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Cutaneous papillomas of the skin. (a) Neck, cow. Multiple exophytic, irregular verrucous papilloma masses arising in the skin. (b) Histopathological section showing papillary projections composed of a hyperkeratotic epidermis with a central collagenous core (10x). (c) Interdigitated epidermal and dermal papillary projections (shown by arrows, 10x). (d) Fibroblast proliferation, collagen deposition, and lymphocyte infiltration (shown by arrows, 10x). (e) Koilocytes (arrows) and keratinocytes with swollen perinuclear halos (40x). (f) Koilocytes with clear cytoplasm and pyknotic nuclei (shown by arrows, 40x, stained with H&E).
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This study aimed to provide the first molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) in Iraq. BPV is a widely spread oncogenic virus in Iraqi cattle and is associated with the formation of both benign and malignant lesions, resulting in notable economic losses in dairy and beef cattle. In the current study, 140 cutaneous papillo...
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This study was aimed at the molecular characterisation of bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) isolated from papilloma cases in the northwestern region of Turkey. BPV-1 is a widely occurring oncogenic virus in cattle and is associated with benign epithelial neoplasia which causes significant economic losses in dairy and beef cattle because of treat...
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... Papillomas that were positive for BPV were obtained mainly from female bovines (95.0%), those older than 24 months (50.0%), animals of the Holstein breed (45.0%), and those from specialized dairy farms (75.0%), which is the production sector in Costa Rica most concerned about the presence of papillomas in cows, since these interfere with milking, resulting in decreased production [10]. ...
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPVs) infect the basal layer of the epithelium of bovines, where they persist asymptomatically or produce benign fibroepithelial hyperplasia in the skin or mucosa. The aim of the present study was to describe the genotypes of bovine papillomas at the macroscopic and microscopic level. A descriptive study was carried out using non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Ninety-nine papillomas from 63 animals were collected on 32 farms, as well as information about age, gender, breed, and productive use of the bovines. The location, type, and degree of epithelial invasion of the papillomas were recorded. The samples were subjected to molecular and histopathological analysis. Papillomas were found most frequently on dairy farms (75.0%), in females (95.0%), in cattle of the Holstein breed (45.0%), and in animals over 24 months of age (50.0%). Most of the positive animals had from 1 to 15 papillomas (31.6%) and only one type of papilloma (79.4%). Cauliflower-like papillomas were found in 48.5% of the cases, while atypical papillomas were found in 11.1% of the cases. Cauliflower-like papillomas were found mainly on the udder (14.4%), head (10.0%), and neck (10.0%) and were associated with five BPV genotypes (BPV1, BPV2, BPV6, BPV7, and BPV10), while BPV2 and BPV6 were found to be associated with all types of papillomas (cauliflower, flat, pedunculated, and atypical). The presence of BPV11 in flat papillomas and BPV6 in atypical papillomas is reported here for the first time. Morphology and histopathological findings did not allow differentiation of the BPV genotypes.
... Positive papillomas to BPV were obtained mainly from female bovines (95.0%), older than 24 months (50.0%), Holstein breed (45.0%) and from specialized dairy farms (75.0%), which is the most concerned productive sector in Costa Rica, about the presence of papillomas in cows, since these interfere with milking, causing drops in the production (Hamad et al., 2016). Most of the animals with papillomas were more than two years old, which does not agree with a study carried out in Colombia by Cardona-Álvarez et al. (2018), that determined a greater affectation of young male animals, without determining the productive use of cattle, and that could explain the discrepancy between the Colombian study and ours, but both were non-probabilistic and descriptive studies, too. ...
Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) infect the basal layer of the epithelium of bovines, where they persist asymptomatically or produce benign fibroepithelial hyperplasia in the skin or mucosa. The present study aimed to describe the genotypes of bovine papillomas at macroscopic and microscopic level. A descriptive study was carried out, using a non-probabilistic convenience sampling. Ninety-nine papillomas from 63 animals out of 32 farms were collected, as well as information about age, gender, breed, and productive use of the bovines. The location, type and degree of epithelial invasion of the papillomas was recorded. The samples were subjected to molecular and histopathological analysis. The highest number of bovines with papillomas was found in dairy farms (75,0%), in females (95.0%), Holstein breed (45,0%), and animals with ages over 24 months (50,0%). Most of the animals presented from 1 to 15 papillomas (31.6%) and only one type of papilloma (79.4%). Cauliflower-like papillomas were found in 48.5% of the cases, while the atypical papilloma in 11.1% cases. Cauliflower-like papillomas were found mainly in udder (14,4%), head (10,0%) and neck (10,0%) and were associated to five BPV genotypes (BPV1, BPV2, BPV6, BPV7 and BPV10) while BPV2 and BPV6 were found associated with all types of papillomas (cauliflower, flat, pedunculated and atypical). The presence of BPV11 in flat and BPV6 in atypical papillomas is reported for the first time. The morphology and histopathological findings did not allow a differentiation of the BPV genotypes.
... Each genus includes more than one type of BPV; Delta papillomavirus 4 (BPV 1, BPV 2, BPV 13,and BPV 14), Xi Papillomavirus (BPV 3, BPV 4, BPV 6, BPV 9, BPV 10, BPV 11, BPV 12, BPV 15, BPV17, and BPV 23), Epsilon papillomavirus 1 (BPV5, and BPV 8), Dyoxipapillomavirus 1 (BPV7, BPV 19,and BPV 21), and Dyokappappillomavirus genus (BPV16, and BPV18). Seven other BPV types, BPV20, BPV21, BPV 22, BPV 24, BPV 25, BPV26, and BPV 27, belong to unclassified genera [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
... As a preliminary diagnosis, the gross indication of the clinical lesions appearing on the skin is required, accompanied by histopathological examination, electron microscopy [15], or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [7]. BPVs have been recorded in some Middle Eastern countries, such as Turkey [16], Iraq [9], and Egypt [17]. ...
Background and Aim: Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a heterogeneous group of oncoviruses, distributed globally, which produce major economic losses. In the current study, we compared the results of different diagnostic approaches and compared the strains identified in this study with previously characterized strains at local and international levels.
... In addition, some studies state that there may be transmission by arthropods and coitus (12,14). Factors such as malnutrition, hormonal imbalance, mutations, and long-term exposure to sunlight that cause immunosuppression in animals are also risk factors for the occurrence of infection (15). ...
Objetivo. Este estudio investigó los efectos de recuperación del levamisol, el extracto de Tarantula cubensis y la combinación de levamisol+extracto de T. cubensis en cabras con papilomatosis cutánea. Materiales y métodos. Se incluyeron en el estudio cuarenta cabras de pelo entre 2 y 4 años de edad en período de lactancia, que fueron diagnosticadas clínicamente de papilomatosis, y se dividieron en cuatro grupos aleatoriamente, cada uno con diez cabras. No se realizó ninguna aplicación en cabras en el grupo de control. Se administraron levamisol (5mg/kg, por vía intramuscular), extracto de T.cubensis (4ml, por vía subcutánea) y levamisol (5mg/kg, por vía intramuscular) y extracto de T.cubensis (4ml, por vía subcutánea) a las cabras en el grupo de levamisol, grupo de extracto de T. cubensis y grupo combinado, respectivamente, dos veces a intervalos semanales. Todos los animales de los grupos se controlaron a intervalos de 15 días durante tres meses. Resultados. Si bien no se observó recuperación en el grupo de control, se observó regresión en solo el papiloma de un animal (10%). Las tasas de recuperación y regresión fueron 40% y 40% en el grupo de levamisol, 30% y 40% en el grupo de extracto de T. cubensis y 60% y 30% en el grupo combinado, respectivamente. Conclusiones. Se encontró que los tres tratamientos aplicados en cabras para tratar la papilomatosis cutánea eran efectivos en diferentes grados. Cuando se comparó entre los grupos de tratamiento, se encontró que la combinación de extracto de levamisol+T. cubensis era un tratamiento más efectivo.
... Each genus includes more than one type of BPV; Delta papillomavirus 4 (BPV 1, BPV 2, BPV 13,and BPV 14), Xi Papillomavirus (BPV 3, BPV 4, BPV 6, BPV 9, BPV 10, BPV 11, BPV 12, BPV 15, BPV17, and BPV 23), Epsilon papillomavirus 1 (BPV5, and BPV 8), Dyoxipapillomavirus 1 (BPV7, BPV 19,and BPV 21), and Dyokappappillomavirus genus (BPV16, and BPV18). Seven other BPV types, BPV20, BPV21, BPV 22, BPV 24, BPV 25, BPV26, and BPV 27, belong to unclassified genera [7][8][9][10][11]. ...
... As a preliminary diagnosis, the gross indication of the clinical lesions appearing on the skin is required, accompanied by histopathological examination, electron microscopy [15], or polymerase chain reaction (PCR) [7]. BPVs have been recorded in some Middle Eastern countries, such as Turkey [16], Iraq [9], and Egypt [17]. ...
Background and Aim: Bovine papillomaviruses (BPV) are a heterogeneous group of oncoviruses, distributed globally,
which produce major economic losses. In the current study, we compared the results of different diagnostic approaches and
compared the strains identified in this study with previously characterized strains at local and international levels.
Materials and Methods: Samples of skin warts were collected from five bovines with generalized papillomatosis from two
Egyptian provinces, Menya and Ismailia, in 2020. Electron microscopy, molecular characterization, histopathological, and
immunohistochemical examination were performed.
Results: BPV was detected using electron microscopy in the collected samples. Using molecular characterization, BPV-2
was successfully identified for 1st time in Egypt. The strain has 99.6% identity with the BPV-2 reference strains obtained
from GenBank. These results were supported by histopathology and immunohistochemistry examination. Partial nucleotide
sequences of the L1 gene were submitted to GenBank with accession numbers MW289843 and MW289844.
Conclusion: BPV-2 was reported for 1st time in the current study. The strain was identified grossly, microscopically, and
pathologically and confirmed using molecular approaches. All results were consistent. The sequence analysis revealed that
this strain has high sequence similarity to the reference Deltapapillomavirus-4, BPV-2 strains from Brazil and China.
... Haematological picture in this case revealed leukocytosis due to lymphocytosis, which agrees with the findings of Jelinek and Tachezy (2005), while the gross pathology findings observed in this study agrees with the findings of Hamad et al. (2016) and AL-Salihi et al. (2020). Lymphocytic leukocytosis is a common feature in chronic antigenic stimulation due to infectious agents and also in neoplasia (Webb and Latimer, 2011). ...
... Histopathology of this case showed growths that are characterized by a core of fibrous connective tissue, with some degree of hyperkeratotic parakeratosis. These findings agree with the findings of Araldi et al., (2015); Hamad et al. (2016) and Timurkan and Alcigir (2017). Although, bovine cutaneous papillomatosis is easily recognized clinically, the classification of the neoplasms by histopathology may give clues as to the type of BPV involved (Mauldin and Peters-Kennedy, 2016). ...
This report describes a case of bovine cutaneous fibropapillomatosis (BCF) in a Simmental yearling bull in an integrated cattle farm in Giri, Abuja, Nigeria. The case was characterized clinically by multiple gray to brown, cauliflower-like, pedunculated growths on the skin of the head, neck, shoulder, dorsum, and lateral abdomen. Histopathologically, the growths were characterized by fibrous connective tissue core, and parakeratotic hyper-keratosis. A diagnosis of BCF was made based on the classical clinical signs and histopathology findings. The case was managed by surgical excision of the neoplastic growths and topical application of antibiotic on wound sites. There is the need to determine the epidemiology of cutaneous papillomatosis and associated aetiology, clini-copathological features as well as economic importance of the disease in cattle in Nigeria. ABSTRACT Article history:
... Flies and other arthropod vectors may play a role in disease transmission (Nasir and Campo 2008). Stress, malnutrition, hormonal imbalances, and the presence of wounds might increase the risk of the disease occurrence (Hamad et al. 2016). ...
Cutaneous warts are the common clinical feature of infection with Bovine papillomavirus (BPV), and it is commonly known as bovine papillomatosis. It causes significant economic losses, especially in the dairy sector. The aim of this study was surveillance of the circulating strains of BPV in four Egyptian governorates and characterization by electron microscopy. Warts skin lesions and whole blood from seventy-eight native breed cattle were obtained. Molecular detection using two different sets of primers, phylogenetic analysis, and electron microscopy were carried out. The obtained results showed that using FAP59/FAP64 primer set is more sensitive than the MY09/My11 primer set in the detection of the papilloma L1 gene either in the blood or in the skin lesion. Sequence analysis of the partially amplified L1 gene revealed 4 different strains belonging to Deltapapillomavirus 4. Only Alfayoum_Deltapapillomavirus_2018 (accession no: MW018705) was found to be closely related to the strain previously isolated in different Egyptian governorates in 2017, and 2 strains were closely related to an isolate of equine origin. Electron microscopy examination of the skin lesions showed the presence of negatively stained rounded, non-enveloped virus particles with a size of 60 nm in diameter. In conclusion, continuous surveillance and characterization of the circulating strains using multiple sets of primers are important. Efficient biosecurity measures must be applied to decrease transmission of papillomavirus between the different animal species, especially in the mixed management system.
... Los bovinos de los que se obtuvieron los papilomas BPV positivos fueron sobre todo hembras (95,0%), mayores de 24 meses (50,0%), de raza Holstein (45,0%) y de fincas lecheras especializadas de leche (75,0%), probablemente, porque este sector productivo es el más preocupado en Costa Rica por la presencia de papilomas en sus vacas, ya que estos interfieren con el ordeño ocasionando bajas en el rendimiento productivo (Hamad et al., 2016). La mayoría de animales con papilomas tenían más de dos años de edad, lo cual no concuerda con un estudio realizado en Colombia por , que determinó una mayor afectación de animales machos, de edad joven, no determinándose en ese estudio el uso productivo de los bovinos. ...
... de leche (75,0%), probablemente, porque este sector productivo es el más preocupado en Costa Rica por la presencia de papilomas en sus vacas, ya que estos interfieren con el ordeño ocasionando bajas en el rendimiento productivo(Hamad et al., 2016). La mayoría de animales con papilomas tenían más de dos años de edad, lo cual no concuerda con un estudio realizado en Colombia por, que determinó una mayor afectación de animales machos, de edad joven, no determinándose en ese estudio el uso productivo de los bovinos. ...
La papilomatosis es una condición crónica de origen viral que en muchos de los casos está asociada a la presencia de tumoraciones benignas y de naturaleza fibroepitelial. Los papilomavirus ocasionan lesiones proliferativas, que, si están localizadas en la ubre, pueden interferir con el ordeño y ocasionar pérdidas al ganadero. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue, por un lado, establecer los genotipos de BPV presentes en ganado bovino en diferentes zonas del país mediante técnicas moleculares, y por el otro lado, describir los tipos de papilomas bovinos a nivel macroscópico y microscópico, y relacionar la morfología de las lesiones con los genotipos de BPV encontrados en las lesiones. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, con muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, en el cual se recolectó un total de 99 papilomas, provenientes de 63 animales y 32 fincas durante un año (2018). Se recopiló información sobre edad, género, raza, uso productivo del animal, grado de invasión, ubicación y morfología de los papilomas. Los papilomas se sometieron a análisis histopatológicos, además se analizaron mediante técnicas de diagnóstico molecular (reacción en cadena de la polimerasa, replicación circular de ADN, secuenciación) y digestión enzimática.
Se determinó por primera vez la presencia de siete genotipos de BPV (BPV-1, BPV-2, BPV-4, BPV-6, BPV-7, BPV-10 y BPV-11), en Costa Rica. El BPV genotipo 6 fue el que se detectó más frecuentemente en las muestras analizadas (33,3%), seguido del BPV-2 (26,7%) y BPV-1 (26,7%), mientras que los genotipos BPV-1 y BPV-2 fueron los que se encontró más ampliamente distribuidos en el país. En dos animales se determinó infección con dos genotipos de BPV, en un caso BPV-1 y BPV-2, y en otro caso BPV-4 y BPV-6. El método de digestión enzimática con las enzimas Escherichia coli RY13, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens HI y Saccharomyces cerevisiae I permitieron la diferenciación de los genotipos BPV-1, BPV-2, BPV-4, y BPV-7, pero no resultó ser un método útil para identificar los demás genotipos (BPV-6, BPV-10 y BPV-11).
El mayor número de animales con papilomas positivo se encontró en fincas lecheras (75,0%), afectando a hembras (95,0%), de raza Holstein (45,0%), y con edades superiores a los 24 meses (50,0%). La mayoría de los animales presentaron entre 1 y 15 papilomas (31,6%), y un único tipo de papiloma (79,4%). El papiloma que se encontró con mayor frecuencia fue el de tipo coliflor (48,5%), seguido del tipo plano (20,2%) y peduncular (20,2%) y el menos frecuente fue el papiloma atípico (11,1%). La morfología coliflor fue encontrada principalmente en la ubre (14,4%), cabeza (10,0%) y cuello (10,0%) y se asoció a 5 genotipos (BPV-1, BPV-2, BPV-6, BPV-7 y BPV-10) mientras que los BPV-2 y BPV-6 se encontraron asociados a todas las morfologías (coliflor, plano, pedunculado o atípico). Se reporta por primera vez la presencia de BPV-11 en papilomas con morfología plana y BPV-6 en papilomas con morfología atípica. Los papilomas asociados a BPV-1, BPV-2, BPV-4, BPV-6, BPV-7, BPV-10 y BPV-11 mostraron hiperqueratosis, y en algunos casos la presencia de vacuolización. La morfología y los hallazgos histopatológicos no permitieron una diferenciación de los genotipos de BPV. Se recomienda realizar estudios más amplios y sistemáticos para determinar los genotipos más prevalentes en nuestro país, la morfología e histopatología de los papilomas producidos por los diferentes genotipos de BPV, y estudiar el posible rol de la inmunidad del huésped sobre morfología e histopatología de las lesiones.
Es importante comunicar los resultados obtenidos a las autoridades y productores.
... Molecular characterization of bovine papillomavirus in Iraqi cattle showed the widespread presence of this oncogenic virus and the contribution it has to the development of skin tumors. BPV1, 2, and 13 affect dairy and beef cattle and induce remarkable commercial losses 14,15 . This study aims to investigate and identify the etiology of teat and udder warts of Iraqi dairy cattle using molecular and histopathological approaches. ...
... Figures 1 and 2 show the distinct appearance of benign skin tumor and multiple stages of hyperkeratinization in addition to other tumor related microscopic and gross changes in cutaneous layers. Previous studies by our team for different types of BPV (type 1, 2 and 13) showed that tumor samples were cutaneous fibropapillomas, which demonstrated the main features of papillomatosis ( 14,15 . PCR products for BPV-10 genotypes Fig.3 were detected with band sat 403 bp in agreement with 17 while PCR products demonstrated BPV-11 genotypes with band sat 560 bp (Fig. 4) in agreement with ( 18 . ...
In this study, the prevalence of diverse bovine papilloma viruses in cutaneous lesions was investigated in Iraqi cows. Fourteen specimens were taken from udder growths of Iraqi dairy cows, which demonstrated rice grain-like and small, raised flesh-like appearance. DNA was extracted from the teat wart samples, then was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using primers against BPV-10 (403 bp) and BPV-11 (560 bp). PCR results revealed mixed infections of BPV-10 and BPV-11 in four samples, while the remaining ten samples were infected with BPV-10 only. These findings demonstrate the presence of bovine papillomaviruses 10 and 11 in rice grain-like cutaneous lesions on the teats of cows and multiple elevated growths on udder. The detection and report of the BPV-10 and BPV-11 genotypes in the current study is for first time in Iraq, which are known in the Middle East region, are crucial for disease control measurements.
... Viral replication takes place in the nucleus, as infected cells are lysed and new virions are released (Hong and Kim 2015). These viruses show an affinity for mucosal tissues and squamous epithelial as well as mesenchymal tissue (Araldi et al. 2014;Hamad et al. 2016). Although these viruses show tropism to the squamous epithelium of warm-blooded animals, particulary cattle, cross-species infection has been reported only in horses and other equines (AL-Salihi et al. 2020). ...
... In accordance with the findings of the literature (Atasever Hyperkeratosis (Atasever et al. 2005;Hong and Kim 2015;Branci et al. 2020), acanthosis (Özsoy et al. 2011(Özsoy et al. , Araldi et al. 2015Al-Salihi et al. 2020), rete pegs (Beytut et al. 2017;Hamad et al. 2017;Ata et al. 2018), koilocytosis (Carvalho et al. 2013;Araldi et al. 2014;Hamad et al. 2017), degeneration in keratinocytes (Atasever et al. 2005;Tozato et al. 2013;Timurkan and Alcigir 2017), keratohyaline granules (da Silva et al.2015;Beytut et al.2017, Timurkan andAlcigir 2017), dermal proliferation (Grindatto et al. 2015;Hamad et al. 2016;Yamashita-Kawanishi et al. 2019), the histopathological changes observed in papillomas and fibropapillomas were also recorded in this study. ...
In this study, it was aimed to evaluate the expressions of 8-OHdG and MDA immunohistochemically in order to determine the oxidative stress-induced DNA damage and lipid peroxidation in 16 papillomas and 14 fibropapillomas from 30 cattle brought to our department between 2013-2020. Biopsy samples taken after surgery were fixed in buffered 10% formaldehyde solution. Sections of 5 μm thickness were taken from the paraffin blocks prepared after routine tissue follow-up procedures and Hematoxylin & Eosin staining was applied to the sections in order to detect histopathological changes. Avidin Biotin Peroxidase method was used for immunohistochemical staining. In papilloma cases, severe hyperkeratosis, retepects extending from the epidermis to the dermis, spongiosis and balloon-like degeneration in squamous epithelial cells, basophilic inclusion bodies in granular cells, ulcerations in the epidermis layer, hemorrhagic areas and an increase in kerato hyaline granules were observed. In addition to these findings, dense connective tissue increases were detected in fibropapilloma cases. In immunohistochemical evaluations, positive reactions for BPV were observed in the nuclei of cells in stratum granulosum. 8-OHdG positive reactions were detected in the cytoplasm and nucleus of the epidermal cells in papilloma cases, whereas in cases of fibropapilloma, reactions in these cells were observed in the cytoplasm of fibrocytes and fibroblasts in the dermis. Membranous MDA positive reactions were observed in the epidermal cells in papilloma cases, whereas MDA expressions were detected in the cytoplasm of fibrocytes and fibroblasts in the dermis of fibropapilloma cases. As a result of the literature reviews, no study data was found in which DNA damage due to oxidative stres and lipid peroxidation was detected by means of 8-OHdG and MDA expressions in papilloma and fibropapilloma cases of cattle, it is thought that the findings obtained in this study will contribute to the literature. In addition, it has been concluded that oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathogenesis of this tumor.
