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Characterization of two single mode silica photonic crystal fibers strongly doped with GeO2 included also arc fusion splicing to standard single mode fibers for connections to test instruments, made successfully with machine designed for telecom fibers. Tested with OTDR, both fibers exhibited very strong backscattering and fairly high attenuation:...
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... order to ensure single mode operation and high optical nonlinearity, surrounded by 5 layers of holes. Fibers were fabricated at IPHT Jena, employing MCVD process to make preform for core area, and stack-and-draw method for photonic structure and cladding [1]. Single layer acrylate coating was about 40 µm thick. Fiber cross-sections are shown in Fig. 1, while dimensions are listed in Table 1. Such PCFs exhibit strong nonlinearity and birefringence, useful for supercontinuum generation [1], wavelength conversion by four wave mixing or generation of polarization mode dispersion ...
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... changed with both twist (Fig. 10) and temperature ( Fig. 11 and 12). The 80 µm fiber was less sensitive to twist, but withstood considerably higher twist rate before breaking. Temperature coefficients of PMD were 2,13*10 -4 /K for IPHT 252b5 fiber (PMD measured in 1540-1560 nm band), and -9,7*10 -4 /K for IPHT 282b4 (1490-1590 nm). PMD in the latter PCF is produced by ...
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... changed with both twist (Fig. 10) and temperature ( Fig. 11 and 12). The 80 µm fiber was less sensitive to twist, but withstood considerably higher twist rate before breaking. Temperature coefficients of PMD were 2,13*10 -4 /K for IPHT 252b5 fiber (PMD measured in 1540-1560 nm band), and -9,7*10 -4 /K for IPHT 282b4 (1490-1590 nm). PMD in the latter PCF is produced by strain resulting from differential ...
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Citations
... PMD is also an indicator of fiber geometry imperfections. Therefore, modeling and characterization of polarization parameters and their sensitivity to strain, twist, hydrostatic pressure, temperature, etc. are of considerable interest [25][26][27][28][29][30]. Commercial PMD analyzers are dedicated to measuring telecom SMF; it is best to splice the sample to SMF pigtails, as shown in Fig. 12.6. ...
... We focus here on measuring temperature dependence of PMD. More details and test results are included in papers [19,21,30]. The basic rules for characterization of sensitivity of fiber parameter to certain factor like temperature are: ...
... Strain produced by fiber twisting affects birefringence and PMD of single-mode fiber (both conventional and microstructured) in special way: PMD is first quickly reduced with progressive twist, than begins to linearly rise with further twisting [30]. This complex behavior is explained by (a) rapid reduction of existing fiber birefringence by circular strain, and simultaneously (b) creation of new birefringence proportional to circular strain [18,31]. ...
Several techniques for characterization of photonic crystal fibers (PCFs) are reviewed, focusing on measurements of attenuation, optical uniformity, selected polarization parameters, and effects of temperature and mechanical strain applied to the fiber. PCF properties often radically differ from those of conventional fibers used in communications networks, and available lengths are generally short, therefore different approach to characterization is required. Comparisons of alternative methods for selected tests are made, and examples of errors in PCF handling and testing are discussed. Examples of results obtained for silica single-mode PCFs with GeO2-doped core are also presented, accompanied by geometrical and compositional fiber data.
