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Cytospora californica (ex-holotype culture CBS 144234). A. Seven-day-old PDA culture. B. Fourteen-day-old PDA culture. C. Pycnidia. D. Conidiophores and filamentous conidiogenous cells. E. Conidia. Bars C = 1 mm; D = 10 µm; E = 5 µm.
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Cytospora species are destructive canker and dieback pathogens of woody hosts in natural and
agroecosystems around the world. In this genus, molecular identification has been limited due to the paucity of
multi-locus sequence typing studies and the lack of sequence data from type specimens in public repositories,
stalling robust phylogenetic recons...
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... Under the current nomenclatural code, the teleomorphic genus Valsa is currently treated as a synonym of the anamorphic genus Cytospora, which is the oldest name among Cytospora and its related teleomorphic genera Rossman et al., 2015). The genus Cytospora is currently undergoing taxonomic revision and many new species have been described worldwide (e.g., Adams et al., 2002Adams et al., , 2005Adams et al., , 2006Fan et al., 2014Fan et al., , 2020Fotouhifar et al., 2010;Gao et al., 2021;Ilyukhin et al., 2023;Jami et al., 2018;Lawrence et al., 2018;Norphanphoun et al., 2018;Pan et al., 2020;Travadon et al., 2022;Úrbez-Torres et al., 2020). On the other hand, although they are important pathogens, the taxonomic positions of Valsa and Cytospora species originally described in Japan, such as V. paulowniae, have not been fully clarified and need reappraisal. ...
Paulownia tree canker is a major disease of Paulowniae tomentosa in Japan. The pathogen was described as Valsa paulowniae in 1916 by Hemmi and Miyabe. However, its current taxonomic status and phylogenetic position are uncertain. In this study, we reviewed the protologue of this species and rediscovered the syntypes maintained at the Hokkaido University Museum (SAPA). From these specimens, a lectotype was selected. The molecular phylogenetic position of this species was examined with newly collected samples. Based on the result of phylogeny and morphology, an epitype of this species was designated and transferred to the genus Cytospora.
... Members of diaporthalean fungi are associated with several diseases including canker and dieback in economically and ecologically important woody plants such as Quercus species (Luque et al., 2000;Lynch et al., 2014;Fan et al., 2018;Jiang et al., 2018Jiang et al., , 2019Zhu et al., 2019Zhu et al., , 2021. Among the diaporthalean fungi, Cytospora with approximately 700 species listed in Index Fungorum (November 2023; www.indexfungorum.org) is the most common and widespread genus associated with a wide variety of woody plants around the world, which causes various disease symptoms such as canker and dieback or found as endophyte and saprobe (Adams et al., 2005;Lawrence et al., 2018;Azizi et al., 2020;Fan et al., 2020;Hanifeh et al., 2022;Ilyukhin et al., 2023). Cytospora species are found in association with canker and dieback diseases on various Quercus species (Kowalski, 1991;Adams et al., 2005;Lynch et al., 2014;Fan et al., 2018;Lawrence et al., 2018;Pinna et al., 2019;Pan et al., 2021). ...
... Among the diaporthalean fungi, Cytospora with approximately 700 species listed in Index Fungorum (November 2023; www.indexfungorum.org) is the most common and widespread genus associated with a wide variety of woody plants around the world, which causes various disease symptoms such as canker and dieback or found as endophyte and saprobe (Adams et al., 2005;Lawrence et al., 2018;Azizi et al., 2020;Fan et al., 2020;Hanifeh et al., 2022;Ilyukhin et al., 2023). Cytospora species are found in association with canker and dieback diseases on various Quercus species (Kowalski, 1991;Adams et al., 2005;Lynch et al., 2014;Fan et al., 2018;Lawrence et al., 2018;Pinna et al., 2019;Pan et al., 2021). Very few Cytospora species have been reported from oak trees (Q. ...
Oak decline is a complex disorder that seriously threatens the survival of Zagros forests. In an extensive study on taxonomy and pathology of fungi associated with oak decline in the central and northern part of Zagros forests, 462 fungal isolates were obtained from oak trees showing canker, gummosis, dieback, defoliation, and partial or total death symptoms. Based on inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) fingerprinting patterns, morphological characteristics, and sequences of ribosomal DNA (28S rDNA and ITS) and protein coding loci (acl1, act1, caM, tef-1α, rpb1, rpb2, and tub2), 24 fungal species corresponding to 19 genera were characterized. Forty percent of the isolates were placed in eight coelomycetous species from seven genera, namely, Alloeutypa, Botryosphaeria, Cytospora, Didymella, Gnomoniopsis, Kalmusia, and Neoscytalidium. Of these, four species are new to science, which are introduced here as taxonomic novelties: Alloeutypa iranensis sp. nov., Cytospora hedjaroudei sp. nov., Cytospora zagrosensis sp. nov., and Gnomoniopsis quercicola sp. nov. According to pathogenicity trials on leaves and stems of 2-year-old Persian oak (Quercus brantii) seedlings, Alternaria spp. (A. alternata, A. atra, and A. contlous), Chaetomium globosum, and Parachaetomium perlucidum were recognized as nonpathogenic. All coelomycetous species were determined as pathogenic in both pathogenicity trials on leaves and seedling stems, of which Gnomoniopsis quercicola sp. nov., Botryosphaeria dothidea, and Neoscytalidium dimidiatum were recognized as the most virulent species followed by Biscogniauxia rosacearum.
... For example, C. chrysosperma is the main canker disease pathogen of polar and willow trees in China (Fan et al. 2014;Wang et al. 2015;Lin et al. 2023); C. kuanchengensis and additional five species are associated with Chinese chestnut cankers (Jiang et al. 2020); Fifteen Cytospora species were identified from destructive canker and dieback pathogens of woody hosts in the USA (Lawrence et al. 2018). ...
During our biodiversity investigations in Tibet, China, typical Cytospora canker symptoms were observed on branches of hosts Myricaria paniculate, Prunus cerasifera and Sibiraea angustata. Samples were studied, based on morphological features coupled with multigene phylogenetic analyses of ITS, act, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequence data, which revealed two new species (Cytospora myricicolasp. nov. and C. sibiraeicolasp. nov.) and a known species (C. populina). In addition, Cytospora populina is newly discovered on the host Prunus cerasifera and in Tibet.
... Species of the genus Cytospora are mainly opportunistic, being favored by trees weakened by drought, late frost or growing in bark damaged by other pathogens. They have also been reported as pathogenic fungi causing cankers on broadleaves and conifers, also known for their worldwide distribution and large host range (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Fan et al. 2014aFan et al. , b, 2015Ariyawansa et al. 2015;Liu et al. 2015;Maharachchikumbura et al. 2016;Li et al. 2016;Lawrence et al. 2017Lawrence et al. , 2018Norphanphoun et al. 2017Norphanphoun et al. , 2018. Valsa friesii (teleomorph of C. pinastri) has been reported as an endophyte in senescent needles of A. alba in Switzerland (Sieber-Canavesi and Sieber 1993). ...
Abies nebrodensis is a species of fir endemic to Sicily, represented by only 30 trees in the natural population and is currently classified as critically endangered by IUCN. In such context, monitoring its health status is essential for the proper management and preservation of this species. Phytosanitary surveys of trees of the natural population of A. nebrodensis and on potted plants raised in the local forest nursery were carried out, and the phyllosphere fungal community was investigated. The health condition of trees in the natural population were fairly good, with needle reddening and blight as the most frequently observed symptoms on the foliage, while in the nursery similar disorders were registered on about the 1.3% of potted plants. Results on fungal isolations highlighted the presence of species belonging to Valsa, Cytospora (which includes anamorphs of Valsa ) and Rhizosphaera genera as the most represented on both reddened and green needles; these results suggest that these fungi likely live as endophytes, resuming their growth when needles are affected by environmental stressors such as wind, hail, mechanical wounds and do not represent a biotic constraint for A. nebrodensis . The disorders observed appear mostly as a consequence of the harsh site in which the relic species lives. Together with the fungal community observed on symptomatic and healthy needles, they indicate that A. nebrodensis adapted and tolerates its altered habitat.
... Cytospora species generally cause canker, dieback and decline diseases with different symptoms on a wide range of woody perennials including fruit and nut trees, forest and urban trees, and rarely on herbaceous plants with strong ecological adaptability 21,26,41,54,55 . In our study, disease symptoms differed from the previously reported symptoms of apple canker diseases caused by Cytospora species, as the disease starts from the crown and collar region of apple trees (Fig. 1). ...
... The results of our phylogenetic analyses using ITS-rDNA sequences placed C. balanejica together with C. albodisca, C. corylina, and C. olivacea in an unresolved clade, confirmed the poor utility of this genomic region in the differentiation of Cytospora species 21,38,61,62 ( Supplementary Fig. S1). Recent studies using a polyphasic approach, morphology, and multi-gene phylogeny, have revealed hidden fungal diversity, and led to the description of several new cryptic Cytospora species 21,23,26,38,41 . Based on our multi-gene phylogenetic analyses, C. balanejica formed a well-defined monophyletic lineage distinct from all other strains with close affinity to C. albodisca and C. corylina, two recently described Cytospora species (Fig. 2). ...
... This study found that apple trees are hosts of a new pathogenic species of Cytospora, which should be considered a potentially important causal agent of apple crown and collar canker disease in the studied area. Because Cytospora species are generally considered wound pathogens, infecting plants through cracks and wounds caused by freezing injuries, leaf scars, sunburn, oil injuries, shade-weakened twigs, and pruning wounds 21,53,63 , more precautions should be taken during grafting. Even though this study extends our knowledge about the role of a new Cytospora species in crown and collar canker disease on young apple trees, more studies are needed to reveal its biology and ecology, assess the susceptibility/resistance of apple cultivars under field conditions, and its host range and epidemiology to the development of effective management strategies. ...
Apple is the most important fruit tree in West Azarbaijan province of Iran. In a survey of apple orchards, a disease with crown and collar canker and necrosis symptoms was observed in three young apple orchards in Urmia, affecting 15% and 1% of ‘Red Delicious’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ cultivars, respectively. A fungus with typical characteristics of the asexual morph of Cytospora was regularly isolated from the diseased tissues. Morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses inferred from the combined dataset of the ITS-rDNA, parts of LSU, tef1-α, rpb2, and act1 genes revealed that the isolates represent a new species of Cytospora, described herein as Cytospora balanejica sp. nov.. The pathogenicity of all isolates was confirmed on apple cv. ‘Red Delicious’ based on Koch’s postulates. Also, the reaction of 12 other apple cultivars was assessed against five selected isolates with the highest virulence. The results showed that except for cv. ‘Braeburn’, which did not produce any symptoms of the disease, the other 11 cultivars showed characteristic disease symptoms including sunken and discolored bark and wood. The mean length of the discolored area was different among the 11 so-called susceptible cultivars, hence cvs. ‘M4’ and ‘Golden Delicious’ showed the highest and the lowest lesion length, respectively. Moreover, the aggressiveness of the five tested isolates was different, and the isolates BA 2-4 and BA 3-1 had the highest and lowest aggressiveness, respectively. Based on our observations on the potential ability of the fungus to cause disease on young and actively growing apple trees, it will be a serious threat to apple cultivation and industry.
... according to their colony morphology (Phillips et al. 2013;Udayanga et al. 2014;Chen et al. 2015). Isolates from plants showing symptoms of Cytospora canker, known also as 'Mal dello stacco', were grouped in Botryosphaeriaceae and Cytospora-like spp., based on their culture characteristic (Phillips et al. 2013;Lawrence et al. 2018 (Linaldeddu et al. 2016). Hereby, B. dothidea was isolated in association with A. decipiens in the surveyed orchard n°6 (Monteu Roero-CN), whilst Dip. ...
Italy is the second largest hazelnut producer worldwide and Piedmont is one of the most productive regions in the country. The changing climatic condition and fungal trunk diseases (FTD) can have a severe impact on this crop. Particularly, the considerable spread of Cytospora cankers (‘Mal dello stacco’) and dieback represent a serious concern for producers. Thus, considering the limited studies on the causal agents, different surveys were conducted in seven hazelnut orchards during 2021 and 2022. Eight fungal species were identified: Anthostoma decipiens, Botryosphaeria dothidea, Diaporthe eres, Dia. rudis, Diplodia seriata, Dip. subglobosa, Dothiorella parva and Nothophoma brennandiae . Species identification was achieved through multilocus phylogeny and morphology assessment. All the fungal species were pathogenic on healthy hazelnut plants (cultivar Tonda Gentile) and A. decipiens and Dia. eres were the most aggressive. The present study is the first report of B. dothidea and Dia. eres as causal agents of FTD on hazelnut in Italy and of Dia. rudis, Dip. subglobosa and N. brennandiae worldwide. Moreover, the study provides clarification of the fungal pathogens associated with FTD on this crop in Piedmont, thus laying the base for further studies on epidemiology, ecology and management strategies.
... The genus Cytospora was established by Ehrenberg (1818) and classified in Cytosporaceae, Diaporthales, Sordariomycetes (Wijayawardene et al. 2018;Fan et al. 2020). It includes numerous important pathogens associated with canker and dieback diseases of woody plants, with a worldwide distribution and broad host range (Sinclair et al. 1987;Adams et al. 2005Adams et al. , 2006Lawrence et al. 2018;Fan et al. 2020;Lin et al. 2023a, b). Dieback and stem canker caused by Cytospora lead to the growth weakness or death of host plants, thereby causing significant economic and ecological losses (Sinclair et al. 1987;Adams et al. 2005). ...
... Cytospora included both generalist pathogens and specialist pathogens (Lawrence et al. 2018). Most Cytospora species have been discovered in a wide range of hosts (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Lawrence et al. 2018;Norphanphoun et al. 2018;Fan et al. 2020). ...
... Cytospora included both generalist pathogens and specialist pathogens (Lawrence et al. 2018). Most Cytospora species have been discovered in a wide range of hosts (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Lawrence et al. 2018;Norphanphoun et al. 2018;Fan et al. 2020). In this study, Cytospora sorbariae and C. fengtaiensis were introduced as two new species from the single host species, so more exhaustive sampling from other regions of the world is needed in future studies for a clear elucidation of their host ranges and distribution. ...
Members of Cytospora include saprobes, endophytes and important plant pathogens, which are widely distributed on various wood hosts and have a wide global distribution. In this study, the species definitions were conducted, based on multigene phylogeny (ITS, act , rpb2 , tef1-α and tub2 genes) and comparisons of morphological characters. A total of 22 representative isolates obtained from 21 specimens in Fengtai District of Beijing City were identified as seven species of Cytospora , including four known species ( C. albodisca , C. ailanthicola , C. euonymina , C. haidianensis ) and three novel species ( C. fengtaiensis , C. pinea , C. sorbariae ). The results provide an understanding of the taxonomy of Cytospora species associated with canker and dieback diseases in Fengtai District, Beijing, China.
... During species identification, host association and spore morphology were important than molecular phylogeny [15][16][17]. However, recently, many cryptic species were revealed from the same host with similar spore morphologies by polyphasic methods using a combination of morphology and molecular phylogeny [18][19][20][21][22]. For example, Cytospora vinacea D.P. Lawr., Travadon & Pouzoulet and C. viticola D.P. Lawr., and Travadon & Pouzoulet cause Vitis vinifera cankers in the USA [23]; Cytospora ailanthicola X.L. Fan & C.M. Tian and five other Cytospora species are responsible for Chinese polar canker diseases [24]; eight species of Cytospora are associated with willow cankers in China [25]; and C. kuanchengensis C.M. Tian & N. Jiang and five other Cytospora species cause Castanea mollissima Blume branch canker in China [26]. ...
Branch canker diseases are important in forest ecosystems, causing economic and ecological losses. Members of Cytospora are common on cankered branches and associated with the diseases. Investigations on Cytospora cankers were conducted in Tibet, China, during 2022 and 2023. Samples were collected from Euonymus japonicus, Larix gmelinii, Malus pumila, M. spectabilis and Rosa omeiensis f. pteracantha, and cultures were obtained and identified by morphological features and molecular phylogeny of a combination of internal transcribed spacer region rDNA (ITS), the partial actin (act) region, RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2) gene, the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene and the partial beta-tubulin (tub2) gene. As a result, a new species is proposed herein named Cytospora lhasaensis and four known species are described for the first time from Tibet, viz. C. euonymina, C. gigaspora, C. mali and C. schulzeri. The current research enhances our understanding of the Cytospora species associated with woody host diseases in Tibet, China.
... For instance, 16 different Cytospora spp. have been recently identified to be associated with cankers and dieback of fruit and nut trees in California (Lawrence et al. 2018;Úrbez-Torres et al. 2020). Similarly, 10 new Cytospora spp. ...
... Six isolates representing one morphological group clustered together (99% MP and 100% ML bootstrap values) with C. parasitica isolates identified from M. domestica from China (Sha et al. 2023) (Fig. 4a). Five isolates representing a second morphological group clustered together (99% MP and 100% ML bootstrap values) with C. populicola type isolate KARE973 from Populus deltoides from California (Lawrence et al. 2018) (Fig. 4a). Fourteen isolates representing the third morphological group clustered together (99% MP and 100% ML bootstrap values) with C. sorbicola isolates identified from P. avium from California (Lawrence et al. 2018) (Fig. 4a). ...
... Five isolates representing a second morphological group clustered together (99% MP and 100% ML bootstrap values) with C. populicola type isolate KARE973 from Populus deltoides from California (Lawrence et al. 2018) (Fig. 4a). Fourteen isolates representing the third morphological group clustered together (99% MP and 100% ML bootstrap values) with C. sorbicola isolates identified from P. avium from California (Lawrence et al. 2018) (Fig. 4a). ...
... Cytospora species are widely distributed and are thought to be phytopathogens, endophytes, or saprobes that live on a variety of hosts (Fan et al. 2020;Jiang et al. 2020). Cytospora species can cause chronic wood infections to stone fruits, pome fruits, and nuts such as Prunus persica, P. armeniaca, P. avium, Malus species, and Juglans species (Lawrence et al. 2018). Apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) is one of the most frequently consumed and grown fruits that adapts to different climates, grows under different ecological conditions, and shows a broad diffusion area in the world. ...
... It is indicated that Cytospora spp., which is among fungal disease factors, causes canker and retrospective death disease in more than 100 plant species, including apple trees worldwide (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006Pan et al. 2018). In many studies, the species that cause canker disease in apple trees; C. cincta, C. schulzeri, C. leucostoma, C. chrysosperma, C. nivea, C. sacculus, C. melnikii, C. mali, C. carphosperma, C. parasitica, C. rubescens, C. microspora, C. calvillae, C. personata, C. leucosticta, Valsa americana, V. ceratosperma, V. malicola, V. papyriferae and V. melastoma (Proffer and 1989;Ashkan and Hedjaroude 1993;Surve-Iyer et al. 1995;Wang et al. 2007Wang et al. , 2011Wang et al. , 2014Suzaki 2008;Fotouhifar et al. 2010;Mehrabi et al. 2011;Norphanphoun et al. 2017;Lawrence et al. 2018;Ma et al. 2018). This disease causes significant crop losses worldwide (Adams et al. 2005(Adams et al. , 2006. ...
... Using combined ITS, LSU, ACT, and RPB2 sequences in maximum parsimony based phylogeny, with C. parasitica, C. germanica, C. salicicola, and C. malicola were in a group, while C. sorbicola, C. leucostama, C. donetzica, C. erumpens, C. multicollis, and C. sorbi have been identified in a group. Lawrence et al. (2018), they periodically isolated putative Cytospora species from rotting fruit and nut trees in the Central Valley of California. In the study, they used four nuclear loci (ITS, ef1-α, actin, and β-tubulin) to reveal the biodiversity and taxonomy of the genus Cytospora. ...
Cytospora spp. is a cause of canker and dieback disease in many plant species, including apple trees worldwide, and causes significant crop losses worldwide. In this study, samples of Cytospora were collected from symptomatic branches in apple trees in the Eğirdir district of Isparta province, Türkiye. Cytospora isolates identification were determined by internal transcribed spacer (ITS), ef1‑α (translation elongation factor 1-alpha) and large subunit (LSU) sequence analysis. In molecular analyses, the species isolated from apple trees were identified as Cytospora parasitica and C. sorbicola. nrITS sequence lengths between 456 and 655 base pairs, ef1‑α sequence lengths between 538 and 647 base pairs and nrLSU sequence lengths between 1015 and 1314 base pairs were determined. In addition, π = nucleotide diversity, 0.021220 for ITS sequence, π = 0.021220, for ef1‑α sequence π = 0.085317 and for LSU sequence π = 0.009499 were determined. Also, in phylogenetic trees constructed using ITS, ef1‑α and LSU sequences C. parasitica and C. sorbicola species appeared in separate branches. As a result, nrITS, ef1‑α and nrLSU sequences were efficient in the identification and phylogenetic analysis of Cytospora species. Cytospora sorbicola is recorded as being associated with apple canker disease in Türkiye for the first time.
