Fig 5 - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International
Content may be subject to copyright.
Currently known electrochemical degradation pathways of 1H-benzotriazole from Ding et al. (2010), Prosen et al. (2020), Xing et al. (2012), and Wu et al. (2013). Main degradation pathways are the opening of the triazole ring and 2-aminobenzenediazonium formation, followed by the loss of amino group to yield benzenediazonium and aniline. Identified degradation products are 2-nitroaniline, 1,2-dinitrobenzene, 2-nitrophenol, aminophenol, mono-, di-, and trihydroxy-benzotriazole. Chlorinated products are formed in the presence of chloride: monochloro-benzotriazole, methyl-benzotriazole, and dichloro-benzotriazole. Means of detection are specified in parenthesis for each product (GC-MS-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry; HPLC-UV-liquid chromatographyultraviolet detection; LC-MS(/ MS)-liquid chromatography-(tandem) mass spectrometry; UV-ultraviolet detection). BTA-1H-benzotriazole
Source publication
Wastewater is major source of contaminants originating from the production, usage, and disposal of plastic materials. Due to their poor biodegradability of these contaminants in municipal wastewater treatment plants, additional advanced oxidation processes such as electrochemical treatments have been developed to improve the standard biological tre...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... authors observed that even after complete removal of 1H-benzotriazole, transformation products were still present. Yet, very little is known about electrochemical degradation pathways, which are presented in Fig. 5. Ding et al. (2010) identified products from ultraviolet-visible spectra and by liquid chromatography. Authors proposed degradation mechanism with opening of the triazole ring and 2-aminobenzenediazonium formation. Loss of amino group yields benzenediazonium and further aniline. Xing et al. (2012) applied gas chromatography-mass ...
Citations
... Improper disposal of industrial waste and heavy metals can build up in lakes and rivers, posing threats to people and wildlife [4] wastewater treatment methods include advanced oxidation techniques, biological processes, Physicochemical processes, and membrane filtration and adsorption [5]. Advanced oxidation requires strong oxidants, making treatment risky and expensive [6]. Biological processes require tightly controlled conditions, lengthy retention times, and large footprints, causing unnecessary fines for nearby WWT facilities during dewatering due to strict municipal regulations [7]. ...
... RSM is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques for building models, evaluating the effects of several variables, and obtaining the values of process variables that produce desirable values of the response [21]. In this study, laboratory experiments were carried out using an indigenous bio coagulant assisted electrocoagulation process by varying parameters in their interval: pH (3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11), current (0.2 -0.8A), reaction time (20 -60min), custard apple seed powder as indigenous bio coagulant (0.5 -3.5g/l) and constantly 0.75 g/l NaCl as an electrolyte to reduce power consumption. As shown in table 1 these inputs give number of experimental runs, range of pH, time, current and coagulant dosage which was generated by using RSM software. ...
Industrial wastewaters present a challenge with conventional treatments because of their low biodegradability and high levels of organic matter. Wastewater from human activities, particularly from brewery industries, is a significant source of pollution. A substantial amount of effluent is used during the brewing process and discharged into the environment. Large volumes of both biodegradable and non-biodegradable substances found in brewery effluent make them suitable for the natural coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation process. The treatment options available today are highly harmful and not economical. To solve this problem and provide a simple method of treating brewery wastewater, the Bio coagulant assisted electrocoagulation process was created. The performance of bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation was studied, considering parameters such as pH, time, current, and bio-coagulant dosage. The bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation process removed COD (99.01%), BOD (99.09%), TDS (99.02%), and) at an ideal pH of 7, a current of 0.5 Ampere, a time of 40 minutes, and power consumed (0.54kwh/m ³ with a constant dose of 0.75 g/l Nacl as electrolytes. The results also showed that indigenous bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation processes was effective and uses less power in removing pollutants from brewery wastewater. Furthermore, the bio-coagulant-assisted electrocoagulation parameters employed by the study were statistically customized by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The value of a dependent variable is identified by regression analysis with a design expert (RSM) using the specified values of the independent variables.
... The study by the authors of [104] deals with the removal of wastewater contaminants related to the production, use, and disposal of plastic materials. The related emerging contaminants were bisphenol A, phthalic acid esters, and benzotriazoles. ...
Micropollutants belong to various groups of chemicals. One of the most diverse and large group of them are pharmaceuticals. The presence of pharmaceutical residues in wastewater poses a significant challenge to water quality and environmental health. This paper provides an overview of recent advancements in the removal of pharmaceuticals from water, focusing on various treatment processes and their effectiveness in eliminating micropollutants. Through a review of the literature, including studies on ozonation, UV irradiation, sulfate radical-based technologies, and photocatalytic processes, insights into degradation mechanisms and optimal conditions for their removal are synthesized. Additionally, with new legislation mandating the monitoring of selected micropollutants and the implementation of quaternary treatment in wastewater treatment plants, the paper discusses prospects for future research and recommendations for effective pharmaceutical removal. Key actions include conducting comprehensive laboratory and pilot trials, implementing quaternary treatment of wastewater, continuously monitoring water quality, investing in research and development, and promoting collaboration and knowledge sharing among stakeholders. By embracing these strategies, we can work towards safeguarding water resources and protecting public health from the adverse effects of pharmaceutical contamination.
... Many techniques have been developed that can be used for removing dry matter from wastewater, such as adsorption [3], photocatalytic degradation [4,5], sonocatalytic degradation [6,7], electrochemical methods [8], electrocoagulation [9], reverse osmosis [10], ultrafiltration mixed matrix membranes [11] and electro-Fenton processes [12]. Out of all of these appro-Preparation and Characterization of Activated Carbon from Lepironia articulata (Retz.) ...
In this study, the optimum conditions for using activated carbon from Lepironia articulata (Retz.) Domin waste as an adsorbent were determined to remove dye pollutants from wastewater. The characteristics of the obtained activated carbon were assessed by performing energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) techniques. The best optimum conditions for removing dye pollutants from wastewater were obtained at 30 mg/L methylene blue dye, 0.02 g of adsorbent and a contact time of 90 min. The maximum adsorption capacity of the activated carbon was 69.44 mg/g and the percentage removal achieved was more than 90%. The methylene blue dye adsorption data of the adsorbent were fitted to the Langmuir isotherm model. The prepared adsorbent was also applied for the removal of different colour dyes from real wastewater samples and found that the percentage removal was 71.3%, 62.7%, 66.3%, 68.4% and 72.0% for dark blue dye, red dye, pink dye, sky blue dye and yellow dye, respectively. These results indicated that the obtained activated carbon is highly effective and suitable adsorbent for removing different types of colour dyes and toxic organic substances from the wastewater.
... Nitrate removal and current density have logarithm dependency (Malinovic et al. 2015), as given in the equation below. (Malinovic et al. 2022). ...
... The direct application had shown poor results. The most widely studied cathode for nitrate reduction is platinum (Malinovic et al. 2022). Unmodified electrodes, passivation of the electrode surface, and ion interference are among the few problems faced by electroreduction removal (Lin et al. 2020a, b). ...
... Another problem is electrode passivation [104]. So, special procedures need to be carried out in order to solve this problem such as aggressive ion addition [104][105][106][107], polarity reversal using different current types [105,[107][108][109][110], ultrasonication [107,111], mechanical and chemical cleaning of electrodes, hydrodynamic scouring [104], and centrifugal electrodes [107]. Also, in the case of dissoluble aluminum electrodes, there is the necessity of electrode replacement [111]. ...
... So, special procedures need to be carried out in order to solve this problem such as aggressive ion addition [104][105][106][107], polarity reversal using different current types [105,[107][108][109][110], ultrasonication [107,111], mechanical and chemical cleaning of electrodes, hydrodynamic scouring [104], and centrifugal electrodes [107]. Also, in the case of dissoluble aluminum electrodes, there is the necessity of electrode replacement [111]. Besides the highest efficiency among all flotation types, electroflotation also has another advantage, and this is the possibility for it to be used in a batch mode process. ...
... However, new needs for treatment can arise, so there should be an individual approach for any particular case. Special attention during the development of a flotator should be paid to the following factors: parameters of treated wastewater (temperature, conductivity, flotability of contamination), the area available for [5,62,68,92,104,111,112,115] Curr. Appl. ...
Flotation wastewater treatment is widely used in various treatment systems. The choice of aeration system plays a considerable role in the development of highly efficient flotation tanks. The objective of this work is to point out factors that influence the choice of flotator type, and to offer recommendations based on literature review and data analysis. In this paper, the various types of aeration systems used in flotation tanks are considered: mechanical, pneumatic, pneumohydraulic and ejection systems as well as dissolved air flotation and electroflotation systems. Their main advantages and disadvantages are pointed out. The specific features of flotation tank constructions are considered. The factors that influence the choice of aeration system such as the parameters of wastewater (pH, conductivity, temperature), requirements for the quality of treated water, reliability and simplicity of maintenance, capital and operating costs are defined. The peculiarities of various aeration system applications in different conditions are revealed. A comparison of the energy consumption of the considered systems of aeration is presented. In conclusion, practical recommendations for the choice of aeration system depending on various factors are offered.
... The industrialization in developed countries has led to the emergence of persistent pollutants in the environment Hauchard 2015, 2017). These pollutants, known as emerging pollutants, are continuously released into aquatic environments, causing harm to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms, as well as to human health (Jiang et Malinović et al. 2022). This highlights the versatility and potential of the electro-Fenton process as a powerful tool for the remediation of contaminated water, however, these studies have been conducted using various types of electrochemical reactors, which vary in design and the material of the cathode which must reduce oxygen in a two-electron process and the material of the anode (BDD, PbO 2 , Pt…) (Yang et al. 2022;Feng et al. 2023). ...
In this study, we report the development of the electro-Fenton (EF) process at a semi-pilot scale plant using an open undivided electrochemical reactor design. To do so, a series of three-dimensional (3D) cathodes constituted of packed and fixed bed of glassy carbon pellets and dimensionally stable anodes (DSA) are employed. To highlight the treatment efficiency of the EF process, bisphenol A (BPA), that is known to be a persistent molecule, is used as model molecule. First, the applied current intensity was studied and optimized in order to determine the limiting current of O2 reduction under hydrodynamics conditions of 0.6 m3.h-1. Then, the effect of cathode's number on the removal efficiency of BPA versus time of electro-Fenton treatment was investigated. Many parameters were carried out using the EF reactor i.e., the effect of the initial pollutant concentration as well as the effect of the treatment ow rate. The obtained results demonstrate that the degradation efficiency of BPA increases with the cathode's number increases and the pollution charge decreases. Only few seconds of treatment by EF process were needed to eliminate BPA for the dilute solutions (≤ 10 mg.L-1). The biodegradability of the treated solution and its mineralization were also investigated by refereeing to the measurements of COD, TOC and BOD5. Finally, the scale-up strategy of the reactor design to an industrial pilot plant is discussed.
... Nitrate removal and current density have logarithm dependency (Malinovic et al. 2015), as given in the equation below. (Malinovic et al. 2022). ...
... The direct application had shown poor results. The most widely studied cathode for nitrate reduction is platinum (Malinovic et al. 2022). Unmodified electrodes, passivation of the electrode surface, and ion interference are among the few problems faced by electroreduction removal (Lin et al. 2020a, b). ...
Nitrate pollution has become a serious environmental concern all over the world including in China due to the mismanagement of water resources and human activities. Agricultural runoff and industrial and nuclear waste are among the major sources of nitrate pollution. Consuming nitrate-rich water can cause many chronic diseases including digestive problems, which can lead to many types of cancer and other serious health issues. Denitrification is the natural process for nitrate reduction under aerobic conditions, but it cannot handle an excess of nitrate, so several methods have been adopted for nitrate removal, i.e., biological, chemical, physicochemical, and electrochemical reduction removal. Among all, electrochemical reduction removal is a cost-effective and environmental-friendly process. To obtain the maximal elimination efficiency ideal conditions of current intensity, pH, plate distance, initial nitrate concentration, and type of electrolyte solution should be studied for effective nitrate removal. Electrochemical reduction removal of nitrate involves the transfer of electrons and hydrogenation. Besides an efficient nitrate removal process, electrochemical reduction removal has some drawbacks like sludge formation, low selectivity for nitrogen, and production of brine that limit its long-term implementation. This review focused on nitrate pollution, previous nitrate removal strategies, and essential principles for understanding the mechanism of electrochemical reduction removal and controlling the products of the reaction.
Graphical Abstract
