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Dactylorhiza incarnata (1а, 1b), D. ochroleuca (2, 3), and atypical individuals (2, 4, 5) from the vicinity of Lake Naroch and a general view of the location (2).
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We carried out an allozyme analysis to investigate polymorphism and genetic structure of the populations of D. incarnata and D. ochroleuca in regions of their joint growth in Russia and Belarus. We found that D. ochroleuca individuals in the populations of the Urals and Siberia, which are distant fragments from the main range of the species, do not...
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... This also ignores the genetic and ecological independencies as a consequence of reproductive isolation. There are further examples of clear differences in European orchids which are therefore justifiably classified as biospecies: Gymnadenia conopsea (s.l.) 7) and G. densiflora (Stark et al. 2011) or Dactylorhiza incarnata and D. ochroleuca (Filippov et al. 2017). ...
The pollination biology of the burnt-tip orchid Neotinea ustulata with its two pheno-logical forms was investigated in different protected areas around Vienna and in the Hohe Tauern National Park. The main pollinators of the spring form are Tachina fera and T. magnicornis, while some bumblebees, other wild bees and Cerambycidae are rarer pollinators. The main pollinator of the summer form is the tachinid fly Nowick-ia ferox. Choice experiments with intact versus manipulated Neotinea plants implied that the burnt tip of the inflorescence is an important visual and olfactory signal for the tachinid flies. The two phenological forms fulfil all criteria of biospecies (different morphology, different genetics, different smell, different ecological demands, as earlier investigations of other authors have found) with the consequence of complete reproductive isolation. It is justified to give Neotinea aestivalis the species rank instead of the typological systematization as a subspecies or just a variety. Paulus H.F., 2022: Bestäubungsbiologie der beiden phänologischen Formen von Neotinea ustulata in Österreich, mit einigen Feldexperimenten zur Klärung der biologischen Bedeutung der "verbrannten Blütenspitze" der Pflanzen. In der Umgebung von Wien und im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern wurden die Bestäu-bungsbiologie der beiden phänologischen Formen des Brandknabenkrautes Neotinea ustulata untersucht. Hauptbestäuber der Frühlingsform N. ustulata sind die beiden Raupenfliegen Tachina fera und T. magnicornis. Seltenere Bestäuber sind Hummeln, andere Wildbienen und Bockkäfer. Der Hauptbestäuber der Sommerform ist dagegen die Tachinidae Nowickia ferox neben gelegentlichen Besuchen durch Hummeln. Wahl-experimente im Gelände mit unveränderten versus manipulierter Pflanzen machten wahrscheinlich, dass die "verbrannte" Spitze der Infloreszenz ein wichtiges optisches und olfaktorisches Signal für die Raupenfliegen ist. Die beiden phänologischen For-men sind voneinander reproduktiv völlig isoliert, da sie morphologisch, ökologisch, und wie bereits andere Studien gezeigt haben, genetisch und über den Duft so ver-schieden sind, dass alle Kriterien für biologische Arten erfüllt sind. Es ist daher ge-rechtfertigt, beide Formen als getrennte Arten zu betrachten und Neotinea aestivalis als Art zu führen anstelle der völlig typologischen Systematisierung als Subspezies oder gar Varietät.
... This also ignores the genetic and ecological independencies as a consequence of reproductive isolation. There are further examples of clear differences in European orchids which are therefore justifiably classified as biospecies: Gymnadenia conopsea (s.l.) 7) and G. densiflora (Stark et al. 2011) or Dactylorhiza incarnata and D. ochroleuca (Filippov et al. 2017). ...
The pollination biology of the burnt-tip orchid Neotinea ustulata with its two phenological forms was investigated in different protected areas around Vienna and in the Hohe Tauern National Park. The main pollinators of the spring form are Tachina fera and T. magnicornis, while some bumblebees, other wild bees and Cerambycidae are rarer pollinators. The main pollinator of the summer form is the tachinid fly Nowick-ia ferox. Choice experiments with intact versus manipulated Neotinea plants implied that the burnt tip of the inflorescence is an important visual and olfactory signal for the tachinid flies. The two phenological forms fulfil all criteria of biospecies (different morphology, different genetics, different smell, different ecological demands, as earlier investigations of other authors have found) with the consequence of complete reproductive isolation. It is justified to give Neotinea aestivalis the species rank instead of the typological systematization as a subspecies or just a variety. Paulus H.F., 2022: Bestäubungsbiologie der beiden phänologischen Formen von Neotinea ustulata in Österreich, mit einigen Feldexperimenten zur Klärung der biologischen Bedeutung der "verbrannten Blütenspitze" der Pflanzen. In der Umgebung von Wien und im Nationalpark Hohe Tauern wurden die Bestäubungsbiologie der beiden phänologischen Formen des Brandknabenkrautes Neotinea ustulata untersucht. Hauptbestäuber der Frühlingsform N. ustulata sind die beiden Raupenfliegen Tachina fera und T. magnicornis. Seltenere Bestäuber sind Hummeln, andere Wildbienen und Bockkäfer. Der Hauptbestäuber der Sommerform ist dagegen die Tachinidae Nowickia ferox neben gelegentlichen Besuchen durch Hummeln. Wahl-experimente im Gelände mit unveränderten versus manipulierter Pflanzen machten wahrscheinlich, dass die "verbrannte" Spitze der Infloreszenz ein wichtiges optisches und olfaktorisches Signal für die Raupenfliegen ist. Die beiden phänologischen Formen sind voneinander reproduktiv völlig isoliert, da sie morphologisch, ökologisch, und wie bereits andere Studien gezeigt haben, genetisch und über den Duft so verschieden sind, dass alle Kriterien für biologische Arten erfüllt sind. Es ist daher ge-rechtfertigt, beide Formen als getrennte Arten zu betrachten und Neotinea aestivalis als Art zu führen anstelle der völlig typologischen Systematisierung als Subspezies oder gar Varietät.
We present a review of Orchidaceae Juss. of the northern part of Kazakhstan, within the steppe, forest-steppe and semi-desert habitats of the country (Pavlodar, northern Kazakhstan, Kostanay, Akmola, Aktobe, West Kazakhstan, partially Karaganda and East Kazakhstan regions). The investigation is based on herbarium materials, literature data and field observations. We examined material from the following herbarium collections: LE, MW, TK, MHA, SVER, KUZ, ALTB, AA, NUR, KG, KSPI, NS, NSK, MOSP, ORIS, PPIU, totalling 288 herbarium specimens. The paper presents data in the form of revision, focusing on orchids of the northern part of Kazakhstan. It is accompanied by maps indicating localities, notes on habitat preferences, phenology and conservation status. A total of 25 species of 16 genera were recorded, of which eight are included in the Red Book of Kazakhstan (2014). According to our data, we propose to enlarge the number of protected orchids by adding the following nine species: Corallorhiza trifida, Epipactis atrorubens, Gymnadenia conopsea, Hammarbya paludosa, Herminium monorchis, Liparis loeselii, Malaxis monophyllos, Neottia camtschatea and Spiranthes australis. The most widespread species in the studied region are Dactylorhiza incarnata, D. umbrosa and Epipactis palustris. The rarest species (single locality only) are Epipactis atrorubens, E. helleborine, Epipogium aphyllum, Hammarbya paludosa and Herminium monorchis.
Waste deposit sites of solid fuel power plants exist within the majority of large cities of the Urals, Siberia and the Far East. Fly ash deposit sites are often located in close proximity to residential areas and may be observed as a potential source of environmental hazard, which leads to the alienation of significant land lots. The problem of reclamation of ash dumps is of particular concern, and its solution is impossible without understanding the processes of vegetation and soil cover development within such territories. In this paper, we present the results of studying the processes of soil development at the sites of the abandoned ash dumps of the power station in the city of Tyumen that was formed during the work of the enterprise on local peat as a main fuel type. The fly ash deposit sites of Tyumen CHP-1 plant consist of two sites with a total area of 100 ha (Site 1 - 54.0 ha, Site 2 - 46.0 ha) (See Fig. 1). The disposal of ash and slag wastes was discontinued more than 30 years ago; currently, within the territory of the dumps there is a gradual overgrowing. The surface of the ash dumps is aligned, subsidence relief forms occur, and the elevation difference is 1-3 m. A more diverse and complex relief is typical of Site 1. The level of groundwater varies significantly, depending on the position in the relief. Modern vegetation is mosaic; two main types of plant communities are represented: woody-shrubby and grassy. We conducted field studies of the soil cover of the fly ash deposit sites of Tyumen CHP-1 plant in summer 2017. At each fly ash deposit site, a pair of soil profiles was created (See Fig. 1) under woody and grassy vegetation (Profiles 1 and 4, 2 and 3, correspondingly) (See Fig. 2). Diagnostics of soils was conducted according to the Russian Soil Classification considering additions proposed for technogenic soils (Shishov LL et al., 2004). The names of soils are also given according to the World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2015. Profile 1 (57°8'47,30''N, 65°38'8,70''E) is found at a local elevation in the peripheral part of Site 1 under depleted willow forest with willow and aspen undergrowth and a developed grassy layer. Profile 2 (57°8'23,50''N, 65°38'22,80''E) is confined to the surface of Site 2, complicated by subsidence forms under meadow-grassy association with the presence of cereals. Soil is Spolic Technosol (Epiarenic, Endoprotocalcic, Fluvic, Hyperartefactic, Laxic, Amphivitric). Profile 3 (57°8'23,90''N, 65°38'17,80''E), characterizes local decline at Site 2. Vegetation is represented by an aspen-willow forest with developed litter. Soil is Spolic Technosol (Endoprotocalcic, Fluvic Hyperartefactic, Laxic, Stagnic, Amphivitric). Profile 4 (57°8'38,10''N, 65°37'30,50''E) is found at Site 1 with a pronounced technogenic filler relief. Meadow vegetation with willow, aspen and sea-buckthorn undergrowth is characteristic. Soil is Spolic Technosol (Amphiprotocalcic, Fluvic, Hyperartefactic, Laxic, Amphivitric). We studied the diversity and intensity of soil-forming processes at meso-, micro- and submicroscopic levels: in transparent sections using polarization and inversion microscopes and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an attachment for elemental analysis. We determined the granulometric composition of the technogenic deposits on a laser particle analyzer with preliminary dispersion of samples with pyrophosphate (See Fig. 3). The color of soil horizons and anthropogenic substrate was estimated by the Munsell system. The results of the conducted studies indicate that the intensity of soil-forming processes in soils developed from ash differs depending on the position in the relief, the type of vegetation, the level of groundwater, and the heterogeneity of the manmade substrate. The studied soils correspond to Spolic Technosol in accordance with the World Reference Base for Soil Resources. Technosols developed within ash deposit sites inherit the properties and material composition of the technogenic substrate, which is an alternation of fly ash and ash residue layers. The main components of the soil-forming material are silicates, aluminosilicates and ferrosilicates, particles of underburn and microspheres (See Fig. 4 and 7). The processes of soil development occur synchronously with the processes of transformation of the material composition of the initial substrate. The main soil-forming processes are: metamorphism of mineral matter (disintegration, carbonatization) (See Fig. 5), reorganization of the soil mass (coagulation and herbaceous-root structuring), metamorphism of the organic matter (the intake and transformation of plant residues and, to a lesser extent, humification) (See Fig. 6), and migration of matter and gley formation. Several soil-forming processes are diagnosed only at micro- and submicromorphological levels. The quantity and diversity of pedogenic carbonates is an important indicator of the intensity of soil formation. Concretions and microcrystalline forms of calcite are most numerous and well expressed in soils with the most formed on well-drained areas in the peripheral parts of the ash dump under the sparse tree vegetation with a developed grassy layer.
The genus Dactylorhiza Neck. ex Nevski is well known as taxonomically difficult group due to its youth, hybridization ability and high phenotypic plasticity. The aim of our research was to define taxonomical structure of this genus in the Komi Republic using molecular and morphological approaches.
The studies have been carried out during 2015-2016. 16 coenopopulations were investigated (See Table 1). From each coenopopulation (CP), we collected 30 generative plants (totally 480 samples) and then measured 19-22 morphological features (See Table 2, Fig. 1). Also, DNA was extracted from 1-2 plant samples from each CP (totally 26 samples) using «DNeasy Plant Mini Kit» (Qiagen, Germany). Primers ITS5 5’-ggaagtaaaagtcgtaacaagg-3’ and ITS-4 5'-tcctccgcttattgatatgc-3' were used for amplification the fragment ITS1-5.8S-ITS2; primers KIM 3F 5’-cgtacagtacttttgtgtttacgag-3’ and KIM 1R 5’-acccagtccatctggaaatcttggttc-3’ – for amplification the fragment matK. Nucleotide sequences were aligned with the ClustalW algorithm and edited manually in the Mega 7.0 software package. Phylogenetic trees were built in the Mega 7.0.
Cluster analysis of all studied coenopopulations using all morphometric traits revealed two large clusters (See Fig. 2): top cluster (the group of D. maculata s. l.) and bottom cluster, divided into two groups corresponding to the D. incarnata s. l. (CP 15 and 16) and allotetraploids (CP 11–14). The most important traits were: the length of bract, the width of spur and labellum, the width of lower leaves and the number of flowers. These traits may be used as diagnostic for dividing the genus. More detail study of the separate species based on morphometric data (and using the data on phytocoenology) allowed us to reveal the following species – Dactylorhiza fuchsii, D. maculata, D. incarnata s. l. (including D. cruenta), D. baltica and D. traunsteineri.
Phylogenetic tree (See Fig. 3) was created using molecular and phylogenetic analysis based on the comparison of rDNA sequences ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (GenBank IDs: МН016576–МН016603). It is clear that the genus Dactylorhiza is divided in some groups: D. incarnata s. l. (group 1), D. baltica (group 2) and third heterogeneous group that includes all other samples. Additional analysis of D. baltica (the species with the most difficult systematic) using the gene matK (See Fig. 4) confirmed its occurrence in the region.
