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Current clinical approaches to regenerate periodontal defects. a) Tooth with a periodontal infrabony defect. b) Therapeutic options, such as bone grafts, enamel matrix derivative (EMD), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or platelet-rich plasma (PRP), can be placed in the periodontal defect. c) A membrane (shown in blue) is inserted to guide tissue regeneration (black arrows). d) Integration of the grafted materials and healing (note: original defect now recolonized by cells and forming a new periodontal ligament). e) Final outcome after healing.
Source publication
Regenerative therapy in oral health care is limited by both the body's natural capacity for regeneration and the materials and methods currently available. Research on various aspects of regenerative therapy, such as tissue engineering and stem cell and gene therapy, has produced promising results. Compelling advances, ranging from the discovery an...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... dental tissue, periodontium is fully vascularized, permitting true and significant tissue regeneration. Bone or bone substitutes - autogenous grafts, allogeneic grafts, xenografts and alloplastic materials -can be placed in treated periodontal defects to promote regenera- tion ( Fig. 1). In the treatment of intrabony defects, bone grafts increase clinical attachment level and reduce probing depth compared with conventional open flap debridement. 9 No differences in clin- ical outcomes have been noted between different grafting ...
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Background
Discovering suitable seeding cells and simple application technique will be beneficial for MSC-mediated treatment of periodontitis. Stem cells from apical papilla (SCAPs) might be the candidate seeding cell for the periodontal tissues regeneration based on their origin and characters. In this research, we investigated the effect of SCAPs...
Citations
... [40,41] Salivary glands are more difficult to replace than bone and cartilage because they are complex structures with integrated secretory activities. [40][41][42][43] Salivary glands are primarily made up of acinar, duct, and myoepithelial cells, and regeneration of each cell is required as a requirement for producing saliva of proper consistency. B. Viscosity is required. ...
... Furthermore, for appropriate functioning, each salivary unit must be coated with tissue. [42] Until date, it has not been able to fully recreate lymph nodes, although some research have shown that brain stem cells can be used to create in vitro 3D models of ductal branching. Filled hydrogels and submandibular gland differentiated acinar cells have also been examined. ...
... Neuroepithelial unit formation. [42,43] In the laboratory, a variety of cell layering techniques were employed to produce a model of the oral mucosa in which blood vessels were designed by human umbilical vein cells. Joraku et al. [45] found that when human colonic epithelial cells were cultured in a mouse model using biodegradable polyglutamic acid polymer scaffolds and human amylase and aquaporin 5 (tight junctions that influence visual acuity increased). ...
Tissue engineering is a branch of regenerative medicine that is frequently regarded as the most cutting-edge medical and surgical technology accessible today. Tissue engineering is used to repair or replace tissue damage caused by disease, injury, or surgery. Stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffolds must be synthesized and integrated to create organs that imitate the tissues they replace. Tissue engineering in plastic surgery reduces the extent of surgical defects by incorporating mesenchymal tissue or bio-artificial body tissue, which can replace damaged tissue in the body without the need for subsequent intervention. With the introduction of three-dimensional printers for scaffold models and current tissue engineering technology to restore muscles, bones, and cartilage in the lab, tissue engineering is no longer limited to cells and tissues. Although these methods appear to be beneficial, their use is limited to large tissue development, which might cause significant problems. The purpose of this review is to inform readers on the current state of tissue engineering and reconstruction, as well as its limitations and future prospects.
... Tissue engineering could be a possible alternative, where salivary glands can be regenerated through the component-by-component strategy [40,41]. Salivary glands are highly complex and organized structures with secretory functions that make regeneration quite challenging compared to bones and cartilage [40][41][42][43]. The salivary gland primarily consists of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells that mandate regeneration of every cell as a prerequisite for saliva production with the correct consistency and viscosity. ...
... The salivary gland primarily consists of acinar, ductal, and myoepithelial cells that mandate regeneration of every cell as a prerequisite for saliva production with the correct consistency and viscosity. Furthermore, each salivary unit must be sealed with an optimum organization to maximize its functional capacity [42]. To date, entirely regenerating the salivary gland has not been possible, but a few studies have documented the successful in vitro creation of a 3D-branched structure of the ducts with stem cells. ...
... The next approach involves integrating biology with engineering to reinnervate salivary glands with neural and vascular bundles [44,45]. Studies on mice have shown that to stimulate neural growth from neural crest-derived MSCs and stem cells from dental pulp that were combined in a solution of gold and iron-oxide nanoparticles, further-engineered salivary glands could be induced by beta-agonists and muscarinic agonists, which might lead to the formation of the neuro-epithelial unit [42,43]. In terms of the vascularization of salivary glands, a layer-bylayer cell coating approach has been used to create oral mucosa models in the laboratory, in which blood vessels were engineered from human umbilical vein cells. ...
Tissue engineering is a subfield of regenerative medicine that has been hailed as the most cutting-edge medical and surgical achievement to date. Tissue engineering aims to restore or construct whole tissues that have been lost due to congenital disabilities, trauma, or surgery. Tissue engineering is based on the premise of obtaining mesenchymal stem cells that can be used to create an embryologically comparable organ. To regenerate an organ that resembles the intended tissue to be replaced, a complex synergistic interplay between stem cells, signaling molecules, and scaffold, is required. Tissue engineering in plastic surgery is expected to reduce surgical morbidity by integrating cell signals or bio-artificial components taken from the patient’s cells, which may replace damaged bodily tissue without the need for extensive reconstructive surgery. With the advent of 3-dimensional printers for modeling scaffolds and current tissue engineering methods for the regeneration of muscle, bone, and cartilage in the laboratory, the scope of tissue engineering is no longer confined to cells and scaffolds, but also encompasses growth factors and cytokines. Although these methods seem promising, clinical success has been limited to essential tissue regeneration, with considerable difficulties remaining to overcome. This paper aims to introduce readers to tissue engineering’s existing breadth, regeneration processes, limits, and prospects.
... No caso do transplante autólogo, essa exigência limita significativamente o número de pacientes indicados ( TAKEDACHI et al., 2022) . Dessa maneira, terceiros molares humanos são frequentemente extraídos e descartados, podendo ser uma fonte adequada de células-tronco da polpa dentária, do ligamento periodontal e papila apical se ainda estiverem em desenvolvimento radicular (NGUYEN et al., 2013). ...
Este e-book apresenta uma coletânea de estudos que visam aprofundar os conhecimentos na área de Odontologia nas suas mais diversas especialidades: Cirurgia Oral, Dentística, Odontopediatria, Ortodontia, Periodontia e Saúde Coletiva. Os conteúdos abordados focam em uma Odontologia baseada em evidências científicas e que proporcionam uma reflexão da teoria e da prática clínica atual.
... Yang et al. discussed that nanomaterials may be used as a biocompatible scaffold for the shape of a bone and provide structure for the bone stem cells during regrowth [92]. They also mention that nanomaterials may assist in cell fate and differentiation, while nanoparticles can be used for diagnosis, imaging, and tracking [92]. ...
... Yang et al. discussed that nanomaterials may be used as a biocompatible scaffold for the shape of a bone and provide structure for the bone stem cells during regrowth [92]. They also mention that nanomaterials may assist in cell fate and differentiation, while nanoparticles can be used for diagnosis, imaging, and tracking [92]. Therefore, this is a promising area of research that can assist with the regenerative process of dental tissues [92,93]. ...
... They also mention that nanomaterials may assist in cell fate and differentiation, while nanoparticles can be used for diagnosis, imaging, and tracking [92]. Therefore, this is a promising area of research that can assist with the regenerative process of dental tissues [92,93]. Moreover, since stem cell therapy has been done in different craniofacial tissues, ranging from craniofacial bone to periodontal tissues, advances in techniques like SCT would be beneficial to regenerative medicine [94]. ...
Purpose of Review
The craniofacial region hosts a variety of stem cells, all isolated from different sources of bone and cartilage. However, despite scientific advancements, their role in tissue development and regeneration is not entirely understood. The goal of this review is to discuss recent advances in stem cell tracking methods and how these can be advantageously used to understand oro-facial tissue development and regeneration.
Recent Findings
Stem cell tracking methods have gained importance in recent times, mainly with the introduction of several molecular imaging techniques, like optical imaging, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and ultrasound. Labelling of stem cells, assisted by these imaging techniques, has proven to be useful in establishing stem cell lineage for regenerative therapy of the oro-facial tissue complex.
Summary
Novel labelling methods complementing imaging techniques have been pivotal in understanding craniofacial tissue development and regeneration. These stem cell tracking methods have the potential to facilitate the development of innovative cell-based therapies.
... Salivary glands are exocrine structures composed mainly of serous acini, ductal, and myoepithelial cells that produce and secrete saliva [2]. Ongoing research is trying to reproduce the oral mucosal and salivary glands in term of their unique structures and physiological interactions [3][4][5]. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is commonly used in testing new drugs and experimental therapies. However, 2D cell culture cannot fully replicate the architecture, physiological, and pathological microenvironment of living human oral mucosa and salivary glands [6][7][8]. ...
Oral mucosa and salivary gland are composed of complex and dynamic networks of extracellular matrix, multiple cell types, vasculature, and various biochemical agents. Two-dimensional (2D) cell culture is commonly used in testing new drugs and experimental therapies. However, 2D cell culture cannot fully replicate the architecture, physiological, and pathological microenvironment of living human oral mucosa and salivary glands. Recent microengineering techniques offer state of the science cell culture models that can recapitulate human organ structures and functions. This narrative review describes emerging in vitro models of oral and salivary gland tissue such as 3D cell culture models, spheroid and organoid models, tissue-on-a-chip, and functional decellularized scaffolds. Clinical applications of these models are also discussed in this review.
... They can be severely damaged from head and neck cancer's irradiation therapy, Sjogren's autoimmune syndrome, or as a result of medication side effects [1,2]. Without available treatment to restore permanent salivary flow, tissue engineers want to produce implantable miniature salivary secretory units [3][4][5][6][7]. Furthermore, another benefit of engineering SGs-or tissues in general-are their implementation as in vitro models that are usable in preclinical studies [8,9]. ...
The egg yolk plasma (EYP)-a translucent fraction of the egg yolk (EY) obtained by centrifugation-was tested as a developmentally encouraging, cost-effective, biomaterial for salivary gland (SG) tissue engineering. To find optimal incubating conditions for both the human NS-SV-AC SG acinar cell line and SG fibroblasts, cells were stained with Live/Dead®. The cellular contents of 96-well plates were analyzed by high content screening image analysis. Characteristically, the EYP biomaterial had lipid and protein content resembling the EY. On its own, the EYP was non-conducive to cell survival. EYP's pH of 6 mainly contributed to cell death. This was demonstrated by titrating EYP's pH with different concentrations of either commercial cell culture media, NaOH, or egg white (EW). These additives improved SG mesenchymal and epithelial cell survival. The best combinations were EYP diluted with (1) 70% commercial medium, (2) 0.02 M NaOH, or (3) 50% EW. Importantly, commercial medium-free growth was obtained with EYP + NaOH or EYP + EW. Furthermore, 3D cultures were obtained as a result of EW's gelatinous properties. Here, the isolation, characterization, and optimization of three EYP-based biomaterial combinations are shown; two were free of commercial medium or supplements and supported both SG cells' survival.
... In guided bone regeneration (GBR), a membrane is used to prevent soft tissue invasion, which can hinder bone regeneration [4]. GBR procedures are commonly performed to repair bone defects arising from pathologic lesions or augment alveolar bone before dental implant surgery [5]. The role of the membrane is crucial in GBR. ...
It is necessary to prevent the invasion of soft tissue into bone defects for successful outcomes in guided bone regeneration (GBR). For this reason, many materials are used as protective barriers to bone defects. In this study, a gellan gum/tuna skin gelatin (GEL/TSG) film was prepared, and its effectiveness in bone regeneration was evaluated. The film exhibited average cell viability in vitro. Experimental bone defects were prepared in rabbit calvaria, and a bone graft procedure with beta-tricalcium phosphate was done. The film was used as a membrane of GBR and compared with results using a commercial collagen membrane. Grafted material did not show dispersion outside of bone defects and the film did not collapse into the bone defect. New bone formation was comparable to that using the collagen membrane. These results suggest that the GEL/TSG film could be used as a membrane for GBR.
... The two main approaches for regeneration of the entire tooth are simulation of embryonic development of the natural tooth, and scaffold-based tooth engineering [125]. The latter approach implicates in vivo implantation of a scaffold containting stem cells. ...
... TE and regenerative medicine are multidisciplinary fields that combine the principles and knowledge of biological sciences, chemistry, physics, and engineering to develop a fully functioning engineered product that restores damaged or lost tissues (Griffith and Naughton, 2002). Various strategies under consideration for tooth TE can be categorized into three major approaches: conductive, inductive, and cell based (Nguyen et al., 2013). Conductive approaches utilize biomaterial components that passively promote the growth and regenerative capacity of a desired tissue. ...
Teeth, as specialized organs, are the hardest tissue in the human body. Loss of their functionality has a high impact on quality of life. Owing to the limited regenerative ability of oral hard tissues, therapeutic methods are inevitably required to regenerate damaged dental tissues. Artificial dentition, transplantation, and dental implants are common treatment modalities. However, patients suffer from short- and long-term complications associated with these treatments compared to natural dentition. Recently, scientists have gone beyond traditional treatments to focus on tissue engineering (TE) approaches for management of dental diseases. Despite progress and promising results, complete restorative therapy for whole tooth regeneration is a novel therapeutic concept that remains challenging. This chapter describes the structure of a tooth, its developmental process, and three basic requirements for TE approaches-cell sources, scaffolds, and growth factors. We attempt to provide an overview of recent findings and TE technologies for regeneration of a complete tooth.
... It has been confirmed that the stem cell could restore the gland functionality when transplanted into mice with radiation induced glandular dysfunction. The stem cells were able to self-renew and regenerate the radiation damaged salivary gland (14) . Many research works have proved the regenerative effects of stem cells which made the stem cells a rich source for therapeutic uses in many disorders as in cardiovascular system disorders where the stem cells showed outstanding results in regenerating heart tissues (15) , in metabolic disorders (16) , in neurological disorders and in many other tissues (17) . ...
