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The rapid depletion of fossil fuel resources and environmental concerns has given awareness on generation of renewable energy resources. Among the various renewable resources, hybrid solar and wind energy seems to be promising solutions to provide reliable power supply with improved system efficiency and reduced storage requirements for stand-alone...
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Context 1
... daily telecom load profile is shown in figure (3). Figure (4) shows the optimization results of different configuration systems for varying wind speed and telecommunication load of existing system. ...
Context 2
... delineates the reliability and excess energy as a function of Trina Solar TSM-175DA01 power with Trojan T-195 (1125Ah) battery capacity for a different wind turbine. It can be observed from figure (3-3) that Hummer H3.1 has a better reliability than BWCXL 100 and Kestrel 1000 each of 1 kW capacity. From the figure it is clear that Kestrel 1000 (two 1kW capacity) has a less excess energy than rest of the system, however, the reliability of it is similar to the 1kW Hummer H3.1 wind turbine. ...
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Citations
... The following presents a summary of studies conducted in the field of designing HES and the placement and planning of distributed power sources within distribution networks, especially by focusing on RES-dependent energy systems. In [7], the design of a RES with wind and solar-based power sources and also battery storage for Nepal is presented and the cost imposed on producing power is minimized. Ref. [8] designs a HES by adopting a linear programming method with the purpose of minimization of the investment and maintenance cost to supply the annual load. ...
In this paper, optimal and multi-objective planning of a hybrid energy system (HES) with wind turbine and battery storage (WT/Battery) has been proposed to drop power loss, smooth voltage profile, enhance customers reliability, as well as minimize the net present cost of the hybrid system plus the battery degradation cost (BDC). Decision variables include the installation site of the hybrid system and size of the wind farm and battery storage. These variables are found with the help of a novel metaheuristic approach called improved Fick’s law algorithm (IFLA). To enhance the exploration performance and avoid the early incomplete convergence of the conventional Fick’s law (FLA) algorithm, a dynamic lens-imaging learning strategy (DLILS) based on opposition learning has been adopted. The planning problem has been implemented in two approaches without and considering BDC to analyze its impact on the reserve power level and the amount and quality of power loss, voltage profile, and reliability. A 33-bus distribution system has also been employed to validate the capability and efficiency of the suggested method. Simulation results have shown that the multi-objective planning of the hybrid WT/Battery energy system improves voltage and reliability and decreases power loss by managing the reserve power based on charging and discharging battery units and creating electrical planning with optimal power injection into the network. The results of simulations and evaluation of statistic analysis indicate the superiority of the IFLA in achieving the optimal solution with faster convergence than conventional FLA, particle swarm optimization (PSO), manta ray foraging optimizer (MRFO), and bat algorithm (BA). It has been observed that the proposed methodology based on IFLA in different approaches has obtained lower power loss and more desirable voltage profile and reliability than its counterparts. Simulation reports demonstrate that by considering BDC, the values of losses and voltage deviations are increased by 2.82% and 1.34%, respectively, and the reliability of network customers is weakened by 5.59% in comparison with a case in which this cost is neglected. Therefore, taking into account this parameter in the objective function can lead to the correct and real calculation of the improvement rate of each of the objectives, especially the improvement of the reliability level, as well as making the correct decisions of network planners based on these findings.
... The estimates of unit cost of electricity reported by the authors are $0.218/kWh at 100% power supply with zero failures, $0.179/kWh (at 3.8% loss of power supply probability (LPSP)) and $0.089/kWh (at 20% LPSP). Paudel et al. (2011) proposed a hybrid system based on solar PV and wind system for powering telecom towers. Their proposed system improves the system reliability from 63.4% to 99.9% and reduce LCOE from $1.22 to $0.88. ...
Telecom services play a vital role in the socio-economic development of a country. The number of people using these services is growing rapidly with further enhance growth expected in future. Consequently, the number of telecom towers that are critical for providing such services has also increased correspondingly. Such an increase in the number of telecom towers in a country implies a corresponding increase in the electricity demand of the country. Moreover, in view of growing concerns about climate change, it is necessary that the decarbonization of telecom towers is prioritized so as to minimize their carbon footprint. In view of the above, the primary objective of this paper is to provide a comprehensive analysis of various renewable energy-based systems and the advantages they offer for powering telecom towers, based on a review of the existing literature and field installations. Telecom towers are powered by hybrid energy systems that incorporate renewable energy technologies such as solar photovoltaic panels, wind turbines, fuel cells, and microturbines. Utilizing these systems helps to reduce the consumption of fossil fuels and consequently mitigates the anthropogenic carbon emissions. Moreover, information related to growth of the telecom industry, telecom tower configurations and power supply needs, conventional power supply options, and hybrid system combinations and their benefits. Several field installations of renewable energy-based hybrid systems have also been summarized. This review can help to evaluate appropriate low-carbon technologies and also to develop policy instruments to promote renewable energy-based telecom tower power systems.
... C'est le cas de notre site d'étude au sud algérien, ce qui entraîne des coûts énormes en termes de maintenance, une pollution de l'atmosphère. Il est donc important de penser à une alimentation électrique propre [10]. Le générateur diesel à l'achat est très moins cher, mais les coûts d'exploitation au cours de l'année deviennent rapidement très élevés pour une meilleure utilisation. ...
Il est évident que le remplacement des générateurs diesel par des sources d'énergie renouvelable dans les communautés isolées est une solution importante pour réduire les problèmes environnementaux, sociaux et économiques associés à l'utilisation de combustibles fossiles. Les générateurs diesel contribuent de manière significative aux émissions de gaz à effet de serre, ce qui a un impact négatif sur le climat. Les énergies renouvelables, en revanche, sont une alternative plus propre et durable.
L'étude que vous mentionnez porte sur l'utilisation d'une station hybride d'énergie renouvelable, nommée LionRock Telecom Power Solution, pour alimenter une station de télécommunication dans une zone isolée du sud de l'Algérie. Ce genre de projet est extrêmement important car il peut avoir un impact significatif sur l'environnement, la viabilité économique et la disponibilité d'énergie dans ces régions.
Les simulations effectuées pour évaluer la faisabilité de ce projet sont essentielles pour déterminer son coût initial, le coût total actuel, le coût de l'énergie produite, ainsi que la capacité du système hybride. Les critères de sélection, tels que la viabilité financière, la consommation de carburant et les émissions de CO2, sont des éléments clés pour évaluer la pertinence de ce type de solution énergétique.
En résumé, la transition vers les énergies renouvelables dans les communautés isolées est une étape cruciale pour réduire les impacts environnementaux et les coûts associés à la production d'électricité. Votre étude semble viser à démontrer qu'une station hybride d'énergie renouvelable peut être une option viable pour alimenter une station de télécommunication dans une zone isolée de l'Algérie, en offrant une alternative plus propre et durable aux générateurs diesel.
... C'est le cas de notre site d'étude au sud algérien, ce qui entraîne des coûts énormes en termes de maintenance, une pollution de l'atmosphère. Il est donc important de penser à une alimentation électrique propre [10]. Le générateur diesel à l'achat est très moins cher, mais les coûts d'exploitation au cours de l'année deviennent rapidement très élevés pour une meilleure utilisation. ...
Dans les communautés isolées, en général l’électricité est produite par des génératrices diesel, car la connexion aux réseaux centraux de distribution est difficile ou onéreuse. Les génératrices diesel dont le fonctionnement requiert l’utilisation de larges quantités de combustibles fossiles posent de sérieux problèmes environnementaux, sociaux et même économiques. Elles contribuent à l’émission des gaz à effet de serre et au
réchauffement climatique. La solution proposée par la communauté scientifique est le recours aux énergies renouvelables, disponibles gratuitement, avec un très faible taux
de pollution comparé aux génératrices diésel. L’installation d’un système d’énergie renouvelable (SER), tout particulièrement en sites isolés, rencontre des problèmes d’opération, entretien et diagnostic, exigeant le recours à des outils de communication. En effet, il est très important, voire indispensable, de pouvoir diagnostiquer, suivre les performances d’un tel système pour éviter les déplacements fréquents sur le site en cas de panne; ces déplacements sont généralement très coûteux. Par exemple, pour
un opérateur de téléphonie cellulaire qui dispose de stations de base en zones isolées avec accès difficile sinon impossible pendant certaines périodes de l’année, le suivi et le contrôle à distance des systèmes hybrides de production électrique à l’aide
d’énergies renouvelables sont une nécessité absolue. Le but de ce article est de faire l’étude d’une station hybride d’énergie renouvelable nommé (LionRock Telecom Power Solution) pour alimenter une station de télécom (operateur Mobilis) en zone
isolée , dans le sud du Algérien; plus spécifiquement nous avons fait une des simulations utilisant un system hybride power sont effectuées pour déterminer le capital initial, le coût actuel net total, le coût de l'énergie ainsi que la pénurie de capacité du système des différentes options d'approvisionnement. Les critères de sélection incluent la viabilité financière, la consommation de carburant et les émissions de CO2 pour une durée de vie du projet de un an.
... There are six basic steps involved in the design and planning of a hybrid system which are evaluation of meteorological conditions, analysis of electric load demand, hybrid system configurations, hybrid system model development, analysis using simulation and optimization, and operational analysis of resulting system. The first step is to estimate the average power demand of each load to be used for the location [18,19]. The average load capacity can be computed using equation 1. ...
Design, sizing and optimization of a solar-wind hybrid power system was carried out to determine its economic feasibility using Hybrid optimized model for electric renewable (HOMER) software aimed at selecting the most feasible configuration based on the net present cost to meet the load demand of 425 W for the appliances in a departmental office at Joseph Sarwuan Tarka University, Makurdi. The simulation results were used to develop a working prototype by sizing the four major components: the solar panels (350 W), a wind turbine (100 W), 2 battery systems of 12 V/200Ah and a charge controller (35.4 A) to regulate battery charging. The efficiencies of the wind turbine, PV solar panels and the inverter system were 48, 29.2 and 50 % respectively. The contribution of PV was 98 % and that of the wind turbine was 2 % due to low average wind speed (1.96 m/s at 15 m) from February to April. The results showed that solar energy contributed more to the charging of the inverter than the wind energy due to the high favorable solar insolation in the region. The optimized system configuration was chosen and this was based on the net present cost, levelized cost of energy and its renewable fraction respectively. The results demonstrated that the best hybrid combination consists of 0.35 kW PV Panels, 1 unit of 0.1 kW wind turbine, 2 units of deep cycle batteries (12V each/200Ah) and 1 unit of 1600 W Inverter. The prototype of the solar - wind hybrid power system based on the optimized components met the load demand for the basic appliances in the office. The results can be expanded to cover the entire department and the templates so obtained can be used generally within the University Community.
... Today, the photovoltaic (PV) electricity reducing CO 2 emissions has caught attention for renewable heating and cooling system (CS) [6]. PV electricity is wildly used in remote telecom base stations [7][8][9], water desalination [10][11][12], building industry [13][14][15], agricultural for lighting and water pumping needs [16][17][18], and in refrigerated cold rooms [19]. ...
As a freely available energy source for managing long-term issues in energy crisis, solar energy (SE) will have to grow more to meet world's energy demands. Maghreb countries have launched international tenders for large-scale solar power projects, confirming north African countries' goals to become green-power leaders, by enforcing renewable energy development policies. This work is aimed at simulating and designing a SE cooler to safely store quality and tasty dates. By optimizing the storage parameters and cooling gas with less energy consumption, R152a has been confirmed as a reliable refrigerant to own high critical temperature, sufficient specific heat capacity, and potential cost-effectiveness of compression. Safe packaging in Tolga-Algeria-Dates food company can be achieved by safe cooling systems that is aimed at wide variation of energy storage and delivery requirements of the manufacturing process. The performance ratio (P R) and energy losses have been analyzed by using the PVsyst software. The paper is also aimed at studying load requirements of an SE cooler of dates, designing/installing a standalone solar PV system, and modeling the refrigerant gas of the SE cooler, done with INTARCON software and SOLKANE refrigerant software program. P R and loss analysis has been done using PVsyst. Total amounts of yearly energy injected into grid and nominal PV array energy are estimated to be, respectively, 84.536 and 85.861 MWh, while total yearly losses of the system are estimated to be 15.5 MWh. It reveals that the PV system efficiency set from~10% in winter to 11.3% in summer, while P R rises from a 77.5% in July to 89.3% in December. Future research will design of energy consumption monitoring of the PV system, favoring SE cooling of dates. Via PVsyst concrete realities of PV performance and insights for better operational monitoring were well understood.
... C'est le cas de notre site d'étude au sud algérien, ce qui entraîne des coûts énormes en termes de maintenance, une pollution de l'atmosphère. Il est donc important de penser à une alimentation électrique propre [10]. Le générateur diesel à l'achat est très moins cher, mais les coûts d'exploitation au cours de l'année deviennent rapidement très élevés pour une meilleure utilisation. ...
In remote communities, electricity is typically generated by diesel generators due to the difficulty or costliness of connecting to central distribution grids. However, these diesel generators, reliant on significant amounts of fossil fuels, pose serious environmental, social, and economic issues. They contribute to greenhouse gas emissions and climate change. The solution proposed by the scientific community is the adoption of renewable energies, which are freely available and cause significantly lower pollution compared to diesel generators. Implementing a Renewable Energy System (RES), especially in isolated areas, encounters challenges related to operation, maintenance, and diagnostics, necessitating the use of communication tools.
It is crucial, even essential, to diagnose and monitor the performance of such systems to avoid frequent on-site visits in the event of a breakdown, which are usually very costly. For instance, a cellular operator with base stations in remote areas facing difficult or impossible access during certain periods of the year requires remote monitoring and control of hybrid renewable energy production systems. The aim of this article is to study a hybrid renewable energy station named "LionRock Telecom Power Solution" to power a telecom station (Mobilis operator) in an isolated zone in southern Algeria. Specifically, simulations utilizing a hybrid power system were conducted to determine the initial capital, total present net cost, energy cost, and the system's capacity shortage from various supply options. Selection criteria encompass financial viability, fuel consumption, and CO2 emissions over a project lifespan of one year.
... Especially in their application to the small standalone and grid-connected mode [10,11]. Several studies are presented for optimization of HRES, the evaluation and the design usually are two important factors for the researches, as the system connected to the grid or disconnected from it [12,13]. HOMER software (hybrid optimization model for electric renewables) is the most used program for this purpose. ...
... The SOC is defined as the percentage of the remaining capacity of a battery. SOC can be expressed by the (12) (12) where, Q and Qrated are remaining capacity and rated capacity of the battery respectively, both in ampere-hour (Ah). ...
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an efficient, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is Micro Grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a Fuzzy Logic Control of isolated Hybrid Systems (HRES) Including Renewable Energy in Micro-Grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
... The common natural phenomena for scavenging energy from are sunlight and wind, but other sources such as motion, vibration and electromagnetic radiation can also be used as sources of energy to decrease the dependency of the network from the power grid. Earlier works of adopting renewable energies for cellular networks, e.g., [70], aim at regions where power supply from the grid is difficult and unreliable. But recently EH is also studied to be feasible for urban scenarios. ...
The goal of this PhD thesis is to propose energy-aware control algorithms in EH powered vSCs for efficient utilization of harvested energy and lowering the grid energy consumption of RAN, which is the most power consuming part of the network. We leverage on virtualization and MEC technologies for dynamic provision of computational resources according to functional split options employed by the vSCs.
After describing the state-of-the-art, the first part of the thesis focuses on offline optimization for efficient harvested energy utilization via dynamic functional split control in vSCs powered by EH. For this purpose, dynamic programming is applied to determine
the performance bound and comparison is drawn against static configurations. The second part of the thesis focuses on online control methods where reinforcement learning based controllers are designed and evaluated. In particular, more focus is given towards the design of multi-agent reinforcement learning to overcome the limitations of centralized approaches due to complexity and scalability. Both tabular and deep reinforcement learning algorithms are tailored in a distributed architecture with emphasis on enabling coordination among the agents. Policy comparison among the online controllers and against the offline bound as well as energy and cost saving benefits are also analyzed
... From some literature that discusses how energy can be dispatched, there will be many decision-makers to overcome control problems, as was done by Mohammed [34], who uses genetic algorithms. Then, the research conducted by Diemuodeke [35] used the multi-criteria decision-making algorithm, as well as several other studies [36][37][38][39][40] that utilize complex consideration functions. The consideration function is the "if" function with many branching decisions in managing energy distribution. ...
Base transceiver station (BTS) is vital infrastructure in cellular communication. Without BTS, of course, communication cannot occur between cellular network users. Moreover, BTS is a BTS backbone that is a link between BTS. One of the problems with the BTS backbone is that energy sources. Without adequate energy for 24 h, of course, the supply of BTS cannot work. This is a problem in the BTS backbone located in Penajam, Indonesia. Therefore, it is necessary to regulate energy sources using the concept of hybrid energy sources (HES). In this study, the authors simulate the concept of HES by setting the energy source following the real site condition. The energy sources are the grid, diesel generators, and batteries. The control strategy is based on several policies that have been determined by the BTS operators. Due to the complexity of the rules, the strategy is realized into a binary rule. The binary rule is trained into a black box controller in an artificial neural network (ANN) to simplify the control system. From the simulation results obtained, the control system can stabilize energy distribution well, and there was an overshoot of 8.3% of the nominal value of the bus when switching switches to the diesel generator.
