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Curves of actual versus simulated values using traditional and optimized GM (1,1), NGBM (1,1), and Fourier series.

Curves of actual versus simulated values using traditional and optimized GM (1,1), NGBM (1,1), and Fourier series.

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Article
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Coffee is the most traded commodity after petroleum. The Vietnamese coffee bean industry has raised concerns lately over an inefficient coffee value chain; bets on coffee price uncertainty are increasing worldwide in the current. Accurate optimization of coffee bean prices helps manufacturers to control an unpredictable market and upgrade cooperati...

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Context 1
... used to evaluate the accuracy of the forecasting model and shown as follows: After finding each model's future price forecasts, Figure 2 displays the validation of coffee bean prices from 2014 to 2019 for each forecasting model, such as GM (1,1), the NGBM (1,1), and Fourier Series Model. We presented the price forecasts for coffee beans grown in Lam Dong below: ...
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... this optimization method, the Fourier series model's average error decreased from 3.926% to 2.077%. However, even though the MAPE percentage was small, for the fluctuating curve given in Figure 2, the Fourier series model surpasses the traditional Fourier series model in the simulation results, being nearly equal to the actual coffee bean price line. ...
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... parameter evaluation of the fitted models was developed by Phan (2015) andChen (2008) below: As shown in Figure 2, for the given fluctuating curve, the NGBM (1,1) surpasses the performance expectations of the Fourier series model in the simulation results. Price forecasting was the best method to generate new ideas for self-innovation in the coffee industry. ...
Context 4
... used to evaluate the accuracy of the forecasting model and shown as follows: After finding each model's future price forecasts, Figure 2 displays the validation of coffee bean prices from 2014 to 2019 for each forecasting model, such as GM (1,1), the NGBM (1,1), and Fourier Series Model. We presented the price forecasts for coffee beans grown in Lam Dong below: ...
Context 5
... this optimization method, the Fourier series model's average error decreased from 3.926% to 2.077%. However, even though the MAPE percentage was small, for the fluctuating curve given in Figure 2, the Fourier series model surpasses the traditional Fourier series model in the simulation results, being nearly equal to the actual coffee bean price line. ...
Context 6
... parameter evaluation of the fitted models was developed by Phan (2015) andChen (2008) below: As shown in Figure 2, for the given fluctuating curve, the NGBM (1,1) surpasses the performance expectations of the Fourier series model in the simulation results. Price forecasting was the best method to generate new ideas for self-innovation in the coffee industry. ...

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