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DJF rainfall EOF pattern of the ENSO mode (From Zhou and Lau 2001).
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Fig. 1 One-grid correlation of TRMM TMI rainfall at test sites of Caraz (a) and Cusco (b) with that over surroundings.
Context in source publication
Context 1
... subtropical Andes, which enhances moisture transport from Amazon basin to southeastern subtropical South America. Over the west coast of Ecuador, the anomalous monsoon easterlies meet with abnormal westerlies induced by the displaced Walker cell, creating a large convergence. The canonical pattern of El Niño induced rainfall anomaly is given in Fig. 2, which shows increased rainfall over the Ecuador-Northern Peru coastal region and Uruguay-Southern Brazil area and decreased rainfall over northern and northeastern Brazil. From the figure we can see Caraz is close to the positive center over Ecuadorian coast and Cusco is in the area of negative anomalies extended from northern ...
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... The mechanism involved is the increase in vector populations influenced by higher temperatures. Also in Peru, Zhou et al. (2001) have observed a doubling in the number of new cases of the disease during the months of El Niño, in addition to an expansion of the disease to areas not previously affected. High correlations were observed between higher incidence and increased temperatures three months before the outbreaks (Zhou et al., 2001). ...
... Also in Peru, Zhou et al. (2001) have observed a doubling in the number of new cases of the disease during the months of El Niño, in addition to an expansion of the disease to areas not previously affected. High correlations were observed between higher incidence and increased temperatures three months before the outbreaks (Zhou et al., 2001). ...
In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged or re-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonous pathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such as Dengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such as Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasitic disease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of the continent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infection originally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically. Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence of these pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam building and climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods and virus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatest regional potential for the emergence of new human infections.
... The mechanism involved is the increase in vector populations influenced by higher temperatures. Also in Peru, Zhou et al. (2001) have observed a doubling in the number of new cases of the disease during the months of El Niño, in addition to an expansion of the disease to areas not previously affected. High correlations were observed between higher incidence and increased temperatures three months before the outbreaks (Zhou et al., 2001). ...
... Also in Peru, Zhou et al. (2001) have observed a doubling in the number of new cases of the disease during the months of El Niño, in addition to an expansion of the disease to areas not previously affected. High correlations were observed between higher incidence and increased temperatures three months before the outbreaks (Zhou et al., 2001). ...
In South America in the past decades several infectious diseases have emerged orre-emerged either as part of larger pandemics or as local processes involving autochthonouspathogens. These included arthropod-borne viral diseases, such asDengue Fever, Chikungunya and Zika as well as viral hemorrhagic fevers, such asHantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome, Junin, Machupo and Guanarito viruses. Parasiticdisease was also important such as Malaria, endemic in the northern part of thecontinent, Leishmaniasis and Chagas Disease. Carrion disease, a bacterial infectionoriginally from the Andes region, also seems to be expanding geographically.Several social and environmental processes have contributed to the emergence ofthese pathogens, including human migration, deforestation, road and dam buildingand climate shifts. Due to its high biological diversity of wildlife, arthropods andvirus species in still untouched natural ecosystems in the Amazon has the greatestregional potential for the emergence of new human infections.
Author Summary
Bartonellosis (Carrion's disease) is caused by the bacterium Bartonella bacilliformis and is encountered across the Andean cordillera, particularly in Peru. B. bacilliformis is transmitted by arthropods, probably sandflies, and exploits humans as a reservoir host, establishing chronic infections characterized by intra-erythrocytic bacteremia. It this thought that asymptomatic infections are common among the residents of bartonellosis-endemic regions. However, several thousand cases of B. bacilliformis-induced severe haemolytic anaemia are reported each year, frequently among visitors to endemic regions but also among inhabitants of an increasing number of new foci of disease. To better understand the epidemiology of bartonellosis, a clearer understanding of how B. bacilliformis strains circulating in endemic regions and in new foci are related to one another is required. Here, we describe the development and application of a new genotyping tool for addressing this shortfall, namely multilocus sequence typing (MLST). We applied MLST to 43 B. bacilliformis isolates of varying provenance, delineating eight distinct genotypes, some of which had obvious epidemiological correlates. Surprisingly, one genotype exhibited profound divergence from the other seven, and the extent of this divergence suggested that some bartonellosis may be caused by a Bartonella species specifically related to, yet distinct from, B. bacilliformis.
Bartonella spp are fastidious bacteria that occur in the blood of man and mammals; they are usually vector borne but can also be transmitted by animal scratches and bites. The bartonelloses of medical importance comprise Carrión's disease, trench fever, cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis. Carrión's disease, known as Oroya fever in the acute phase and verruga peruana (Peruvian wart) in its chronic form, has curious manifestations that, until recently, have been restricted in their geographic distribution to dwellers of the high, dry Andean valleys, but new sites of disease are emerging. Trench fever is associated with louse-borne disease and homelessness. Cat-scratch disease, bacillary angiomatosis, and peliosis hepatis are increasingly being recognized as causes of human disease, especially in susceptible population groups such as HIV-infected persons. The Bartonella spp are considered emerging human pathogens. The clinical manifestations, differential diagnosis, laboratory diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions are discussed.
