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![Cytoplasm is an interpenetrating network. Confocal image of (a) vimentin intermediate filament, (b) microtubule, (c) F-actin, and (d) overlay of a mouse embryonic fibroblast [2]. (Scale bar, 5 µm). Schematics: (e) A cell. (f) The cytoplasm is supported by interpenetrating cytoskeletal fibers, which are intermediate filaments (green), F-actin (red), and microtubule (yellow). In a typical optical-tweezers measurement, a micro-size particle (grey) is perturbed within the cytoplasm. (g) Typical cyclic force-displacement response of vim only, vim-/-, and WT. Multiple loading-unloading cycles are applied by a laser-trapped particle. After 10 cycles, the particle stays in its original position for 10 minutes before another loading is applied.](publication/372076263/figure/fig1/AS:11431281172055672@1688443687043/Cytoplasm-is-an-interpenetrating-network-Confocal-image-of-a-vimentin-intermediate.jpg)
Cytoplasm is an interpenetrating network. Confocal image of (a) vimentin intermediate filament, (b) microtubule, (c) F-actin, and (d) overlay of a mouse embryonic fibroblast [2]. (Scale bar, 5 µm). Schematics: (e) A cell. (f) The cytoplasm is supported by interpenetrating cytoskeletal fibers, which are intermediate filaments (green), F-actin (red), and microtubule (yellow). In a typical optical-tweezers measurement, a micro-size particle (grey) is perturbed within the cytoplasm. (g) Typical cyclic force-displacement response of vim only, vim-/-, and WT. Multiple loading-unloading cycles are applied by a laser-trapped particle. After 10 cycles, the particle stays in its original position for 10 minutes before another loading is applied.
Source publication
Under many physiological and pathological conditions such as division and migration, cells undergo dramatic deformations, under which their mechanical integrity is supported by cytoskeletal networks (i.e. intermediate filaments, F-actin, and microtubules). Recent observations of cytoplasmic microstructure indicate interpenetration among different c...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... mechanical integrity and flexibility of the cytoplasm are supported by cytoskeletal networks [2, 12- 35], which are interpenetrating networks formed by three major types of polymers: (i) intermediate filaments (vimentin, keratin and etc.), (ii) F-actin, and (iii) microtubules ( Fig. 1 (a-f)) [12,13]. The intermediate filament network is rather elastic, relatively tough and nonlinearly stiffens under external load, while F-actin and microtubule filaments show a relatively linear response before failure, and they break quite easily [2,[15][16][17]. ...
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... of experimental observations.-Recent in situ micromechanical experiments by optical tweezers using eukaryotic cells of the wild type (WT) with all three types of the cytoskeleton, vimentin knock-out (vim-/-), and the vimentin-only ghost cell (vim only) have revealed ( Fig. 1(g)) ...
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... vim-only cells nonlinearly stiffen and they are relatively elastic under cyclic loading ( Fig. 1(g), ...
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... Both WT and vim-/-cells relax, and multiple-cycle loading dramatically damages their load-carrying capacity ( Fig. 1(g), middle, ...
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... illustration of the computational domain and simulation setup is shown in Fig. B1. A 1-µm-diameter particle is embedded in a large cylindrical matrix with both diameter and height 20 µm. The lateral surface of the matrix is fixed in the axial direction. The rest of the boundaries are traction-free. Without being explicitly stated, a zero-valued Neumann boundary condition is naturally assigned to the damage field. 10 ...
