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Palm oil is the world’s most commonly used vegetable oil and extracted both from fruit and seed of palm tree. However, its high saturated fatty acid content raised controversies over consumption of the oil. Few scientific findings suggest it as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and increased consumer’s awareness over healthy diet raised clai...
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... Scientists validated the impact of palm oil on TC reduction and identified it as a significant source of beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherols (Syarifah-Noratiqah et al., 2020;Szulczewska-Remi et al., 2019). Palmitic acid as the dominant saturated fat in palm oil, is considered to have a lesser effect on total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol in blood, associated with numerous pathological processes in the cardiovascular system (Urugo et al., 2021). Palm oil benefits the body by lowering blood pressure and platelet thrombosis while protecting the liver from oxidative damage (Edem, 2002). ...
... This enzyme is responsible for cholesterol production through a post-translational process (Szulczewska-Remi et al., 2019). It was reported that tocotrienol in palm oil decreased serum LDL level by 7-38% without affecting HDL levels (Urugo et al., 2021). The results were consistent with previous study, showing that palm oil consumption maintains the ideal levels of cholesterol, HDL, triacylglycerols (TAG), and TC in humans when compared to other vegetable oils (Dian et al., 2017;Nagendran et al., 2000;Syarifah-Noratiqah et al., 2020). ...
This research aimed to investigate the influence of three types of palm oil products (RBDPO (refined bleached deodorized palm oi), RPO (red palm oil), and PKO (palm kernel oil)), on serum glucose and lipid profile of Sprague Dawley rats fed with experimental diet containing 20% of oils, comparing these effects with those of with animal- base oil (beef tallow) including corn oil as a representative from vegetable oil. The diet with level of fat 20% given to two groups (with and without AOM (azoxymethane)) of male Sprague Dawley rats for 13 weeks. The results exhibit that corn oil caused the lowest value of serum glucose (p < 0.05) in both AOM and non-AOM groups. Compared to other groups, beef tallow diet significantly increased serum triglycerides, cholesterol, and LDL, followed by RPO/PKO, RBDPO, and corn oil, respectively (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, corn oil diet produced the highest level of serum HDL, followed by RBDPO, PKO/RPO, and beef tallow (p < 0.05).
... For this study, vegetable oils such as CO, PO, and SO have been used; these oils were purchased from the local vendor. The unprocessed vegetable oil has an oil component and a solid protein component; hence, it requires a proper refining process (Urugo et al. 2021). Initially, the amount of Phosphoric acid as 0.1% weight of unprocessed vegetable oil is used to remove the solid protein component. ...
... Detected S. aureus (found either in human skin, armpit and other areas) in food has been associated to a transfer from human to food . In the present study, unhygienic practices might explain the observed results (Urugo et al., 2021). ...
Field Investigations were carried-out on the processing of palm fruit (Elaeis guineensis) into red
palm oil. A total of 40 palm oil producers were interviewed and data on their sociocultural
profiles, production environment, and respect of Good Hygiene Practices were appraised using
Xlstat. The critical control point of red palm oil production was assessed. The microbial load
(Coliforms, staphylococcus aureus, yeast and Mold), of the produced oil was evaluated using
standard methods. About 60.71% of producers were men and they used the semi-mechanic
system to produce oils. 95% of producers had no control of good hygienic and manufacturing
practices. Five critical control points were identified: fruits quality (97.5%); cooking of the fruits
(90%); dehydration of the crude oil (92.5%); quality of packaging material (95%) and quality of
processing equipment (97.5%). The mean values of microbial loads of collected red palm oil
samples ranged for coliform from 1 to 2.55 log CFU/g, Staphylococcus aureus 1 to 2.42 log
CFU/g, yeast 1 to 3.77 log CFU/g, and molds 1 to 3.54 log CFU/g. The poor hygienic and
manufacturing practices could be responsible of the contaminations recorded.
Key words: Palm oil, processing, microbial load, quality, critical point
... Peningkatan jumlah bahan olahan yang dapat diproduksi menggunakan minyak kelapa sawit menyebabkan peningkatan permintaan akan minyak kelapa sawit (Rahayu et al., 2018). Tahun 2019 hingga 2020 konsumsi minyak sawit global mencapai 73 ton (Urugo et al., 2021). Ekspor minyak kelapa sawit mentah atau Crude Palm Oil (CPO) serta produk turunannya pada tahun 2019 mencapai 36,17 juta ton (Direktorat Jendral Perkebunan, 2021). ...
Appropriate fertilization recommendations are needed to maximize the production of oil palm plants on land that has been used for a long time. This study aimed to determine the status of soil fertility during the oil palm replanting period in Kemang Manis Village, Muara Papalik Sub-district, West Tanjung Jabung Regency, and determine fertilization recommendations according to the needs of oil palm plants based on soil fertility. This study used a survey method; soil samples taken were disturbed soil samples, and sampling was carried out at two depths, namely 0-30 cm and 30-60 cm. Determination of sampling points using stratified random sampling method based on homogeneous land units that were processed based on soil type and slope in the research location. The collected soil samples were analyzed for H, CEC, BS, organic C, P2O5, K2O, and total N. The results showed low fertility status during the oil palm replanting period in the research location. Observations of the soil profile also showed that the O horizon was thin. Fertilization recommendations that must be made to improve soil fertility include adding dolomite fertilizer to increase soil pH value and increasing the availability of N, P, and K elements in the form of Urea, SP36, and KCl. To increase the content of organic materials in the soil, applying oil palm empty fruit bunches can also improve the soil's physical, chemical, and biological properties.
... Научные данные свидетельствуют о том, что фактор риска ССЗ и повышение осведомленности потребителей о здоровом питании увеличивает требования к ПМ (Urugo, 2021;Степычева, 2018). Кроме того, для здорового питания потребители должны избегать трансизомеров ЖК, а также твердых и полутвердых М. ...
Introduction: Demand for vegetable oils is currently growing worldwide and palm oil is a significant contributor to the global supply of edible oils. Over the past few decades, there has been a growing public concern about the significant interaction between health and nutrition and palm oil (PO) in particular.
Purpose: The purpose of the research is to analyze the influence of PO components on the nature of metabolism in the human body and the development of pathological conditions.
Materials and Methods: The search for literature on the problem over the past 105 years was carried out in the databases of the RSCI, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, PubMed using keywords and phrases: «palm oil», «human health», «diabetes», «obesity», «cardiovascular disease», «oncology», «baby food».
Results: General information about PO in the food industry is given. Despite the good quality of palm kernel oil and its beneficial properties, the food industry requires another product – light-colored PO. This implies its mandatory cleaning by chemical treatment (alkali or acid) or physical methods. Deodorized PO, low in impurities and highly bleached, is considered a high quality product for the food industry. It contains 50% saturated fatty acids (palmitic, stearic, 40% monounsaturated (oleic) and 10% polyunsaturated fatty acids (linoleic). In 2022, PO produced 76,039 million metric tons or 36% of the total amount of all oils produced in world. The use of refined PO in the food industry is growing exponentially due to its consumer properties of this product: texture, aroma and neutral taste. Different fractions of PO are used in different ways in the food industry.Palm olein is used for frying and in the production of margarines, spreads, mayonnaise, vegetable cream ice cream Palm stearin is a component of confectionery fats and is used for the production of bakery products, sweets, cakes, cheese, chips, chocolate, cookies, crackers, donuts, frozen meals, instant noodles, popcorn, salad dressings, snacks, soups.
Clinical and experimental studies in recent years indicate that PO can cause the development of insulin resistance (type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM-2)) and metabolic disorders, including obesity, coronary heart disease, stroke, and various cancers. Therefore, a number of US and EU dietary guidelines aim to limit the consumption of PO in foods. However, the data of epidemiological studies conducted in various countries of the world are quite contradictory. This suggests that the assessment of the impact of PO on health must first of all take into account ethnogenetic characteristics, as well as national food traditions. Russian scientists and foreign scientists, based on the results of clinical studies, conclude that PO, as a fatty component of infant formulas, negatively affects Са ²⁺ metabolism in the intestines of infants. Therefore, the use of PO as a component of breast milk substitutes in infant formulas should be limited and other components should be used, in particular formulas with β-palmitate or milk fat.
Conclusion: General information about PO in the food industry is given. The role of PO and palmitic acid in the development of obesity and DM-2, in the development of cardiovascular diseases, and also in the occurrence of oncological diseases is shown. The possibilities of using PO in baby food are characterized. The opinion of Belarusian and Russian scientists on the impact of PO on human health is given.
... Although, there are not sufficient data to conclude palm oil as a causative agent for cardiovascular disease (MAY; NESARETNAM, 2014;URUGO et al., 2021), the World Health Organization (WHO, 2020) recommends the total fat, saturated fat and trans fat intake do not exceed 30%, 1%, and 1%, respectively (WHO, 2020). ...
BRS Manicoré cultivar is an interspecific hybrid between Elaeis oleifera and Elaeis guineensis(ISH OxG). It has shown high yield potential and genetic resistance to phytosanitary problems in cultivation in Brazil. Studies have indicated differences in the composition of ISH OxG and palm oils, as well as the influence of genotype and environment on palm oil characteristics. The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of fatty acids, carotenoids, and tocochromanols in the olein and stearin fractions of the oil produced by the ISH OxG cultivated in municipality of Una, state of Bahia, Brazil by liquid and gas chromatography. There were significant differences for fatty acids, carotenoids and total tocochromanols between olein and stearin (p<0.05). The olein was richer in oleic acid (59% vs 57%), while stearin was higher in saturated fatty acids (31% vs 29%), alpha and beta-carotene (232 vs 213 mg/Kg, and 347 vs 299 mg/Kg, respectively), alpha-tocotrienol (136 vs 90 mg/Kg), and alpha-tocopherol (52 vs 32 mg/Kg). No difference was observed for gamma-tocotrienol (598 – 450 mg/kg) and delta-tocotrienol; nonetheless, the high content of the former in both fractions was notable. The ISH OxG oil fractions showed distinct patterns, indicating different applications.
... These stringent permissible concentrations are intended to reduce their presence in edible oils and processed foods to minimize possible contamination, and migration from oil to food and prevent subsequent health problems. The worldwide vegetable oil data for 2019-2022 reported consumption of 79-81 million metric tons from palm oil and palm kernel oil, which is on a rising trend (Shahbandeh, 2023;Urugo et al., 2021). With greater than 70% of palm oil products destined for food application (Albuquerque et al., 2020) the presence of 3-MCPDE and GE in refined palm oil and its products is of serious concern. ...
The 3-Monochloropropane-1, 2-diol ester (3-MCPDE) and glycidyl ester (GE) are formed at high processing temperatures with the presence of respective precursors. Both are potentially harmful to humans, causing adverse health impacts including kidney damage, reproductive problems, and increased risk of cancer. The presence of 3-MCPDE and GE in palm oil is of particular concern because of its widespread use by the food industry. There are a variety of methods for reducing 3-MCPDE and GE. For example, water washing eliminates mostly inorganic chlorides that, in turn, reduce the formation of 3-MCPDE. 3-MCPDE has also been reduced by up to 99% using combinations of methods and replacing stripping steam with alcohol-based media. Activated carbon, clay, antioxidants, potassium-based salts, and other post-refining steps have positively lowered GE, ranging from 10 to 99%. Several approaches have been successful in reducing these process contaminants without affecting other quality metrics.
... The sensory evaluation results are displayed in Fig. 2. Both F1 and F2 had an overall score of 7.7, whereas F3 and F4 both had an overall score of 6.8. For appearance, F1 and F2 scored higher 6.5 than F3 and F4 6.0 because of the high contents of palm oil, which is semi-solid at room temperature, in F1 and F2 38 . For color, the score decreased from 8.0 for F1 to 6.0 for F4. ...
In this study, a nutritious, healthy Chongqing hotpot oil with excellent flavor was blended while considering nutrition, flavor, and health aspects. Four blended hotpot oils prepared from fragrant rapeseed, palm, sesame, and chicken oils were analyzed to determine their physicochemical properties, antioxidant capacities, levels of harmful substances, and nutritional compositions, and their sensory qualities were evaluated. Principal component analysis was performed to identify the best hotpot oil (10% chicken oil + 20% palm oil + 10% sesame oil + 60% fragrant rapeseed oil), which exhibited good antioxidant capacity (Oxidation Stability Index: 7.95 h; 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl: 168.6 μmol/kg, 2,2′-azinobis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate): 116.7 μmol/kg, and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power: 63.9 μmol/kg), a high sensory score (7.7/10), stable physicochemical properties (acid value: 0.27 mg/g and peroxide value: 0.01 g/100 g), and high tocopherol (54.22%), and phytosterol retention (98.52%) after boiling for 8 h. Although the 3,4-benzopyrene content of this hotpot oil exceeded the EU standard after boiling for 7 h, the increase in the amount of harmful substances was the lowest.
graphical abstract Fullsize Image
... Palmitic acid serves as a dietary energy source, though with conflicting evidence regarding its possible detrimental effects on health [42,43]. The advantage of plant-sourced palmitic acid over the animal-sourced one is well recognized, showing lower blood total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels [44], whereas stearic acid provides firmness to fatty meals posing an excellent alternative to hydrogenation fats in food and cosmetics [40]. ...
Cereal and leguminous seeds are considered as major generic dietary source of energy,
carbohydrates as well as proteins in the Mediterranean diet and are frequently consumed in their
immature form in several regions including the Middle East. Hence, the current study aimed to assess
metabolites’ heterogeneity amongst five major cereal and leguminous seeds of different species, and
cultivars, i.e., Triticum aestivum L. (two cultivars), Hordeum vulgare L., Vicia faba L. and Cicer arietinum
L., at different maturity stages. Gas chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis using
multivariate data analyses was employed for nutrient profiling and sample segregation assessed
using chemometric tools, respectively. A total of 70 peaks belonging to sugars, fatty acids/esters,
steroids, amino acids and organic acids were identified including sucrose, melibiose, glucose and
fructose as major sugars, with butyl caprylate, hydroxybutanoic acid and malic acid contributing
to the discrimination between seed species at different maturity stages. The investigation of total
protein content revealed comparable protein levels amongst all examined seeds with the highest
level detected at 20.1% w/w in mature fava bean. Results of this study provide a novel insight on
cereal and leguminous seeds’ metabolomics in the context of their maturity stages for the first time in
literature
... It has high oxidative stability pertaining to its unique composition [14]. Palm oil is known to have high amount of antioxidants, such as tocopherols and tocotrienols in the range of 600-1200 ppm [66]. Tocotrienols and tocopherols are the two major subgroups of vitamin E. Among different types of antioxidants, vitamin E is an essential micronutrient for humans, vital for maintaining the integrity of cell membranes. ...
α-Tocotrienol is one of the major constituents of palm oil. It is a well-known antioxidant and cholesterol-lowering neuroprotectant. To prevent the initiation of Alzheimer’s like symptoms, much attention has been shifted to the major role played by antioxidants. Previous epidemiological reports correlate the increasing incidence of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD), to the aluminum (Al) content in drinking water. Al, being a ubiquitous element, has a long history of being particularly reactive towards multiple aspects of neurobiology. So, the current study examines the effect of Al-induced behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological changes in rat brain; and the ameliorative effect of palm oil in reducing the resulting neurotoxicity. The experimental design consisted of 4 groups: control group which received rodent chow diet and water ad libitum; Al group received aluminum lactate (50 mg/kg bw); Al + palm oil group was administered with Al (50 mg/kg bw) and palm oil (60 mg/kg bw); and palm oil group received palm oil (60 mg/kg bw). Al was given by oral gavage once daily for 6 weeks and palm oil was administered intraperitoneally. After 6 weeks of supplementation, Al + palm oil group showed significantly lower malondialdehyde (MDA) content, but higher superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), GST, and GPx activity as compared to Al group. Al group has significantly higher level of MDA content, but lower SOD, CAT, GST, and GPx activity as compared to control group. In conclusion, this study suggested that palm oil was effective in preventing the Al-induced brain damage in rats.
