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... modeling and creates trajectories for the autonomous car to navigate the identified objects. 3D OD predicts bounding boxes that surround all objects of an image in 3D space, i.e., the bounding box gives information about the height, width, and depth of all the objects with the camera sensor as an origin. The process of monocular 3D OD is shown in Fig. 1. A light detection and ranging (LiDAR) sensor mounted on an autonomous driving car keeps rotating continuously and sends thousands of infrared light pulses every second. The time taken for the light to bounce off after colliding with the surrounding objects and reflected back to the sensor is measured. A 3D-point cloud map is created ...

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