and understanding the types of soil and or sediment structures that are under earthquake excitation and hence GIS is possibly the best approach to carry out this task [13]. The main idea behind identifying each site for liquefaction potential, is to identify and assess several geological, seismological and geomorphological factors in a GIS environment, each to be weighted and ranked in accordance with its potential for causing liquefaction [12]. ...
Road infrastructure developments in rural Papua New Guinea (PNG) have not picked up pace due to mountainous and difficult geographical landscape. Hence road accessibility in rural Salt Nomane Karimui (SNK) District of Simbu province is emerged as a serious concern particularly with regard to impact of poor accessibility and mobility on agricultural produce and ability to access public amenities. Governing agencies have plans in place for road connectivity in Karimui region and other parts of SNK district but their attempts remain unsuccessful due to difficult geography and lack of technical data. This study utilized Geographical Information System (GIS) and multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) techniques through Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop site suitability model to evaluate mountainous terrain and forest road connectivity in SNK district. The approach looking at in this research is to classify suitability factors into two principle classes’ i.e. Geophysical and Geotechnical influence as principle factors. Relatively important geophysical factors influencing road suitability sites including altitude, slope, river network, road and rainfall data are integrated to generate alternatively suitability map one. Geotechnical factors influencing road suitability sites including Lithology, Soil Texture and Landform are integrated to generate alternatively suitability map two. The final suitability map is produced by integrating the thematic layers of two principle factors and classified into five suitability classes i.e. less suitable, marginally less suitable, moderately suitable, suitable and highly suitable.
... These reclaimed areas are susceptible to liquefaction if an earthquake of sufficient energy occurs [2]. Some researchers have used GIS mapping as a tool for assessment of Liquefaction hazard [3][4][5][6][7]. In this research, a risk assessment has been done using GIS map as GIS map can clearly reveal the high Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) effect on subsoil. ...
Although liquefaction of soil is a function of soil condition but the effect of Peak Ground Acceleration (PGA) is obvious. A total of ten boreholes were selected in the Mohammadpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh for the study. Liquefaction potential at three different levels (3, 6 and 10 m) and for three different PGA of 0.15 g, 0.30 g and 0.47 g was estimated. Liquefaction maps were drawn by using Arc GIS software and the vulnerability due to liquefaction was categorized into three different names as liquefiable, marginally liquefiable and non-liquefiable. By analyzing the liquefaction maps a risk assessment of the study area has been done in this research. The liquefaction maps reveal a bird's eye view of the whole research project. High PGA value results in a high susceptibility to liquefaction. For a PGA of 0.47g the study areas are highly vulnerable in case of liquefaction at all levels. Although Mohammadpur as well as Dhaka is in the earthquake zone 2 with zone coefficient of 0.15 but it could be in danger if high PGA occurs. So it is of great concern. High PGA values should be taken into consideration during designing any structure in the study area and existing design should be modified as PGA is a dominant factor. An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the hazard due to liquefaction was also done which indicates that Strong ground shaking associated with a large earthquake on a nearby fault in the study area could trigger soil liquefaction and associated ground failures the impact of which would be significant.
... It is obvious that investigation and assessment of sub and site surface relating to geology and geomorphological structure is of paramount importance in terms of delineating liquefaction potential zones of a site [12]. Liquefaction potential zonation is a scientific and technical approach for estimating and understanding the types of soil and or sediment structures that are under earthquake excitation and hence GIS is possibly the best approach to carry out this task [13]. The main idea behind identifying each site for liquefaction potential, is to identify and assess several geological, seismological and geomorphological factors in a GIS environment, each to be weighted and ranked in accordance with its potential for causing liquefaction [12]. ...
The multifaceted discipline GIS has a definite role to play in monitoring tectonism-induced calamities. Before installing high-valued infrastructure, one can utilize the GIS technology to find out the usefulness of the investment, by carrying out proper site analysis. Abetted by affable subsoil, severe ground shaking might lead to liquefaction causing infrastructure collapse and conflagration, which is the common earthquake hazards experienced worldwide. Tremor-induced damage to built-up infrastructures like roads, bridges, buildings and other properties is accompanied by human and other livestock casualties. The appropriate planning process should be in place with a view to safeguarding people’s welfare, infrastructures and other properties at a site based on proper evaluation and assessments of the potential level of earthquake hazard. One can use the information so derived in minimizing risk from earthquakes and also can foster appropriate construction design and formulation of building codes at a particular site. Different disciplines adopt different approaches in assessing and monitoring earthquake hazard throughout the world. In the current study, the potentials of space technology and spatial science were used to appraise potentials of earthquake hazards in the study area. Subsurface geology and geomorphology were the common features or factors that were assessed and integrated in GIS platform complemented with seismic data record like peak ground acceleration (PGA), historical earthquake magnitude and earthquake depth to evaluate and prepare liquefaction potential zones (LPZ) culminating in earthquake hazard zonation of our study sites. The precept has been that during any earthquake event, the seismic wave is generated and propagates from earthquake focus to the surface. As it propagates, it passes through certain geological, geomorphological and specific soil features, where these features according to their strength/stiffness/moisture content aggravate or attenuate the strength of wave propagation to the surface. Depending upon the media of the propagation of seismic waves, the resulting intensity of shaking might culminate in the collapse of built-up infrastructures. For the case of earthquake hazard zonation, the overall assessment was carried out through integrating seismicity data layers with LPZ. Multi-criteria evaluation (MCE) with Saaty’s Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was adopted for this study. In the current study, GIS technology was used to integrate several thematic layers having potential contributions to liquefaction triggered by earthquake hazard. The factors were appropriately weighted and ranked in tune with their contribution to earthquake-induced liquefaction. The weightage and ranking assigned to each factor were normalized with AHP technique. ArcGIS 10 software was mainly utilized such as ‘raster calculator’, ‘reclassify’ and ‘overlay analysis’ as spatial analysis tools in the study. The earthquake hazard zones along with LPZ were reclassified as final output. Hazard zones were segmented as ‘Very high’, ‘High’, ‘Moderate’, ‘Low’ and ‘Very Low’ to indicate the levels of vulnerability in the study region.
... Investigation and assessment of site and sub-surface relating to geology and geomorphological structure is of importance in terms of identifying plausible Liquefaction Potential Zones (LPZs) (Sharma and Solanki, 2013). Liquefaction susceptible zonation is a scientific and technical approach into estimating and understanding the types of soil and or sediment structures that are under earthquake excitation and hence GIS is the most preferable approach to carry out this task (Habibullah et al. 2012). In order to delineate LSZs in GIS platform, we need to identify and assess several input data in the form of geological, seismological and geomorphological factors. ...
Earthquake-induced liquefaction is common in the areas where incidence of earthquake is high along with an amenable soil substratum. However, the extent of liquefaction is controlled by types of site and sub-surface soil-geological factors present in that particular earthquake-prone areas. The earthquake-induced liquefaction can be a major calamity that warrants appropriate investigations in infrastructure development planning. To identify susceptible areas of liquefaction in the earthquake-prone areas, the site soil-geology and earthquake data are mostly needed. There are different approaches used discipline-wise across the world to identify areas that are prone to liquefaction. The output results are used as tools for site selection and also for determining viability of funding in infrastructure development. Liquefaction is one of the main Geo-hazards related to tremor. The presence of saturated soils or unconsolidated sediments in a particular area can pose greater chance of liquefaction at certain earthquake magnitude levels. The study sought to evaluate and assess site and sub-surface soil-geology including historical data on magnitude and frequency of earthquake events that occurred within the study region to identify and demarcate areas that are more susceptible to liquefaction. The main method applied was multi-criteria evaluation using GIS and Remote sensing technologies. Several thematic layers were prepared from the database as mentioned, followed by assigning weightage to each thematic layer generated. The final outputs of liquefaction-prone areas were identified using the weighted overlay tool in ArcGIS 10.2 computer software and were reclassified to show levels of susceptibility from 'very high', 'high', 'medium', 'low' to 'very low'.
... It is obvious that investigation and assessment of sub and site surface relating to geology and geomorphological structure is of paramount importance in terms of delineating liquefaction potential zones of a site [12]. Liquefaction potential zonation is a scientific and technical approach for estimating and understanding the types of soil and or sediment structures that are under earthquake excitation and hence GIS is possibly the best approach to carry out this task [13]. The main idea behind identifying each site for liquefaction potential, is to identify and assess several geological, seismological and geomorphological factors in a GIS environment, each to be weighted and ranked in accordance with its potential for causing liquefaction [12]. ...
Tectonism induced Tsunami, fire, landslide along with the tremor-triggered-liquefaction are the common hazards experienced worldwide. Such hazards often lead to collapse of built-up infrastructures like roads, bridges, buildings apart from inflicting heavy toll on human life and properties. Momase region of Papua New Guinea is one such vulnerable stretch where the appropriate planning is paramount in safeguarding the life and infrastructures. The study sought evaluation and assessments of the level of vulnerability to earthquakes in Momase region. The output can be used as a tool to assist in appropriate site selection that will minimize the earthquake damage risk and also to assist in better and appropriate future construction design or planning at a site. For the present study, application potentials of GIS and remote sensing are utilized to evaluate and assess possible earthquake hazard in the study region. The influence of soil and geology as the media responsible for aggravating or mollifying earthquake waves are underlined as input. These are the media that influence ferocity of shaking intensity leading to the destructions during an earthquake episode. Therefore, the site-soil geology and geomorphology are assessed and integrated within GIS environment coupled with seismicity data layers to evaluate and prepare liquefaction potential zones, followed by earthquake hazard zonation of the study area. Multi-criteria evaluation with analytical hierarchy process are adopted for this study. The technology involves preparing and assessing several contributing factors (thematic layers) that are assigned weightage and rankings, and finally normalizing the assigned weights and ranking. The spatial analysis tool in ArcGIS 10, the raster calculator, reclassify and weightage overlay tools were mainly employed in the study. The final output of LPZ and earthquake hazard zones were reclassified to ‘very high’, ‘high’, ‘moderate’, ‘low’ and ‘very low’ to indicate levels of hazard within a study region.
... It is obvious that investigation and assessment of sub and site surface relating to geology and geomorphological structure is of paramount importance in terms of delineating liquefaction potential zones of a site [12]. Liquefaction potential zonation is a scientific and technical approach for estimating and understanding the types of soil and or sediment structures that are under earthquake excitation and hence GIS is possibly the best approach to carry out this task [13]. The main idea behind identifying each site for liquefaction potential, is to identify and assess several geological, seismological and geomorphological factors in a GIS environment, each to be weighted and ranked in accordance with its potential for causing liquefaction [12]. ...
Tectonism induced Tsunami, fire, landslide
along with the tremor-triggered-liquefaction are the
common hazards experienced worldwide. Such hazards
often lead to collapse of built-up infrastructures like
roads, bridges, buildings apart from inflicting heavy toll
on human life and properties. Momase region of Papua
New Guinea is one such vulnerable stretch where the
appropriate planning is paramount in safeguarding the life
and infrastructures. The study sought evaluation and
assessments of the level of vulnerability to earthquakes in
Momase region. The output can be used as a tool to assist
in appropriate site selection that will minimize the
earthquake damage risk and also to assist in better and
appropriate future construction design or planning at a
site. For the present study, application potentials of GIS
and remote sensing are utilized to evaluate and assess
possible earthquake hazard in the study region. The
influence of soil and geology as the media responsible for
aggravating or mollifying earthquake waves are underlined
as input. These are the media that influence ferocity
of shaking intensity leading to the destructions during an
earthquake episode. Therefore, the site-soil geology and
geomorphology are assessed and integrated within GIS
environment coupled with seismicity data layers to evaluate
and prepare liquefaction potential zones, followed by
earthquake hazard zonation of the study area. Multi-criteria
evaluation with analytical hierarchy process are
adopted for this study. The technology involves preparing
and assessing several contributing factors (thematic layers)
that are assigned weightage and rankings, and finally
normalizing the assigned weights and ranking. The spatial
analysis tool in ArcGIS 10, the raster calculator, reclassify
and weightage overlay tools were mainly employed in the
study. The final output of LPZ and earthquake hazard
zones were reclassified to ‘very high’, ‘high’, ‘moderate’,
‘low’ and ‘very low’ to indicate levels of hazard within a
study region.
... The application of liquefaction potential by using the data of mean grain size and standard penetration test values has been demonstrated [7]. In this study, the mean grain diameter is used for determining in undrained cyclic resistance. ...
The physical properties of sand soil which give effect to the resistance of liquefaction include grain size and density. Those physical properties of sand soil associated to liquefaction resistance have been studied in laboratory. Based on that study, the method to assess the liquefaction potential then is proposed. In laboratory tests, the vibration source is given by using the shaking table. During the tests, the acceleration and settlement are recorded. It then concluded that there is a relationship between density and gain size particles associated with liquefaction resistance for certain acceleration of vibration. The cone penetration and relative density relationship has been developed based on experiments in laboratory. Based on the results of those laboratory tests, the liquefaction potential of a certain site then assessed. It is found that the relative density and mean gain size relationship can be used to assess liquefaction potential in sand deposits.
... Liquefaction is a process of transforming any substance into a liquid. Fine-grained soilsare transformed from a solid state to a liquefied state as a consequence of increased pore pressure and reduced effective stress [1,2]. In situ tests and simplified procedures are frequently used to evaluate the liquefaction of soils. ...
In this study, geotechnical properties derived through field tests were primarily discussed in GIS-based environments. The distribution of geological formations, seismic and geotechnical soil properties was realized with the maps developed by adopting the Inverse Distance Weight Interpolation (IDWI) method. Analyzes carried out have revealed that the amplification ratio (the ratio of the horizontal to vertical seismic wave velocity denoted as H/V) of soils reaches 3.3. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model was developed to predict the bearing capacity of soil using data from both field and laboratory experiments. The prediction model created with trapezoidal membership functions was able to predict the bearing capacity of the soils with a very high rate of success with R2: 0.91 and MSE: 0.02. The simulations displayed that the maximum bearing capacity of soil is obtained for the soil layer at a depth of 14 m with Poisson’s ratio of 0.1, the dynamic elastic modulus of 7,674 kg/cm2, the unit weight of 1.6 g/cm3 and 477 m/s of shear wave velocity. This study showed that GISbased mapping processes can be used effectively in the holistic evaluation of a region in terms of seismic and geotechnical characterization. In addition, it has been demonstrated that successful results can be achieved in the characterization and prediction of soil properties with appropriate datasets.
