Figure - available via license: Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 3.0 Unported
Content may be subject to copyright.
Cultures and anamorph of Hypocrea lixii. a–c. Cultures after 7 d at 25 °C (a. on CMD. b. on PDA. c. on SNA). d, e. Effuse conidiation (25 °C, 3d). f. Fluffy tuft (25 °C, 5 d). g–j. Conidiophores (25° C, 5 d). k. Crystals in agar (35 °C, 7 d). l, m. Conidia (25 °C, 5 d). d–m. On CMD. a–c, f–m. CBS 120630. d. C.P.K. 1599. e. C.P.K. 2389. Scale bars: a–c = 19 mm. d, e = 40 μm. f, k = 0.3 mm. g, h = 15 μm. i, j, l, m = 10 μm.
Source publication
At present 75 species of Hypocrea have been identified in temperate Europe. Nineteen green-spored species and their Trichoderma asexual states are here described in detail. Extensive searches for Hypocrea teleomorphs in 14 European countries, with emphasis on Central Europe, yielded more than 620 specimens within five years. The morphology of fresh...
Similar publications
A new species of Trichoderma, Trichoderma guizhouense, isolated from soil in Guizhou Province, is described based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses. This species exhibits characteristic Trichoderma morphology but is distinct from related species based on characters of phialides and conidia. Two DNA markers, the translation elongation factor 1...
Citations
... were selected to established morphotypes, and single spore isolations were performed for these isolates as described in Choi et al. (1999). Cultural features were characterized in PDA medium and Synthetic Nutrient Agar medium (SNA; Synthetischer Nährstoffarmer Agar, Nirenberg) incubated at 23 ± 1 °C for 14 days as described by Jaklitsch (2009). For the identification of species of Trichoderma spp., the macro and micro-morphological characteristics of the colonies were observed, using a binocular magnifying glass and an optical microscope. ...
Cork planks with Yellow Stain (YS) defect are rejected from cork-stopper factory industries resulting in large economical losses. This defect has been related to 2,4,6—trichloroanisole (TCA), a chemical compound responsible for an off-flavor aroma in wine known as cork taint. The relation between YS and TCA was confirmed by the analyzes carried out in this work. Considering that fungi have the capacity to convert trichlorophenol into TCA, raw cork planks were collected in a factory and the mycobiota was searched using morphological and molecular methods. Eight genera and order of fungi were obtained and statistical analysis revealed that the Trichoderma genus is significantly related to TCA levels critical for industry, in particular the species Trichoderma atrobrunneum, a fungus belonging to Trichoderma harzianum complex. To our knowledge, this is the first report associating T. atrobrunneum to high TCA levels and YS defect of cork.
... Further, this work reports a total of 57 Trichoderma species in México. This diversity is higher compared to the 75 species reported across 14 European countries [63,64] and the 91 species reported in China [65]. Our findings highlight Mexico's potential as a megadiverse country for Trichoderma species. ...
Trichoderma is a genus of cosmopolitan fungi with more than 375 species described today. Despite its global significance in agriculture, ecosystems, and industry, few studies have focused on studying the diversity and distribution of this genus in Mexico. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to understand the diversity and distribution of Trichoderma species in Mexico, both in ecosystems and agroecosystems. For this systematic review, we used the PRISMA methodology. We reviewed forty-one scientific articles, two book chapters, and the GBIF database. We recorded a total of 1082 isolates, revealing the presence of 57 species of the genus Trichoderma in 29 states of Mexico. We found that species from the genus Trichoderma were reported in 20 agroecosystems and 6 ecosystems. T. harzianum was the predominant species in both agricultural and undisturbed soil. Tabasco and Veracruz were the states with the highest species diversity, with 20 and 14 species reported, respectively. Chiapas had the highest diversity indices (Menhinick had 3.20, Simpson had 0.89, and Margalef had 4.16). The coffee crop was the agroecosystem with the highest diversity, with 12 species reported. In the undisturbed ecosystems, tropical rainforests featured 12 different species. This study highlights the distribution of the genus Trichoderma as a cosmopolitan genus. We argue for the importance of the species that comprise the genus and its applications for social benefits.
... The fungi of the genus Trichoderma are ascomycetes with green/yellowish spores that are found in the soil, in decomposing matter (expert organism in cellulolytic activities) as a saprotroph, as well as in various agricultural crops, mostly in the rhizosphere or as plant endophytes; and their geo-distribution can be worldwide (Jaklitsch, 2009(Jaklitsch, , 2011. Its description dates back to the 19th century, and a link to the sexual state of a Hypocrea spp. was first suggested by Tulasne and Tulasne in 1865, cited in (Schmoll and Schuster, 2010). ...
... Trichoderma spp. can often occur on decaying wood and other sources of cellulose, including those occurring in soils (Kubicek et al., 2008;Jaklitsch, 2009). These fungi have also been isolated from unusual sources, including the guts of cellulose consuming insects such as cockroaches and termites, as well as marine mussels and sponges (Sallenave and Pouchus, 1999;Sallenave-Namont and Pouchus, 2000;Yoder et al., 2008;Guswenrivo et al., 2018;Yamada et al., 2019). ...
... Seven of the ten isolates, initially identified using ITS regions, belonged to the T. harzianum species com-plex, while the other three were T. virens, T. gamsii or T. citrinoviride. The seven isolates thus belonging to the T. harzianum species complex showed considerable phenotypic variation (Figure 2), which is consistent with findings of other authors (Chaverri and Samuels, 2003;Evans et al., 2003;Samuels, 2006;Hoyos-Carvajal et al., 2009;Jaklitsch, 2009;Gazis and Chaverri, 2010;Druzhinina et al., 2011). The subsequent molecular analyses including tef1 sequencing, allowed differentiation of the isolates into three cryptic species, namely T. afroharzianum, T. atrobrunneum or T. breve. ...
... While all the species isolated in the Maltese Islands are ubiquitous and have been reported from many world regions, T. breve was previously reported only from China, where it was first described in 2017 (Chen and Zhuang, 2017), and from central Africa where it was recovered as an endophyte of Coffea (del Carmen H. Rodríguez et al., 2021). Thus, T. breve is reported here for the first time in Europe, and this report increases the list of Trichoderma species that occur in the European geographical areas (Jaklitsch, 2009(Jaklitsch, , 2011Jaklitsch and Voglmayr, 2015). Although similar to the T. harzianum species complex for morphology and culture traits, T. breve is phylogenetically more closely related to T. bannaense, another newly described species from China, than to T. harzianum (Chen and Zhuang, 2017). ...
This study assessed presence of Trichoderma spp. in the Maltese Islands. Isolates were identified using dichotomous keys and DNA barcoding. Ten distinct isolates were obtained from different soils and other substrates, and were identified as T. virens, T. citrinoviride, T. gamsii, and, in the former T. harzianum species complex, T. breve, T. afroharzianum and T. atrobrunneum. Five out of these six fungi are reported for the first time in the Maltese Islands, and T. brevis is reported for the first time in Europe.
... Potato-sucrose agar was used to isolate fungi of the genus Trichoderma [27][28][29]. All samples were inoculated at a temperature of +25-27℃ [30,31]. ...
... Trichoderma es un género de hongos ascomicetos filamentosos de color verde, por lo general se encuentra creciendo de forma asexual (anamórfica) sobre la madera en descomposición, observándose una colonia verde como resultado de la maduración de sus conidios, esta es la forma imperfecta de Trichoderma (Figura 1), no obstante, en la naturaleza también se encuentra su forma sexual (teleomorfo) conocido como Hypocrea o forma completa de Trichoderma (Jaklitsch, 2009).De hecho, los Trichoderma pertenecen a la familia Hypocreaceae y al orden Hipocreales, curiosamente ambos nombres según el griego antiguo provienen de "hupókrisis" lo cual se puede traducir al latín como "hipócrita" o "poco sincero". ...
Trichoderma es un género de hongos ascomicetos
filamentosos e hipocrealinos, con varios talentos en distintos
campos, por ejemplo, son capaces de formar simbiosis
oportunistas con las raíces de las plantas, en el suelo pueden
solubilizar nutrientes y hacerlos biodisponibles para las
raíces, en ese mismo nicho pueden parasitar y competir con
otros hongos para finalmente usarlos como alimento y ganar
territorio en la rizosfera. Estas aptitudes de Trichoderma
se deben en gran medida a su capacidad de crecimiento,
producción de metabolitos secundarios y enzimas que
trascienden en el éxito de su colonización. Estas destrezas,
presentes en distintas especies de Trichoderma les ha
permitido adaptarse a distintas condiciones ambientales y
utilizando diversos sustratos como alimento o establecer una
diafonía bioquímica con las raíces vegetales tan fina al grado
de crear una simbiosis benéfica para ambos organismos.
Tras colonizar la raíz pueden modular una respuesta a nivel
sistémico y poner en modo alerta todas y cada una de las
partes de la planta ante la invasión por algún patógeno.
Además, promueven el desarrollo de raíces laterales,
mejoran el sabor de los frutos y aumentan la biomasa foliar.
En general, promueven el crecimiento vegetal de las plantas
colonizadas. Esta propiedad se explota en el desarrollo de
biofertilizantes, ya que también son altamente resistentes a
los fungicidas químicos, lo que los convierte en bioefectores
adecuados para aplicarlos junto con pesticidas químicos
y hacer un manejo integrado del cultivo promoviendo un
sistema agro productivo sustentable.
... On the other hand, many species in the family Hypocreaceae are ecologically associated with plants as versatile symbionts (Jaklitsch 2009, Jaklitsch & Samuels 2011, Bailey & Melnick 2013, Guzmán-Guzmán et al. 2019. However, in the genera Hypomyces and Trichoderma that are closely related to Escovopsis, many species also act as mycoparasites (Põldmaa 2000, Druzhinina et al. 2011, Atanasova et al. 2013, Chaverri & Samuels 2013, Kubicek et al. 2019, Mukherjee et al. 2022. ...
... Finally, in contrast to their closest relatives (e.g., Trichoderma and Hypomyces sensu lato, among others), many of which are ubiquitous (Jaklitsch 2009), and can infect various host fungi cultivated by humans (Tamm & Põldmaa 2013), Escovopsis has only been found in association with attine ant colonies. Cocladogenesis and genomic analyses suggested a coevolutionary history between Escovopsis (as the ant fungus garden parasites), the attine ants, and their mutualistic Basidiomycota fungi (Currie et al. 2003, Gotting et al. 2022. ...
Escovopsis is a symbiont of fungus-growing ant colonies. Unstandardised taxonomy prevented the evaluation of the morphological diversity of Escovopsis for more than a century. The aim of this study is to create a standardised taxonomic framework to assess the morphological and phylogenetic diversity of Escovopsis . Therefore, to set the foundation for Escovopsis taxonomy and allow interspecific comparisons within the genus, we redescribe the ex-type cultures of Escovopsis aspergilloides , E. clavata , E. lentecrescens , E. microspora , E. moelleri , E. multiformis , and E. weberi . Thus, based on the parameters adopted in this study combined with phylogenetic analyses using five molecular markers, we synonymize E. microspora with E. weberi , and introduce 13 new species isolated from attine nests collected in Argentina, Brazil, Costa Rica, Mexico, and Panama: E. breviramosa , E. chlamydosporosa , E. diminuta , E. elongatistipitata , E. gracilis , E. maculosa , E. papillata , E. peniculiformis , E. phialicopiosa , E. pseudocylindrica , E. rectangula , E. rosisimilis , and E. spicaticlavata . Our results revealed a great interspecific morphological diversity throughout Escovopsis . Notwithstanding, colony growth rates at different temperatures, as well as vesicle shape, appear to be the most outstanding features distinguishing species in the genus. This study fills an important gap in the systematics of Escovopsis that will allow future researchers to unravel the genetic and morphological diversity and species diversification of these attine ant symbionts.
... Tef1 gene is highly suggested for build of phylogeny and selection of Trichoderma species to avoid misleading characterization [28]. Established by [29] the DNA technique has accurate result for identification of the genus at clade as well as sub clade. Tef1 molecular marker is inspect sensitive field for examination, screening and signing of Trichoderma. ...
Mycotoxins, a class of biologically active toxic secondary metabolites with a wide structural range and complexity, are generated as contaminants in human and animal food by a variety of toxigenic Molds. The toxic effects caused differ depending on the type of mycotoxin present in the food. Environmental variables as substrate composition and texture, temperature, and humidity influence toxin production and the degree of contamination of feed and food items. Fusarium and Trichoderma species which produce mycotoxins in animal feed and different cereals can be laborious as well as more time to identify due to hard colony and hyphal characteristics. Aim of the study was isolation and identification of fungi from 30 samples of poultry feeds and some agricultural products as well as molecular identification for Trichoderma and Fusarium species with the detection of mycotoxin related gene. Ribosomal gene region ( ITS ), Translation elongation factor, Beta-tubulin with elongation factor ( EF1 ) used for species identification of Trichoderma and Fusarium respectively. PCR amplification and sequence analysis were done successfully. A set of 10 Trichoderma and 19 Fusarium isolates were subjected to phenotypic and genotypic characterization that distinguish as T. asperellum, T. harzianum, T. afroharzianum, T. atroviride, T. lentiforme with T. asperelloides besides F. aywerte, F. oxysporum, F. sporodochiale in addition F. chlamydosporum . Molecular technique depending on target nucleotide of ITS not identify precisely all Trichoderma therefore tef1 established to separate all Trichoderma isolates. The cluster target nucleotide investigation depending on tef1 split the T.harzianum, T. afroharzianum, T. atroviride as well as T. asperellum .
... Sequencing of the PCR products was carried out bidirectionally using the fRPB2-5f/fRPB2-7cr and TEF1/TEF2 primers (Jaklitsch, 2009) at Comate Biosciences Co. Ltd (Changchun, Jilin, China). The obtained sequences were assembled using CAP3 software (Huang and Madan, 1999) to generate consensus sequences. ...
Green mold disease, caused by Trichoderma spp., is one of the most devastating diseases of mushrooms in China. The application of fungicides remains one of the important control methods among the integrated pest management tools for disease management in mushroom farms. This study aimed to identify Trichoderma spp., isolated from G. sichuanense fruiting bodies displaying green mold symptoms collected from mushroom farms in Zhejiang, Hubei, and Jilin Province, China, and evaluate their in vitro sensitivity to six fungicides. A total of 47 isolates were obtained and classified into nine Trichoderma spp. namely, T . asperellum , T . citrinoviride , T . ganodermatiderum , T . guizhouense , T . hamatum , T . harzianum , T . koningiopsis , T . paratroviride , and T. virens , through morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of translation elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF) and DNA-dependent RNA polymerase II subunit (RPB2) genes. The pathogenicity test was repeated two times, and re-isolation of the nine Trichoderma spp. from the fruiting bodies of G. sichuanense fulfilled Koch’s postulates. Prochloraz manganese showed the best performance against most species. This research contributes to our understanding of green mold disease, reveals the phylogenetic relationships among Trichoderma species, and expands our knowledge of Trichoderma species diversity associated with green mold disease in G. sichuanense .
... Trichoderma spp. are ubiquitous colonizers of cellulosic materials and are therefore often found wherever decaying plant material is available [18] [19] and in the rhizosphere of plants where they can induce systemic resistance to pathogens. Trichoderma spp. ...
Agriculture is a vital part of any country to feed the millions of people, but it faces a constant threat from pests. Recently, chemical pesticides have been used to protect crops from this enormous yield loss. Although chemical pesticides have shown effective results in killing crop pests, they have negative impacts on the environment and humans. In order to find an environmentally friendly alternative, biological control methods are therefore used. Trichoderma spp. can reduce the severity of plant diseases by inhibiting plant pathogens in soil through their potent antagonistic and mycoparasitic activity. Trichoderma's ability to control plant diseases was mainly based on the activation of single or multiple control mechanisms. It is known that Trichoderma based biological control mechanisms are mainly based on mycoparasitism, production of antibiotic and/or hydrolytic enzymes, competition for nutrients, and signaling pathways mediated by Trichoderma spp. be initiated and the most important are the heterotrimeric G protein, the MAP kinase and the cAMP pathway. G-protein and MAPK are mainly involved in the secretion of antifungal metabolites and the formation of infection structures. The cAMP pathway aids in the condition and enrollment of Trichoderma mycelium on pathogenic fungi and inhibits their proliferation.
