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This article describes the demographic transition in Penang, Malaysia based on the demographic transition theory, which explains the decline of birth and death rates in European countries during the 18th century. It has been noted that the birth and death rates in Penang decreased by more than 62% between 1950 and 2009, although the standard of liv...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... the United States and Europe have experienced an increase in the proportion of elderly widows living alone (Kramarow, 1995;Grundy, 1996). For approximately half a century, Penang has passed through a series of demographic transformation processes, and the following four phases of change have been clearly identified in Figure 1: 1. From 1950 to 1960, the demographic gap widened as the fertility rate declined at a slower rate than the death rate; 2. From 1960 to 1985, the birth and death rates began to decline rapidly, but the rate of natural population increase was still high; 3. From 1986 to 2000, death rates continued to decline with slight fluctuations, and there was a steady decline of birth rates and a rapid decline in the rate of natural population increase; 4. The period between 2001 to the present in which the death rates continue to decline and the fertility rate is below the replacement level. ...
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Citations
... Penang's average annual population growth rates between 1991 and 2000, and 2001 to 2010 were 2.37% and 3.05% respectively. However, due to a decline in fertility rate, the increase in Penang's population growth rate was mainly the result of positive net migration (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2017bNational Higher Education Research Institute, 2010;Usman & Nik, 2013). Urbanization and industrialization are among the main factors that attract internal migration of adult population from other states to Penang. ...
Ecological factors have tremendous impacts on administrative machinery. It is understood that public administration at any level of government is in a causal relationship with its ecology. Investigating the ecology of public administration is a useful way to understand policy process and the values placed by public organizations/officials upon a program within their jurisdiction. Change is the major concern of ecological approach because it has important impacts on the balance of power, decision-making and resources allocation. Urbanization would accelerate the changes of ecological factors which in turn would alter the use of resources. All these would exert new demands upon existing government and its urban administration. In order to provide steady support to those changes, it requires an atmosphere in which political leadership, the integration of policies at various levels, and skilled public personnel to be established. Using the case of Penang state of Malaysia, this article investigates the interactions between Penang administrative machinery and its ecology which give impacts to its new affordable housing program. Focus group discussion and in-depth interviews were conducted to elicit primary data with key informants. Secondary data from literature survey was used to position the research within the context of Penang. Findings show that the creation of the new urban program was a response to the ecological changes of Penang. Results also indicate that the ecological changes have great impacts on public officials’ behavior in administrating the new program. The article ends with a discussion of implications of these findings for research and practice.
... An issue of population decline has influenced most of the rural areas in Malaysia. It is shown that the population has been gradually declined from years to years [22]. Agriculture productivity loss, lacking job opportunities in rural areas, rural-urban migration and lacking government incentives on rural products are the main related issues affecting population decline. ...
Rural, poor and marginalized community often face many challenges in achieving economic equality and attaining socio-economic sustainability, especially among rural communities who have limited sources of income. In countries with emerging economies such as Malaysia, rural populations constitute the majority of citizens. They are generally poorer and more disadvantaged than their urban counterparts. In Malaysia, rural communities and their development are important aspects of a country’s political and economic stability in which revitalization of the rural economic is part and parcel of a nation’s development. Rural revitalization is an outcome of the interplay between many sources of influence and it is also a response to the opportunities and challenges which are presented by rural decline. This paper provides an overview of revitalization of rural areas. Besides that, it also explains the factors differences in economic performance and socioeconomic differentiation in rural areas in order to achieve a better outcome for rural revitalization. Finally, this paper discusses the framework to revitalize rural areas and the methods to use this framework that measure rural economic performance.
