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![Cross section through the rhizome of Aster tripolium [26].](profile/Marius-Grigore/publication/267513783/figure/fig7/AS:669093816455173@1536535805294/Cross-section-through-the-rhizome-of-Aster-tripolium-26.png)
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![Fig. 1. Localization of Valea Ilenei (Leţcani) nature reserve [62].](profile/Marius-Grigore/publication/267513783/figure/fig1/AS:669093812264988@1536535804880/Localization-of-Valea-Ilenei-Letcani-nature-reserve-62_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 6. Cross section through the lamina of Carex distans [31].](profile/Marius-Grigore/publication/267513783/figure/fig4/AS:669093816455169@1536535805162/Cross-section-through-the-lamina-of-Carex-distans-31_Q320.jpg)
![Fig. 7. Cross section through leaf sheath of Juncus gerardi [31].](profile/Marius-Grigore/publication/267513783/figure/fig5/AS:669093816451072@1536535805204/Cross-section-through-leaf-sheath-of-Juncus-gerardi-31_Q320.jpg)
Halophytes distribution from Valea Ilenei (Iaşi) nature reserve is strictly correlated to environmental factors (soil salinity, humidity), reflecting the morphological and anatomical adaptations found in different species. The observed and analyzed species have different ecological spectra and occupy well delineated micro-habitats. Integrative ecol...
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Salinity is one of the environmental factors that affects both productivity and genetic diversity in plant species. Within the soil profile, salinity is a dynamic indicator and significantly changes with depth. The present study examined the effects of the vertical heterogeneity of soil salinity chemistry on the plant height, fresh and dry biomass...
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... As rare and valuable habitats they have been designated to be under protection by Council of Europe Directive 92/43/ EEC (Council of Europe, 1992) and they have been included into the Natura 2000 network. Apart of protection within Natura 2000, in individual countries they are legally protected as parts of nature reserves, e.g., Valea Ilenei (Iaşi) in Romania (Grigore and Toma, 2014), Artern, Jerxheim, Barstorf in Germany (Brandes, 1999), or Owczary and Ciechocinek in Poland (Kostuch and Misztal, 2006;Lubińska-Mielińska et al., 2022). Although natural inland temperate salt marshes have been designated as priorities for the European Union and have been protected for years (Bank and Spitzenberg, 2001;Pusch, 2007), recently they have been listed as endangered in the European Red List of Habitats (Janssen et al., 2016). ...
Inland salt marshes are recognized as habitats of unique and valuable vegetation at the European scale. There is still a lack of generalization regarding its vegetation syntaxonomy and environmental requirements, which is needed for its effective protection. To falsify our hypothesis about vegetation dependence on environmental requirements we aimed at description of the syntaxonomical units present in temperate European inland salt marshes and identification of their main environmental drivers. In our work we focused on the vegetation from the northern part of temperate salt marshes to limit confusion related to the geographical ranges of species. We collected the database of 968 vegetation plots from different European countries and applied the Cocktail method to analyze the data. Based on results, expert knowledge, existing syntaxonomical classifications and information from the literature, we identified diagnostic, constant and dominant species for individual syntaxonomical units. Then, we compiled maps of the vegetation unit distribution, and identified the most important environmental factors for the analyzed vegetation using statistical and multivariate methods, including canonical variate analysis. We classified the analyzed vegetation into nine classes, including two typical for salt-marsh vegetation – the Therosalicornietea and Festuco-Puccinellietea. Within these two classes, we distinguished two alliances and a total of five associations. The classes differs the most in terms of species preferences to salinity, soil moisture, light availability and soil nitrogen content. In addition salt marsh associations differ also by soil reaction and soil organic matter content. This provides direct implications for salt marsh sustainable management.
... Bulliform cells are located in groups next to the usual cells of the epidermis, forming a single layer; these cells are filled with water, and these cells have no chloroplasts. There are several points of view regarding the function of bulliform (motor) cells: i) motor cells involved in the development of young leaf blades (Grigore and Toma, 2011;2014); ii) these cells participate in the hygroscopic twisting of already developed leaves during air or soil drought, altering leaf cell turgor and decreasing leaf transpiration, respiration, and overheating (Dickison, 2000). ...
... In Jacquinia armillaris, a species of halophyte present on the Brazilian coast, the salt glands occur on both sides of the leaf, are located in deep depressions in the epidermis, and are multicellular; salts accumulate under the cuticular layer, and release occurs after the cuticle is distended and ruptured, covering the cells of the upper portion of the trichome (Kuster et al. 2020). In leaves of the halophyte Limonium gmelinii, which is found in dry and salinized areas, the salt glands are pluricellular, with cells radially organized, and also located in depressions in epidermis (Grigore and Toma 2014). ...
... Succulence is one of the most striking characteristics in plant leaves commonly found in environments with saline soils (Fahn and Cuttler 1992). The salinity of the soil induces succulence which ensures both the dilution of the toxic ions and the maintenance of the osmotic pressure of turgor (Grigore and Toma 2014). In nontolerant species, salinity causes damage to cell membranes, resulting in the loss of solutes, in addition to the collapse of mesophyll cells, fragmentation of the cuticle, and disintegration of the cytoplasm, chloroplasts, and nucleus, leading to reduced growth and decreased productivity (Kozlowski 1997). ...
... The absorbed salts are sequestered in the vacuoles, thereby reducing the exposure to which the cytoplasm and chloroplasts are subjected (Kozlowski 1997). Succulence may be involved in dilution of excessive salt which might accumulate in plant organs; it also assures the erect position of vegetative organs in halophytes with less developed stereom (Grigore and Toma 2014). The evolutive significance of succulence has recently arisen in discussions about the whole general context of adaptive mechanisms in halophytes (Grigore et al. 2011). ...
... The position of the stomata in relation with the level of the epidermis is correlated to the availability of the water in the soil. In the case of our collected individuals from the site ROSCI0221 `Sărăturile din Valea Ilenei` nature reserve, the position of the stomata would correlate to the specificity of the soil salinity (Grigore and Toma, 2014), with the climatological conditions of the year 2016: mean values of temperature 11.46°C, humidity of 61.75% rh and precipitations of 331.1 mm (Stația Meteorologică Iași-UAIC). The individuals of Echium russicum analysed by Sofian (2003) were collected from the `Fânețele seculare Valea lui David` nature reserve, Iași county, located at about 7 km West from our site. ...
In this study the vegetative organs (the rhizome, stem-lower, middle and upper level, as well as the leaf blade) are analysed, from a structural point of view, of individuals of Echium russicum J.F. Gmelin collected from ROSCI0221`Sărăturile din ValeaIleneì nature reserve (county Iași). Simultaneously with the histo-anatomical description of the mentioned vegetative organs, measurements of histological parameters are made, with the highlighting of their values, in the conditions of growth and development reached by individuals of this species, in May of 2016.
... In dependency on their ability for salt accumulation/exclusion, the following types of plants are distinguished: "salt-accumulating" or euhalophytes, "salt-releasing" or crinophytes, "salt-nonpermeable" or glycol-halophytes, and pseudo-halophytes or miohalophytes. From the ecological viewpoint, halophytes are divided into obligate, facultative, and pseudo-halophytes [5,14]. The characters of their growth are significantly different. ...
Modern concepts on structural, physiological, and biochemical aspects of salt tolerance of higher plants were considered. Integral physiological processes, such as growth and photosynthesis of glycophytes and halophytes in the context of their ecological plasticity, variety of their adaptive strategies developed in the course of their evolution, and natural selection, were discussed. Analysis of the known anatomical and morphological adaptations of halophytes (succulence, special salt-excreting structures, features associated with special tissues growth, leaf kranz-anatomy and mesostructure) providing their salt tolerance was conducted. The most important physiological and biochemical adaptations of such plants to salinity related to uptake, accumulation and excretion of Na⁺ and Cl–, peculiarities of membrane composition and the pigment system, and protection against osmotic and oxidative stresses were described. The association of physiological and biochemical peculiarities of halophytes with ecological salt tolerance strategy was discussed.
... В зависимости от способности к накоплению/исключению солей различают "соленакапливающие" растения -эугалофиты, "солевыделяющие" -криногалофиты, "соленепроницаемые" -гликогалофиты и псевдогалофиты (= миогалофиты). С экологической точки зрения галофиты разделяют на облигатные, факультативные и псевдогалофиты [5,14]. Характер их роста существенно различается: облигатные галофиты растут только в соленых местах обитания (рис. 1) [15]. ...
The study is focused on the characteristic halophyte of Khakassia – Limonium gmelinii (Willd.) Kuntze (Plumbaginaceae). There is no information on the structure and assessment of the state of the coenopopulations of L. gmelinii in Khakassia. The materials were collected in 2022 from steppe and meadow plant communities with varying degrees of salinity. It was found that L. gmelinii coenopopulations are stable. The studied coenopopulations are normal, complete and incomplete. The left-sided type of the ontogenetic spectrum is formed in the alkaline steppe with low total projective cover and sufficient moisture; centered – on slightly saline or almost non-saline substrate of grass-covered steppe and meadow communities under different moisture regimes. The change in the ontogenetic structure and an increase in the undergrowth are associated with seed renewal and ecological and phytocenotic conditions of habitats. The density of individuals depends on the ecological and phytocenotic environment. The maximum total score of organismal and populational characters in Limonium gmelinii individuals was observed on slightly saline and practically non-saline soils in the cold sagebrush-grass and sagebrush real steppes of Khakassia. On the steppe meadows with low salinity, extensive grass cover and lack of moisture, the species does not reach the optimum. On highly saline soils, under low competition from related species and sufficient moisture, the total score of organismal and population characters reaches an average value.
The nature of many morphological and anatomical adaptations of halophytes is
xeromorphic, because of the physiological drought occurring in saline environments.
Succulence may have a dilution effect on accumulated toxic salts within
plant tissues and plays a water storage role during dry periods. Intense lignification
linked to successive cambia activity in roots and stems of halophytic chenopods
could be also related to salinity and aridity. Salt secretion is an important strategy of
recretohalophytes (crynohalophytes); salt glands and salt bladders are involved in
the secretion of salt excess from aerial organs toward the exterior of halophytes.
Kranz anatomy pattern occurs in C4 halophytes as a physical support for physiological
and biochemical processes typical for C4 pathway. Bulliform or motor cells
act in “amphibious halophytes” for rolling up the leaf during extended drought
periods. In respect with special or local environmental factors (tropical halophytes),
halophytes have special adaptations, as is the case of mangroves (aerial prop roots,
pneumatophores, viviparity, aerenchyma).
