Table 4 - uploaded by Amrit Lal Singh
Content may be subject to copyright.
Source publication
Context in source publication
Context 1
... reference evapotranspiration is determined using the Penman- Montith equation for the crop growth period. These ETo determined for 1- 25 days, 25-75 days and 75-105 days and estimated daily water require- ments of per plant for the entire crop growth season (Kharif) for the semi arid region is presented in the Table 4. Using the daily value of Ud and Pd in equation (1) the Td was estimated for trickle/drip irrigation. ...
Similar publications
Метою дослідження є виявлення механічних теорій міцності та математичних моделей визначення граничного напруженого стану анізотропних матеріалів, придатних для адекватного опису пружної області деформування деревини хвойних і листяних порід в умовах двовісного, плоского та об'ємного механічних навантажень. Актуальність такого дослідження зумовлена...
Citations
... Drip irrigation promises complete elimination of the problem of water stress even under severe water scarcity condition. Unlike the conventional method of irrigation, pipe network and emitters in drip irrigation delivers the water near the root zone of crops without much loss of water, resulting in higher water productivity [13]. ...
Availability of ample and nutritious fodder for livestock is always a challenge in arid region. Choice of crops such as groundnut that can fulfil the requirement of fodder with its crop residues along with human needs can be a viable option to bridge the gap between availability and requirement of fodder. The fodder yield and quality largely depend on soil moisture and nutrient supply especially sulphur (S), a key nutrient for improving groundnut fodder quality. However, no researchers have given emphasis on coupling effect of drip irrigation (DI) and sulphur on fodder yield, quality, digestibility and water use efficiency (WUE). Therefore, the study was conducted to determine the effects of different regimes of DI and S on productivity and quality of fodder. Results revealed that higher regimes of DI i.e. 0.8 +1.0 PE(pan evaporation) and 1.0 PE level of irrigation along with 40 kg S ha-1 significantly improved the yield, primary quality traits (crude protein, ether extract and ash), digestibility indices and significant reduction in Fibers which indicates improvement in quality of fodder. Fodder productivity was 27.0 and 25.6% higher in 1.0 PE and 0.8+1.0 PE level of irrigation, respectively, as compared to 0.6 PE level (lower water regime) of irrigation, although 0.6 PE level of irrigation recorded higher WUE and was at par with 0.8 PE and 0.6 +1.0 PE level of DI. By changing the levels of DI from 1.0 PE to 0.8+1.0 PE, considerable water can be saved without affecting the yield and quality of fodder. Similarly, crop responded to S up to 60 kg ha-1 but at par with 40 kg S ha-1 indicating that application of extra S after 40 kg did not warrant any extra benefit in terms of fodder yield, WUE and quality of fodder. Thus, adjusting the PE levels of DI for water saving and optimal S application can be a sustainable strategy to improve the productivity and quality of groundnut fodder in arid region.
... Yield of groundnut kernels was ~30-40% higher in the ZBNF treatment (see supplementary material, Table S1). This finding is notable because groundnut is the most important oilseed crop in India (Singh et al. 2013) and covers 537,000 ha in Andhra Pradesh alone (Naik et al. 2020). To meet increased crop demands on a diminishing area of available land (16% of the land area in India remains for potential conversion to agriculture, at most), efficiency of crop production must increase (Smith et al. 2020). ...
... To meet increased crop demands on a diminishing area of available land (16% of the land area in India remains for potential conversion to agriculture, at most), efficiency of crop production must increase (Smith et al. 2020). Therefore, methods that can improve groundnut productivity are particularly beneficial because, despite having the largest groundnut area in the world, India is not the largest producer of groundnut (Naik et al. 2020;Singh et al. 2013). Andhra Pradesh is also India's largest producer of tomatoes, covering 167 thousand hectares (Yesdhanulla and Aparna 2018). ...
Unlabelled:
Zero Budget Natural Farming (ZBNF) is a grassroot agrarian movement and a state backed extension in Andhra Pradesh, and has been claimed to potentially meet the twin goals of global food security and environmental conservation. However, there is a lack of statistically evaluated data to support assertions of yield benefits of ZBNF compared to organic or conventional alternatives, or to mechanistically account for them. In order to fill this gap, controlled field experiments were established in twenty-eight farms across six districts, spanning over 800 km, over three cropping seasons. In these experiments, we compared ZBNF (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, home-made inputs comprising desi cow dung and urine with mulch) to conventional (synthetic fertilisers and pesticides) and organic (no synthetic pesticides or fertilisers, no mulch, purchased organic inputs, e.g. farmyard manure and vermicompost) treatments, all with no tillage. Comparisons were made in terms of yield, soil pH, temperature, moisture content, nutrient content and earthworm abundance. Our data shows that yield was significantly higher in the ZBNF treatment (z score = 0.58 ± 0.08), than the organic (z= -0.34 ± 0.06) or conventional (-0.24 ± 0.07) treatment when all farm experiments were analysed together. However, the efficacy of the ZBNF treatment was context specific and varied according to district and the crop in question. The ZBNF yield benefit is likely attributed to mulching, generating a cooler soil, with a higher moisture content and a larger earthworm population. There were no significant differences between ZBNF and the conventional treatment in the majority of nutrients. This is a particularly important observation, as intensive use of synthetic pesticides and fertilisers comes with a number of associated risks to farmers' finances, human health, greenhouse gas emissions, biodiversity loss and environmental pollution. However, long-term field and landscape scale trials are needed to corroborate these initial observations.
Supplementary information:
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13593-023-00884-x.
... The flowering and pod filling are more sensitive to soil water deficiency compared with early vegetative and late maturity (Stansell and Pallas 1985;Doorenbos and Kassam 1986;Boote and Ketring 1990;Reddy et al. 2003). Singh et al. (2013) stated that under semi-arid areas often with low and irregular rainfall peanut yield and yield qualities, growth and development are influenced by soil-water deficit or water stress, and conservation of optimum soil water at crucial growth stages is the key factor for obtaining higher peanut yields. ...
This study compares conventional drip irrigation (CDI) and partial root drying (PRD) on yield components, oil quality, and economic return of peanut crops in the 2014 and 2015 growing seasons in the Mediterranean climatic conditions of Türkiye. The main plots and subplots consisted of 3 irrigation frequencies (IF25; IF50 and IF75) and 7 irrigation levels (IL0.50=0.50, IL0.75=0.75, IL1.0=1.00, IL1.25=1.25, ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100). Of the subplots, 4 were CDI treatments (IL0.50=0.50, IL0.75=0.75, IL1.0=1.00, IL1.25=1.25), and 3 were PRD treatments (ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100). CDI treatments (IL0.50, IL0.75, IL1.0, and IL1.25) received 50, 75, 100, and 125 of Cumulative Pan Evaporation. In addition, PRD treatments (ILPRD50, ILPRD75, and ILPRD100) were considered. They received 50, 75, and 100% of IL1.0 treatment from alternate laterals, respectively. The largest and the smallest average peanut yields were obtained from the IF50IL1.25 and IF75IL0.50 treatments each year. The result showed that increasing the irrigation water amount increases the oil yield. The highest oil content, peanut yield, and generating maximum return were obtained from IF50IL1.25 in both growth years. The saturated and unsaturated fatty acid contents were remarkably infuenced by IFs and ILs. Stearic acid concentration considerably decreased under unstressed conditions, while palmitic acid values increase. The peanut quality was also afected under water stress with lower oil content. PRD has a marked efect on peanut quality under defcit irrigation of water applied with signifcantly reduced compared with DI. The high oil yield response factor (kyoil) value acquired for the peanut crop indicated its high sensitivity to irrigation interval and water defcit. It was determined that there are considerable linear relationships between the oleic acid and linoleic acid contents compared to crop evapotranspiration (ETc) during diferent irrigation intervals in each season. Economic assessment expressed that IF50IL1.25 treatment attained the highest seed and oil yield of peanuts and maximum net return in both seasons. Overall, the fndings showed that pod yield per hectare, pod weight per plant, pod number per plant, shelling percentage, palmitic and linoleic acid percentage, oil percentage, and 100-seed weight values increased with increasing irrigation water at each irrigation interval, but oleic and stearic acid percentages decreased in both years.
... The groundnut is an important oilseeds crop of tropical and subtropical world grown on about 25 million ha of land. India has the largest groundnut area in the world, but its average productivity during the last 5 years, is fluctuating between 1300-1750 kg ha -1 mainly due to its rain-fed (84 % area) cultivation during Kharif where drought of various intensity and durations are of common occurrence (Singh et al 2013). Though, there are about 200 groundnut cultivars released in India, only 50-60 are under cultivation which need to be tested for about 20 days drought during mid and late season a common phenomenon during crop growth stages. ...
... Thirty six groundnut cultivars were grown under protected (P), rainfed (RF) as well as exposed to mid season drought (MSD, 50-70 days after sowing DAS) and late season drought (LSD,70-90 DAS) under rainout shelter (ROS) and their physiological parameters (Singh, 2004;Singh et al 2013) were studied with an aim to identify cultivars suitable for various situations. ...
Thirty six groundnut cultivars were grown under protected (P), rainfed (RF) as well as exposed to mid season drought (MSD, 50-70 days after sowing DAS) and late season drought (LSD,70-90 DAS) under rainout shelter (ROS) and their physiological parameters were studied with an aim to identify cultivars suitable for various situations.
The drought delayed flowering, podding and finally affected overall maturity of the crop.
The RF crop took 112-132 days with a CTT of 2114-2420 ºC d to mature as against 113-119 days with 2130-2224 ºC d in protected crop. Interestingly 30 cultivars matured within 112 days at 2114 ºC d under both the situationss indicating their adaptability and elasticity to drought.
The mean pod yield of groundnut cultivars were 1380 kg ha-1 under P and 1300 kg ha-1 under RF, and the cultivars Kadiri 7, RG 425, RG 510, RG 578, RG 559-3, GG 20, GG 16, GJG 22, CSMG 9510, M522, HNG 69, HNG 123 showed more than 1500 kg/ha pod yield under RF situations. The HI ranged from 0.11-0.41 under P and 0.17-0.42 under RF conditions.
... The Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), is a major food legume and oilseeds crop of the tropical and subtropical world and about 41 million tonne pods are harvested from about 25 million hectare (m ha) of land distributed in about 120 countries mainly in semi-arid region (FAO 2015). Though, consumed worldwide, on large scale, the peanut is grown mostly in Asian (11.96 m ha) and African (11.85 m ha) continents and India, China, Nigeria, USA, Myanmar, Senegal, Sudan, Indonesia, Argentina and Tanzania are its major producing countries where it is grown across wide range of environments mostly as rain-fed crop (Singh 2003;Singh et al. 2013a). It requires warm climate with well distributed rainfall of 500-800 mm (Singh 2003). ...
... However, most of the Indian peanut cultivars have a very narrow genetic base (Nigam et al. 2005). The dry matter production is influenced by the rate of physiological processes such as photosynthesis, transpiration and fluorescence (Singh et al. 2013a) governed by fertilizers (Singh et al. 2013b). The high net photosynthesis in peanut during pod filling stage (Nautiyal et al. 1999) specify its time of observation (Singh et al. 2014a). ...
... The high net photosynthesis in peanut during pod filling stage (Nautiyal et al. 1999) specify its time of observation (Singh et al. 2014a). The WUE contribute directly to productivity under limited resources (Wright et al. 1994), and in peanut there is a close relationship between SCMR and WUE (Singh et al. 2013a(Singh et al. , 2014a and SCMR and pod yield (Kalariya et al. 2017). The high association of P N with g s (Nautiyal et al. 2002) indicates that transpiration also regulates P N in peanut (Singh et al. 2014a). ...
Sixty high yielding Indian peanut cultivars were studied for net photosynthesis (PN), transpiration (E), stomatal conductance (gs ), water use efficiency (WUE), radiation use efficiency (RUE), SPAD chlorophyll meter reading (SCMR) and chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm) at 70–75 days and pod and fodder yields at harvest in field during both the Kharif (Wet) and Rabi-summer (Dry) seasons to find out the efficient cultivars and seasons. The dry season crop showed higher values of these parameters except E and Fv/Fm than that of wet season crop and application of Zn increased all these but reduced gs and SCMR. On an average, the peanut cultivars showed 29.9 and 19.4 µmol (CO2) m² s–1PN, 0.57 and 0.26 m s⁻¹gs , 11.4 and 13.2 m mol m⁻² s⁻¹E, 2.67 and 1.49 WUE, 0.018 and 0.012 RUE, 38.2 and 36.3 SCMR and 0.843 and 0.850 Fv/Fm during dry and wet seasons, respectively. The foliar application of zinc as 0.2% zinc-sulphate, during dry season, influenced all these parameters, with an average of 30.6 and 29.3 µmol (CO2) m⁻² s⁻¹PN, 0.54 and 0.60 m s⁻¹gs , 11.7 and 11.2 m mol m⁻² s⁻¹E, 2.69 and 2.65 WUE, 0.019 and 0.018 RUE, 37.8 and 38.7 SCMR and 0.844 and 0.842 Fv/Fm with and without Zn, respectively. The study identified several photosynthetically efficient cultivars. There were 18 cultivars with high PN and gs , 18 cultivars with high PN and E and 17 cultivars with high PN and pod yield. Based on the overall performance the peanut cultivars being recommended are Tirupati 3, TG 37A, CSMG 884, RS 1, S 230, LGN 2, TPG 41 and SG 99 for dry season and GG 20, Tirupati 4, M 197, ALR 2, JL 501 and RG 141 for wet season.
... India has the largest peanut area in the world. However, the area and production of this crop has been fluctuating between 5.5 and 8.5 m ha and 5.0-9.5 million tonnes, respectively, mainly due to biotic and abiotic stresses including salinity (Singh 2011;Singh et al. 2013Singh et al. , 2014Chakraborty et al. 2013). Soil salinity (Gupta and Yadav 1986) and sodicity (Singh and Abrol 1985) limit peanut cultivation in India. ...
Field screening of 210 high yielding peanut germplasm accessions was undertaken to identify salinity tolerant genotypes based on plant mortality, seed yield and nutrient absorption. The salinity (4.5 dS m−1 at sowing and 3.5–3 dS m−1 15–80 days after sowing), reduced plant stand, yield and yield attributes in peanuts with 0–70 % plant mortality and 9–78 % plant stand (average 51 %) at maturity, and out of 210 genotypes, only 134 showed pods setting. The seed yield of peanut genotypes, under saline condition, ranged from 0 to 203 g m−2, and out of these ten genotypes NRCG 10874, 420, 13831, 9052, 12750, 9189, 894, 13787, 13791 and 9038 with more than 150 g m−2 seed yield were categorized as tolerant and 21 genotypes with 100–149 g m−2 seed yield as moderately tolerant to salinity. However, more than 100 genotypes with high mortality and less than 30 g m−2 seed yield were grouped as sensitive to salinity. The mineral analyses, of the tolerant, moderately tolerant and sensitive peanut genotypes, reveals selective absorption of minerals in the leaves with marked differences. The salinity tolerant genotypes showed less than 0.25 % Na, 0.20 Na/K ratio and 0.05 Na/Ca ratio, however, the salinity sensitive genotypes showed more than 0.4 % Na, 0.25 Na/K and 0.06 Na/Ca ratio in their leaves which are proposed as marker for selecting the salinity tolerance peanut genotypes.
... Peanut is an important legume crop grown in tropical and sub-tropical semi-arid regions of the world in rain-fed areas; the yield level is severely affected by shortage of soil moisture. In India, rainfall accounts for over 50% of variance in yield (CHALLINOR et al. 2003) and the average peanut yield in our country is very low because of moisture stress faced at various growth stages, irrespective of the other factors of the crop production package (SINGH et al. 2013). ...
From a field experiment, the changes in oxidative stress and antioxidant enzyme activities were studied in six Spanish peanut cultivars subjected to 25−30 days of water deficit stress at two different stages: pegging and pod development stages. Imposition of water deficit stress significantly reduced relative water content, membrane stability and total carotenoid content in all the cultivars, whereas total chlorophyll content increased at pegging
stage, while it was decreased at pod developmental stage. Chlorophyll a/b ratio increased under water deficit stress in most of the cultivars suggesting the signifying greater damage of chlorophyll b rather than increase in chlorophyll a content. Oxidative stress measured in terms of H2O2, superoxide radical content and lipid peroxidation increased under water deficit stress, especially in susceptible cultivars such as DRG 1, AK 159 and ICGV 86031. Relationship among different physiological parameters showed that level of oxidative stress,
in terms of production of reactive oxygen species, was negatively correlated with activities of different antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase, catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase and glutathione reductase. The study summarizes that water deficit stress at pod development stage proved to be more detrimental compared to pegging stage. The higher activities of antioxidant enzymes in the tolerant cultivars like ICGS 44 and TAG 24 was responsible for protection of oxidative damage and thus provide better tolerance to water
deficit stress.
The groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.), also called a peanut, is an important food legume and oilseed crop of the tropical and subtropical worlds. They are presently grown on about 29 million hectares of land in about 120 countries in different agro-climatic zones between latitudes 40ºS and 40ºN from where about 49 million tons of groundnut pods are harvested every year. It is native to South America and presently cultivated mainly in Asia (11.5 m ha), Africa (16.7 m ha) and the Americas (1.4 m ha) in their arid to semi-arid regions. On a large scale it is grown mainly in India, China, Nigeria, USA, Sudan, Myanmar, Argentina, Chad, Senegal and Tanzania. It is consumed world-wide due to its high-energy, protein and mineral contents. It is eaten raw, after roasting, frying, salting or boiling and is used in many preparations and confectionery products and its demand is increasing.
Groundnut requires a warm growing season with well distributed rainfall of 500-1000 mm and is now cultivated across a wide range of climates, mostly rainfed with one or two types of protective irrigation. Though the world’s average productivity of groundnut is around 1650 kg ha-1, about 40% of countries had productivity of less than 1000 kg ha-1 due to poor soil fertility and erratic rainfall, and only 29% of the countries show their productivity >2000 kg ha-1. India and China which account for about 33% of the area, produce more than 51% of the groundnut and are major consumers as well as suppliers. However, in most of the African countries groundnut is grown on marginal soil under low input, and need the immediate attention of researchers and policy makers.
India, USA, Argentina and the Shadong province of China have been producing the best quality groundnut in the world and had export demand the world over. On average the groundnut seed contains 45% oil, 25% protein, 6% sugar, 9% fiber, 6% moisture and 2% minerals besides several vitamins and phytochemicals. The consumption of groundnut is decided mainly based on its oil, protein and sugar contents and broadly categorized as oil types and confectionary types. The vitamins and minerals present in the seed increased its importance as medicinal and nutraceutical. The characteristics for confectionary uses are High sound mature seeds (SMS), no aflatoxin contamination, attractive seed size and shape, pink or tan seed color, flavour, low oil (<45%), low (<1%) free fatty acid (FFA), high sugars (> 6%), high protein (>24%) blanchability (>60%) and high Zn (> 50 mg kg-1).
Drought is one of the main constraints in peanut production in West Texas and eastern New Mexico regions due to the depletion of groundwater. A multi-seasonal phenotypic analysis of 10 peanut genotypes revealed C76-16 (C-76) and Valencia-C (Val-C) as the best and poor performers under deficit irrigation (DI) in West Texas, respectively. In order to decipher transcriptome changes under DI, RNA-seq was performed in C-76 and Val-C. Approximately 369 million raw reads were generated from 12 different libraries of two genotypes subjected to fully irrigated (FI) and DI conditions, of which ~329 million (90.2%) filtered reads were mapped to the diploid ancestors of peanut. The transcriptome analysis detected 4,508 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 1554 genes encoding transcription factors (TFs) and a total of 514 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) among the identified DEGs. The comparative analysis between the two genotypes revealed higher and integral tolerance in C-76 through activation of key genes involved in ABA and sucrose metabolic pathways. Interestingly, one SNP from the gene coding F-box protein (Araip.3WN1Q) and another SNP from gene coding for the lipid transfer protein (Aradu.03ENG) showed polymorphism in selected contrasting genotypes. These SNPs after further validation may be useful for performing early generation selection for selecting drought-responsive genotypes.
The photosynthetic response of groundnut cultivars with various degree of tolerance under salinity stress and ameliorative effect of foliar application of salicylic acid was studied where salinity stress decreases rate of photosynthetic and stomatal conductance limiting leaf photosynthetic capacity and finally productivity in groundnut. However these affect could be masked through foliar application of 1 mM salicylic acid.
