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– Cytospora erumpens on Salix × fragilis L. (MFLU 15-2165, holotype). a Stromatal habit in wood. b Fruiting bodies on substrate. c Surface of fruiting bodies. d Cross section of the stroma showing conidiomata. e Peridium. f Ostiolar neck. g–i Conidiogenous cells with attached conidia. j Mature conidia. k, l Colonies on MEA (k-from above, l-from below). Scale bars: a = 2000 µm, b = 1000 µm, c, d = 200 µm, e = 50 µm, f = 100 µm, g–j = 10 µm.
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Cytospora species are important plant pathogens causing dieback and canker diseases on a wide range of hosts, worldwide. However, species level identification is difficult due to poor phylogenetic understanding and lack of sequenced type species. ITS sequence data are only available for most Cytospora strains in GenBank. In this study, samples of C...
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... Cytospora has priority over Leucocytospora, Leucostoma, Valsa, Valsella and Valseutypella based on the dual-nomenclature criterion (Adams et al. 2005;Rossman et al. 2015). Members of Cytospora are characterised by the single or labyrinthine, loculate stromata, filamentous conidiophores or asci and allantoid hyaline conidia or ascospores (Spielman 1985;Adams et al. 2005;Norphanphoun et al. 2017Norphanphoun et al. , 2018Fan et al. 2020;Shang et al. 2020). Species identification in Cytospora was previously largely based on the host affiliation and morphological descriptions; however, molecular phylogeny combined with morphology and host affiliation have became the main approaches recently Shang et al. 2020;Zhu et al. 2020). ...
During our biodiversity investigations in Tibet, China, typical Cytospora canker symptoms were observed on branches of hosts Myricaria paniculate, Prunus cerasifera and Sibiraea angustata. Samples were studied, based on morphological features coupled with multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data, which revealed two new species (Cytospora myricicolasp. nov. and C. sibiraeicolasp. nov.) and a known species (C. populina). In addition, Cytospora populina is newly discovered on the host Prunus cerasifera and in Tibet.
... Species of the genus Cytospora are mainly opportunistic, being favored by trees weakened by drought, late frost or growing in bark damaged by other pathogens. They have also been reported as pathogenic fungi causing cankers on broadleaves and conifers, also known for their worldwide distribution and large host range (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Fan et al. 2014aFan et al. , b, 2015Ariyawansa et al. 2015;Liu et al. 2015;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016;Li et al. 2016;Lawrence et al. 2017Lawrence et al. , 2018Norphanphoun et al. 2017Norphanphoun et al. , 2018. Valsa friesii (teleomorph of C. pinastri) has been reported as an endophyte in senescent needles of A. alba in Switzerland (Sieber-Canavesi and Sieber 1993). ...
... It is not clear whether these fungi play a role in needle necrosis in A. nebrodensis by interacting with various environmental stresses, or whether they become saprotrophs in dying (Kamiri and Laemmlen 1981;Jacobi 1994), but none of the A. nebrodensis trees examined showed the presence of cankers on branches or trunks. Phylogenetic analysis of Cytospora isolates obtained in this study showed a clustering that was similar to that reported by Norphanphoun et al. (2017), where C. sophorae and V. friesii appeared genetically closer than C. pubescentis and C. abietis. On the contrary, the genetic distances obtained for Rhizosphaera species in this work are not fully coherent with the taxonomy reconstruction showed in Monteiro et al. (2021) where R. oudemansii and R. pini clustered in the same clade, resulting more distant from R. kalkhoffii. ...
Abies nebrodensis is a species of fir endemic to Sicily, represented by only 30 trees in the natural population and is currently classified as critically endangered by IUCN. In such context, monitoring its health status is essential for the proper management and preservation of this species. Phytosanitary surveys of trees of the natural population of A. nebrodensis and on potted plants raised in the local forest nursery were carried out, and the phyllosphere fungal community was investigated. The health condition of trees in the natural population were fairly good, with needle reddening and blight as the most frequently observed symptoms on the foliage, while in the nursery similar disorders were registered on about the 1.3% of potted plants. Results on fungal isolations highlighted the presence of species belonging to Valsa, Cytospora (which includes anamorphs of Valsa ) and Rhizosphaera genera as the most represented on both reddened and green needles; these results suggest that these fungi likely live as endophytes, resuming their growth when needles are affected by environmental stressors such as wind, hail, mechanical wounds and do not represent a biotic constraint for A. nebrodensis . The disorders observed appear mostly as a consequence of the harsh site in which the relic species lives. Together with the fungal community observed on symptomatic and healthy needles, they indicate that A. nebrodensis adapted and tolerates its altered habitat.
... Currently, use of polyphasic approaches, such as morphological and phylogenetic analyses to define species of Cytospora has been proposed (Norphanphoun et al. 2017;Fan et al. 2020). In morphology, presence or absence of conceptacle, quantity and arrangement of locule(s), shape and size of conidiophores and conidial size are significantly taxonomic. ...
Members of Cytospora include saprobes, endophytes and important plant pathogens, which are widely distributed on various wood hosts and have a wide global distribution. In this study, the species definitions were conducted, based on multigene phylogeny (ITS, act , rpb2 , tef1-α and tub2 genes) and comparisons of morphological characters. A total of 22 representative isolates obtained from 21 specimens in Fengtai District of Beijing City were identified as seven species of Cytospora , including four known species ( C. albodisca , C. ailanthicola , C. euonymina , C. haidianensis ) and three novel species ( C. fengtaiensis , C. pinea , C. sorbariae ). The results provide an understanding of the taxonomy of Cytospora species associated with canker and dieback diseases in Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
... Species in this genus are morphologically similar in having allantoid hyaline conidia and ascospores [12][13][14]. During species identification, host association and spore morphology were important than molecular phylogeny [15][16][17]. However, recently, many cryptic species were revealed from the same host with similar spore morphologies by polyphasic methods using a combination of morphology and molecular phylogeny [18][19][20][21][22]. ...
Branch canker diseases are important in forest ecosystems, causing economic and ecological losses. Members of Cytospora are common on cankered branches and associated with the diseases. Investigations on Cytospora cankers were conducted in Tibet, China, during 2022 and 2023. Samples were collected from Euonymus japonicus, Larix gmelinii, Malus pumila, M. spectabilis and Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha, and cultures were obtained and identified by morphological features and molecular phylogeny of a combination of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), the partial actin (act) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene. As a result, a new species is proposed herein named Cytospora lhasaensis and four known species are described for the first time from Tibet, viz. C. euonymina, C. gigaspora, C. mali and C. schulzeri. The current research enhances our understanding of the Cytospora species associated with woody host diseases in Tibet, China.
... Results from the ACT1 phylogenetic analyses (100% MP and 99% ML bootstrap values) confirmed isolates from BC to belong to the C. populicola clade and differed from closely related species, including C. sophioropsis, C. joaquinensis, and C. salicina (Fig. 4b). ACT1 phylogenetic analyses showed again C. sorbicola isolates from BC to group together (76% MP and 85% ML bootstrap values) with C. sorbicola isolates from P. avium from California and ex-type isolate (MFLUCC 16-0584) from Acer pseudoplatanus from Russia (Norphanphoun et al. 2017) (Fig. 4b). ...
... Similarly, this species was the main Cytospora isolated from cankers from stone fruits, including sweet cherry in California (Lawrence et al. 2018). Cytospora sorbicola has a wider host range than C. parasitica and C. populicola and it has been reported from dead and dying branches of Acer pseudoplatanus, Cotoneaster melanocarpus, Prunus cerasus, and Sorbus aucuparia in Russia (Norphanphoun et al. 2017); from cankers from M. domestica in Iran (Hanifeh et al. 2022); and from Olea europaea, P. avium, P. domestica, P. dulcis, and P. persica in California (Lawrence et al. 2018). All three Cytospora spp. ...
... It is indicated that Cytospora spp., which is among fungal disease factors, causes canker and retrospective death disease in more than 100 plant species, including apple trees worldwide (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Pan et al. 2018). In many studies, the species that cause canker disease in apple trees; C. cincta, C. schulzeri, C. leucostoma, C. chrysosperma, C. nivea, C. sacculus, C. melnikii, C. mali, C. carphosperma, C. parasitica, C. rubescens, C. microspora, C. calvillae, C. personata, C. leucosticta, Valsa americana, V. ceratosperma, V. malicola, V. papyriferae and V. melastoma (Proffer and 1989;Ashkan and Hedjaroude 1993;Surve-Iyer et al. 1995;Wang et al. 2007Wang et al. , 2011Wang et al. , 2014Suzaki 2008;Fotouhifar et al. 2010;Mehrabi et al. 2011;Norphanphoun et al. 2017;Lawrence et al. 2018;Ma et al. 2018). This disease causes significant crop losses worldwide (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006. ...
Cytospora spp. is a cause of canker and dieback disease in many plant species, including apple trees worldwide, and causes significant crop losses worldwide. In this study, samples of Cytospora were collected from symptomatic branches in apple trees in the Eğirdir district of Isparta province, Türkiye. Cytospora isolates identification were determined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ef1‑α (translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and large subunit (LSU) sequence analysis. In molecular analyses, the species isolated from apple trees were identified as Cytospora parasitica and C. sorbicola. nrITS sequence lengths between 456 and 655 base pairs, ef1‑α sequence lengths between 538 and 647 base pairs and nrLSU sequence lengths between 1015 and 1314 base pairs were determined. In addition, π = nucleotide diversity, 0.021220 for ITS sequence, π = 0.021220, for ef1‑α sequence π = 0.085317 and for LSU sequence π = 0.009499 were determined. Also, in phylogenetic trees constructed using ITS, ef1‑α and LSU sequences C. parasitica and C. sorbicola species appeared in separate branches. As a result, nrITS, ef1‑α and nrLSU sequences were efficient in the identification and phylogenetic analysis of Cytospora species. Cytospora sorbicola is recorded as being associated with apple canker disease in Türkiye for the first time.
... Each annotated record provides details about specimen ecology and collection information: locality, substrate, date of collecting and specimen herbarium numbers. The identification of the fungal species was carried out by light microscopy of temporary preparations ac-cording to standard methods (Blagoveshchenskaya, 2015); special keys books and monographs were used to determinate the fungal species (Kuprevich, Ulyanishchev, 1975;Ulyanishchev, 1978;Sutton, 1980;Butin, 1989;Braun, Melnik, 1997;Ellis and Ellis, 1997;Braun, 1998;Karatygin, 2002;Braun, Cook, 2012;Knudsen, Vesterholt, 2012;Ryvarden, Melo, 2014;Blagoveshchenskaya, 2015), as well as some additional publications devoted to the study and taxonomical revision of the some particular fungal taxa and new species descriptions (Chethana et al., 2015;Daranagama et al., 2016;Norphanphoun et al., 2017;Vohlmayr et al., 2017;Hyde et al., 2018;Jaklitsch et al., 2018;Crous et al., 2020) and open global data base "Fungal Databases: U.S. National Fungus Collections" (Farr, Rossman, 2023). The names of fungal species are given according to the open database "MycoBank" (Myco-Bank, 2023). ...
The paper continues a series of publications devoted to the new finds of fungi (Ascomycota, Basidiomycota) in Sverdlovsk Region (the Middle Urals, Russia). Totally, 75 species of macro-and microfungi reported on alien and aborigine woody plants for the first time in the region. The most numerous group are alien plant pathogenic fungi (71%) developing on cultivated fruit trees in gardens and parks, as well as on many common species of trees and shrubs in urban greening.
... Cytospora, introduced by Ehrenberg (1818), causes canker and dieback diseases on branches and twigs of hardwoods and coniferous trees around the world (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Norphanphoun et al. 2017;Fan et al. 2020). There are 662 species epithets of Cytospora listed in Index Fungorum (2021), but many species lack molecular data. ...
... However, the relationships between species in Valsa and Cytospora have mostly not been resolved. Since the publications of Adams et al. (2005Adams et al. ( , 2006, Lawrence et al. (2017Lawrence et al. ( , 2018, Norphanphoun et al. (2017), Fan et al. (2020) and Pan et al. (2020) introduced additional Cytospora species. All species confirmed in recent publications have been subjected to DNA-based phylogenies. ...
... For example, sequence data of tef1-a provided ample evidence to delineate C. vinacea and C. viticola in comparison with ITS region (Lawrence et al., 2017b). Recently, combined multi-locus DNA sequence data such as internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large nuclear ribosomal RNA subunit (LSU), actin (act), RNA polymerase II subunit (rpb2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1-a), and beta-tubulin (tub2) have been used to resolve phylogeny of Cytospora spp., which have led to description of several novel species (Fan et al., 2014a(Fan et al., , 2014b(Fan et al., , 2015a(Fan et al., , 2015bJami et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2020;Lawrence et al., 2017bLawrence et al., , 2018Norphanphoun et al., 2017Norphanphoun et al., , 2018Pan et al., 2018Pan et al., , 2020Pan et al., , 2021Senanayake et al., 2017Senanayake et al., , 2018Wang et al., 2015;Yang et al., 2015;Zhang et al., 2014;Zhu et al., 2018Zhu et al., , 2020. Therefore, a DNA-based approach using several gene regions would be the best method to resolve Cytospora species concepts, especially when morphological features and host association criteria are confused due to significant overlap (Lawrence et al., 2018). ...
... The sequence data were aligned with Muscle in MEGA v.7.0.14 (Kumar et al., 2016), and necessary adjustments were made manually. References ex-type or ex-epitype sequences were selected to conduct phylogenetic analyses from recently published research Fotouhifar et al., 2010;Jiang et al., 2020;Lawrence et al., 2018;Norphanphoun et al., 2017;2018;Pan et al., 2020;Tibpromma et al., 2017;Úrbez-Torres et al., 2020;Yang et al., 2015) and Diaporthe vaccinii (CBS 160.32) was determined as outgroup in all analyses ( Table 1). The first phylogenetic analysis was performed using ITS sequence data (582 characters including gaps) containing 124 ingroup taxa (27 from the current study and 97 retrieved from GenBank) (Fig. 3). ...
... 6.2e7.6 Â 1.4e1.7 mm). Also, C. azerbaijanica differs from C. germanica and C. salicicola by smaller conidiomata (467e897 vs. 700e1400, 750e1200 mm) and culture characteristics (Adams et al., 2006;Norphanphoun et al., 2017;Zhang et al., 2013). Therefore, based on phylogenetic analysis, polymorphic nucleotide comparisons, and morphological differences, C. azerbaijanica is proposed as a newly recognized species recorded on apple tree canker in Iran. ...
In recent years, canker and die-back diseases have become a growing threat for the productivity and longevity of apple orchards in Iran. In this study, 131 Cytospora isolates were recovered from symptomatic tissues of apple trees in apple orchards of Iran. Multigene phylogenetic inference based on combined sequence data of ITS, act, rpb2, and tef1-α loci, supplemented with morphological characteristics and pathogenicity assay revealed four novel Cytospora species which were described as C. avicennae, C. azerbaijanica, C. ershadii, and C. iranica, and four known species, namely C. chrysosperma, C. parasitica, C. paratranslucens, and C. sorbicola. Also, C. sorbicola is newly reported on apple trees worldwide. Koch's postulates were fulfilled to confirm that all eight species in this study were pathogenic on apple trees in Iran, among which C. sorbicola was the most intensive species. The results of this study further highlight rich diversity among Cytospora species occurring on apple trees, revealing several novel Cytospora species on this host. The host range, geographical distribution, and economic significance of novel species on apple industry remains to be studied.
... However, C. chrysosperma has typical morphological characteristics of labyrinthine cytosporoid (Adams et al. 2005). Some other Cytospora species discovered recently have similar morphologic features, such as C. ailanthicola, C. paratranslucens, and C. sophoriopsis Norphanphoun et al. 2017). Therefore, there may be more Cytospora species associated with poplar canker disease than has been reported, and fungal diversity of Cytospora species from Populus needs further systematic studies. ...
... In reverse, colonies become darker than the upper color after 7 days. Notes: Cytospora paratranslucens was introduced from Populus alba in Russia (Norphanphoun et al. 2017). The current six isolates in this study grouped with ex-type strains of C. paratranslucens (MFLUCC 15-0506) with high-support values (ML/BI = 100/1). ...
... Thus, these isolates were identified as C. paratranslucens, which has been first reported in China. Comparing with the description from Norphanphoun et al. (2017), the conidiomata in this study show bigger sizes (3,700 to 4,340 mm versus 270 to 550 mm). In addition, the description from Norphanphoun et al. (2017) showed that ostioles were conspicuous, 70 to 150 mm diameter, and at the same level as the disc surface. ...
Poplar is widely cultivated in China because of its strong ecological adaptability, fast growth, easy reproduction, and short rotation period. However, it suffers from severe threat from canker disease caused by Cytospora species. The present study revealed the presence of Cytospora species from Populus in China. A total of six species of Cytospora were isolated from Populus in six provinces in China, including five known species (C. ailanthicola, C. chrysosperma, C. donglingensis, C. paratranslucens, and C. sophoriopsis) and one novel species (C. populi) based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1-α, and tub2 gene sequences. Cytospora ailanthicola, C. chrysosperma, C. paratranslucens, and C. sophoriopsis are confirmed as pathogens by pathogenicity test of which C. paratranslucens showed the strongest virulence, followed by C. ailanthicola, C. chrysosperma, and C. sophoriopsis. The mycelial growth rates of isolates from the six species had 22.5 to 27 °C as the optimum temperatures and the optimum pH values were 5.9 to 7.1. The effectiveness of the six carbon sources on the mycelial growth showed that colonies grew faster in the presence of fructose and grew slow using xylose. This study represents a significant evaluation of Cytospora causing poplar canker disease in China.
