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Cross section along the Itaipu power plant latitude for the zonal component of wind velocity (m s 1 ) at (a) 1500, (b) 1800, (c) 2100, and (d) 0600 LT. The vertical lines indicate the lake position.
Source publication
The lake-breeze circulation in the Itaipu region was investigated
numerically using a nonhydrostatic version of the Topographic Vorticity
Model. The area of study corresponds to a 100 km × 180 km
rectangle, located on the Brazil-Paraguay border, with Itaipu Lake in
its center. The characteristics of the lake breeze generated by the
numerical experi...
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Citations
... Several factors influence the wind (speed and direction), such as aerodynamic roughness (z0), topography (altitude), vegetation, latitude, solar radiation, shoreline proximity, and continental characteristics [3,12]. In addition, there is the influence of the following meteorological systems on different scales: (a) synoptic, such as frontal systems (FS), the South Atlantic convergence zone (SACZ), and the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone (SASA) [13,14]; (b) mesoscale, such as breeze circulations [15,16], and (c) local, by convection [15,[17][18][19][20] Most studies addressing wind characteristics in Brazil use short time series (5-10 years), as seen in reference [3] for Ituverava (São Paulo state), [13,[21][22][23] for Rio de Janeiro state, and [9] for Southeast Brazil. This limitation of data in the time series is related to the absence of data motivated by data recording problems (delay in maintenance and calibration of the automatic anemometric stations). ...
The wind is one of the most important and studied variables globally, essential to several sectors, for example, energy. Therefore, this study assesses the wind regime and analysis trends in three locations within the Paraná state, Brazil. The historical series were recorded between 1976 and 2010 at conventional meteorological stations belonging to the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology. WRPLOT version 8.0.0 software was used for elaborating wind roses and histograms in the annual and seasonal scales. Detection of trends and temporal rupture points was performed using different statistical methods (Run, Mann-Kendall, Pettitt and Shapiro-Wilk tests) for all meteorological stations. All statistical tests were conducted using the R software version 3.3.2. On a seasonal scale, summer and spring present the highest wind speeds in the Curitiba and Paranaguá stations due to meteorological systems on different scales, such as the South Atlantic subtropical anticyclone and frontal systems. The Mann-Kendall test revealed that Castro presented statistical significance in reducing wind speed, with a decrease of 0.23 m/s per decade for the annual scale and 0.23 m/s per decade during the autumn season. These ruptures indicated a decrease in wind speed in Curitiba and Paranaguá for the spring season. The Pettitt test revealed a break point detection in the data series in Curitiba station, likely due to urban expansion that started in the 1980s, reducing wind speed, especially in winter and spring. These trends and ruptures revealed a significant reduction in wind speed, possibly due to the interaction between natural climate changes and the increase in surface roughness resulting from land use and urbanization changes.
... These circulations also affect air quality along shorelines (e.g., Sills et al., 2011). The timing, depth and horizontal extent of lake-land breezes are affected by various factors, including: temperature or sensible heat flux gradients (e.g., Biggs and Graves, 1962;Segal et al., 1997;Xu et al., 2019;Purificação et al., 2021); strength and direction of synoptic flow (e.g., Estoque, 1962;Simpson et al., 1977;Arritt, 1993;Comer and McKendry, 1993;Laird et al., 2001;Wang et al., 2017;Wang et al., 2019); stability (e.g., Mak and Walsh, 1976;Arritt, 1993;Crosman and Horel, 2012); size, depth and shape of the lake (e.g., Neumann and Mahrer, 1975;Physick, 1976;Segal et al., 1997); height and slope of surrounding terrain (e.g., Wexler, 1946;Estoque, 1981;Estoque and Gross, 1981;Zumpfe and Horel, 2007); and roughness length of the surrounding land (e.g., Stivari et al., 2003;Wang et al., 2017). A thorough review of these factors is provided by Crosman and Horel (2010), with particular reference to numerical studies. ...
... A thorough review of these factors is provided by Crosman and Horel (2010), with particular reference to numerical studies. The depth of a lake breeze can vary from about 100 to 1,000 m (e.g., Lyons and Olsson, 1973;Comer and McKendry, 1993;Bischoff-Gauss et al., 2006;Suresh, 2007;Kehler et al., 2016;Iakunin et al., 2018), but has been observed up to a maximum of 1,500 m (e.g., Stivari et al., 2003;Asefi-Najafabady et al., 2010). A return flow occurs approximately 1,000-2,000 m above the surface breeze (e.g., Moroz, 1967;Lyons, 1972;Keen and Lyons, 1978). ...
The lake–land breeze circulation over Lake Victoria was observed in unprecedented detail with a research aircraft during the HyVic pilot flight campaign in January 2019. An evening and morning flight observed the lake and land breezes respectively under mostly dry conditions. The circulation was observed at various heights along a transect across the lake and onshore in Tanzania. Profiles of the lower troposphere were recorded by dropsondes over the lake and land. Convection‐permitting MetUM simulations with different horizontal grid‐spacings (including sub‐km) were run for the flight periods. During the evening flight, the aircraft crossed the lake breeze front over land at 1627 LT, approximately 50 km to the east of the lake shore, recording a 6 g·kg decrease in specific humidity and reversal in wind direction over ∼5 km. During the morning flight, a shallow land breeze was observed across the eastern shore at 0545 LT. At least one region of increased and deeper moisture (previously seen in simulations but never observed) was sampled over the lake surface between 0527 and 0855 LT. This bulge of moisture was likely formed from the lifting of near‐surface moist air above the lake by low‐level convergence. The observations and model simulations suggest that low‐level convergence occurred at the leading edge of the land breeze, which had detached from the main land breeze and independently propagated westward across the lake with wave‐like characteristics. The MetUM simulations were able to reasonably reproduce the lake breeze front, bulge feature, and its propagation, which is a major achievement given the sparse observational data for model initialisation in this region. However, some timing, resolution and boundary‐layer depth biases require further investigation. Overall, this pilot campaign provided an unprecedented snapshot of the Lake Victoria lake–land breeze circulation and motivates a more comprehensive field campaign in the future.
... In the present study, we will investigate the combined health impacts of global warming and proximity to reservoirs. Regions surrounding the reservoirs of hydroelectric dams are influenced by lake-breeze circulations (Crosman & Horel, 2010;Stivari et al., 2003Stivari et al., , 2005. The lake-breeze local winds play an important role in determining the local climate because they influence the air flow characteristics, the precipitation, and the humidity transport. ...
This study investigates the impact of future changes
in climatic variables on dengue incidence in the region of the
Tucurui dam in the Amazon. Tucurui dam is the one of the largest
hydroelectric power stations in the Amazon. Correlations and
regression analysis through least squares fitting between dengue
cases and temperature, precipitation, and humidity are obtained.
Positive correlations between dengue incidence and temperature
are found for lags from 4 to 5 months (higher correlation for lag 5),
dengue and precipitation for lags 0 up to 1, and dengue and
humidity for lag 0. The positive correlations between dengue and
precipitation and between dengue and humidity are higher for the
simultaneous correlation. To investigate the impact of the future
changes in these climatic variables in the region, projections of
RegCM4 model simulations under the RCP 8.5 scenario are
obtained. The model projections indicate a warming and moisture
increase in the region near the dam at the end of the twenty-first
century. Regression analysis using the model projections indicates
that the dengue incidence may increase substantially in future
climate scenarios in this region (more than fivefold compared with
the present climate). This increase is between two and three times
higher than the global estimates of dengue incidence in the future.
It is suggested that the incidence of dengue cases is more sensitive
to changes in temperature. Vector parameters increase with temperature
in the future, indicating that the temperature conditions are
highly favorable for the spread of the disease in the region. The
results indicate that cities in the area surrounding the Tucurui
hydroelectric dam are areas of potential dengue incidence in the
future. These findings may be applied to hydroelectric dams in
other areas of the world. However, future studies involving additional
dams are necessary. The results suggest an increase in
climate-driven risk of transmission from Aedes aegypti throughout
the entire Amazon, and especially the eastern and southern parts.
... Thus, the two desert lakes regions have different heat storage capacities. In addition, studies have shown that the topography around the lake affects wind circulation through thermal and dynamic effects, which in turn affects the temperature [46]. The BJD lake area is surrounded by tall compound sand hills with relative heights of 200-300 m-the highest of which exceeds 430 m [47]-while the height of the tall compound sand dune chain around the Tengger desert lake area is only 50-100 m, which is much lower [21]. ...
The northeastern part of the Tengger Desert accommodates several lakes. The effect of these lakes on local temperatures is unclear. In this study, the effects of the lakes were investigated using land surface temperature (LST) from MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) data from 2003 to 2018 and air temperatures from meteorological stations in 2017. LST and air temperatures are compared between the lake-group region and an area without lakes to the north using statistical methods. Our results show that the lake-group region is found to exhibit a warm island effect in winter on an annual scale and at night on a daily scale. The warm island effect is caused by the differing properties of the land and other surfaces. Groundwater may also be an important heat source. The results of this study will help in understanding the causative factors of warm island effects and other properties of lakes.
... Due to the physical properties of water, the water body can become significantly cooler or warmer than the surrounding land [3,4]. Consequently, the temperature contrast between the land and large water body can cause a lake breeze circulation [5]. The evaporation combined with a strong air temperature gradient above the warm water surface can lead to formation of fog [6,7]. ...
... Samuelsson et al. [11] used the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA3. 5 coupled with the FLake model to investigate the impacts of lakes on the European climate, and they concluded that lakes induce warming effect on 2 m open-land air temperature over northern Europe and affected convective precipitation over southern Finland. Stivari et al. [5] analyzed the effects of construction of the Itaipu Dam using Topographic Vorticity Model and concluded that the presence of a lake can force a strong lake-breeze circulation. ...
... Samuelsson et al. [11] used the Rossby Centre regional climate model RCA3. 5 coupled with the FLake model to investigate the impacts of lakes on the European climate, and they concluded that lakes induce warming effect on 2 m open-land air temperature over northern Europe and affected convective precipitation over southern Finland. Stivari et al. [5] analyzed the effects of construction of the Itaipu Dam using Topographic Vorticity Model and concluded that the presence of a lake can force a strong lake-breeze circulation. The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [12] has been widely used to analyze the effect of land-use change. ...
Changes in land use/land cover (LULC) have an impact on weather and climate. Gumi Weir in the Nakdong River Basin of South Korea was built and led to changes of LULC in the river in which the width of the river was extended by 300 m on average from land to water. In this study, in order to analyze the effect of the LULC change on weather variables, the Large Eddy Simulation of Weather Research and Forecasting model was used based on the LULC before and after weir construction. The expanded river width increased the latent heat flux (LHF) and mixing ratio (q). The changes in the sensible heat flux (SHF) subsequently influenced the changes in the air temperature (Ta) around the river, where the LULC was directly changed. The distance of affected area due to the LULC change was investigated using a paired t-test. The results of the paired t-test revealed that an increase in the Nakdong river width led to a noticeable change in Ta and q with the mean distance of affected area up to 1100 m from the river shores. The results of this study could offer an understanding of the effects of small weir construction on local weather changes.
... This phenomenon is not constrained to large natural lakes and rivers, as it affects large flooded areas such as hydroelectric dams. The formation of large water reservoirs to feed large hydropower plants in tropical regions may present a similar pattern of lake breeze [5,[10][11][12][13][14]. Most Brazilian hydroelectric plants have large water reservoirs that eventually lead to lake breezes and induce extensive changes in the local environment. ...
... The replacement of the land cover by the water reservoirs causes intense thermal gradients between the flooded area and the surrounding territory that may trigger lake breeze circulations and impacts the hydrological cycle, energy balance, local cloudiness, and economic activities such as agriculture and tourism. Stivari et al. [10,15] showed that lake breeze circulation is a dominant feature in the local climate on the Lake Itaipu, the water reservoir of the Itaipu Brazil-Paraguay hydropower plant. According to these studies, the water surface is consistently colder than the land in lake borders with a thermal contrast up to -3 °C during the daytime. ...
Several studies show the effects of lake breezes on cloudiness over natural lakes and large rivers, but only few contain information regarding large flooded areas of hydroelectric dams. Most Brazilian hydropower plants have large water reservoirs that may induce significant changes in the local environment. In this work, we describe the prevailing breeze mechanism in a Brazilian tropical hydropower reservoir to assess its impacts on local cloudiness and incoming surface solar irradiation. GOES-16 visible imagery, ISCCP database products, and ground measurement sites operated by INMET and LABREN/INPE provided data for the statistical analysis. We evaluate the cloudiness frequency assuming two distinct perspectives: spatial distribution by comparing cloudiness over the water surface and areas nearby its shores, and time analysis by comparing cloudiness prior and after reservoir completion. We also evaluated the solar irradiance enhancement over the water surface compared to the border and land areas surrounding the hydropower reservoir. The results pointed out daily average cloudiness increases moving away from the reservoir in any of the four cardinal directions. When looking at the afternoon-only cloudiness (14h to 16h local time), 4% fewer clouds were observed over the flooded area during summer (DJF). This difference reaches 8% during autumn (MAM) and spring (SON). Consequently, the irradiance enhancement at the water surface compared to external areas was around 1.75% for daily average and 4.59% for the afternoon-only average. Our results suggest that floating solar PV power plants in hydropower reservoirs can be an excellent option to integrate both renewable energy resources into a hybrid power generation due to the high solar irradiance in Brazilian territory combined with the prevailing breeze mechanism in large tropical water reservoirs.
... In this study, we focus on cities that are characterized by distinct land-water boundaries (i.e., lake). The impact of open water surface on rainfall and regional climate has been extensively examined in previous studies (e.g., Anyah et al., 2006;Chuang & Sousounis, 2003;Laird et al., 2009;Long et al., 2007;Notaro et al., 2013;Sousounis & Mann, 2000;Stivari et al., 2003;Sun et al., 2015;Wilson, 1977). The evaporative cooling effect of open water surface leads to a stable atmospheric boundary layer that inhibits convection and rainfall (e.g., Changnon, 1984;Farley Nicholls & Toumi, 2014). ...
In this study, we examine the impacts of urbanization and open water surface on heavy convective rainfall based on numerical modeling experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. We focus on a severe storm event over the emerging Xiong'an City in northern China. The storm event consists of two episodes and features intense moisture transport and strong large‐scale forcing. A set of Weather Research and Forecasting simulations were implemented to examine the sensitivity of spatiotemporal rainfall variability in and around the urban area to different land use scenarios. Modeling results highlight contrasting roles of open water and urban surface in dictating space‐time organizations of convective rainfall under strong large‐scale forcing. Dynamic perturbation to atmospheric forcing dominates the impacts of open water and urban surface on spatial rainfall distribution during the second storm episode, while urban surface promotes early initiation of convection during the first storm episode through enhanced buoyant energy. Open water surface contributes to convective inhibition through evaporative cooling but can enhance moist convection when the impact of urban surface is also considered. The synergistic effect of open water and urban surface leads to rainfall enhancement both over and in the downwind urban area. Changes in rainfall accumulation with different spatial extents of urban coverage highlight strong dependence of urban‐induced rainfall anomalies on urbanization stages. Our results provide improved understandings on hydrometeorological impacts due to emerging cities in complex physiographic settings and emphasize the importance of atmospheric forcing in urban rainfall modification studies.
... The HTC induced by the Erhai Lake was − 2.6 K during daytime. Due to its small thermal capacity compared with the Itaipu Lake, the cooling effect of the Erhai Lake was lower than the Itaipu Lake (Stivari et al. 2003). In the evening, the average temperature in the Erhai Lake area was 14.5°C. ...
The differences in planetary boundary layer characteristics, in particular atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH), humidity, and local circulations in pre-monsoon and monsoon period over the Erhai Lake, were simulated by the lake-atmosphere coupled model WRF v3.7.1. No lake simulations were also conducted to investigate lake effects over complex topography. During pre-monsoon period, local circulation was fully developed under weak synoptic system. The ABLH ran up to 2300 m or so. During monsoon period, temperature difference between land and lake became smaller, resulting in weaker local circulations. The height of circulation reduced by 500 m, and ABLH ran up to 1100 m during the day. Enhanced soil moisture and low surface temperature due to monsoon rainfalls in July could be the main reason for the slightly lower ABLH over the Erhai Lake area. Specific humidity of the boundary layer increased 8.8 g kg⁻¹ or so during monsoon period. The Erhai Lake enlarged thermal contrast between valley and mountain slope in the Dali Basin. The lake reduced air temperature by 2~3 °C during daytime and increased air temperature by nearly 2 °C in the evening. Due to its small roughness length and large thermal capacity, the Erhai Lake enlarged lake-land temperature difference and local wind speed. A cyclonic circulation was maintained by the combination of mountain breeze and land breeze in the south of the lake. The lake decreased air temperature, increased specific humidity, and reduced ABLH during daytime, whereas the opposite effect is presented at night.
... Samuelsson and Tjernström used a three-dimensional mesoscale model to show that the main influence factor of the boundary layer flow pattern of Tamnren Lake, which has a water area of only 34 km 2 , was the difference in the surface roughness between the lake and the land [12]. Meanwhile, with the help of a nonhydrostatic mesoscale model, Stivar et al. showed that lake breezes caused by the differences in the lake-land temperatures had significant effects on the local circulation in the Itaipu Lake area [13]. Recently, the state-of-the-art Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model was applied to simulate the complex structures of low atmosphere flow fields [14][15][16]. ...
A month-long field observation campaign was conducted, which covered approximately 100 km ² of the Gobi Desert area on the southeast bank of Bosten Lake during the summer of 2016. The purpose of the study was to examine the physical characteristics of the low atmosphere over land-lake nonuniform underlying surfaces in the Gobi Desert of northwestern China. The results of the statistical analysis showed that, during the observational period, the average daytime surface horizontal thermal gradient reached up to −0.2°C/km from the lakeshore to southern Gobi Desert area. The near-surface wind field of the 7 km horizontal extent from the lakeshore was dominated by onshore breezes with average peak wind speeds above 5 m/s. In the atmospheric near-surface layer, an isohumidity layer at a height between 10 and 50 m a.g.l. was observed from 11:00 to 18:00 LST. Also, a case study for the atmospheric boundary layer and local circulation analyses was conducted. The onshore breezes were found to play a major role in the vertical structure of the local atmospheric boundary layer. The numerical simulation results indicated that there was an alternating day-night local circulation in the Bosten Lake area.
... Os estudos que foram realizados com intuito de avaliar a atuação da circulação das brisas nas areas de baías no Brasil são inexistentes, visto que elas podem ser consideradas como brisas lacustres. Ressalta-se que na circulação de brisa de baía ocorre a interação da circulação local e de mesoescala, não sendo descartada a interação com escala sinótica, semelhante ao observado para brisas lacustres continentais (STIVARI et al., 2003). Desta forma, destaca-se que a maioria dos estudos se restringe a circulação das brisas marítimo-terrestres e que têm sido estudadas extensivamente em diversas regiões do mundo, sendo que em um primeiro momento por meio de observações de superfície e altitude (DEFANT, 1951) e, em seguida, por meio dos primeiros modelos lineares (ARRITT, 1989) e, mais recentemente, por meio dos modelos numéricos de mesoescala (BONNARDOT et al., 2005). ...
The Rio de Janeiro city and it metropolitan area presents physiographic attributes such as the existence of massifs, lagoons, urban forest, mangroves and Guanabara Bay, which interact with local and mesoscale wind circulation. This paper aims is to evaluate the wind pattern circulation in Guanabara Bay from 2003 to 2013. Were used the data from METAR (Meteorological Aerodrome Report) code of theSurface Meteorological Stations of the Galeão (SBGL) and Santos Dumont (SBGRJ) Airports. In the winds analysis the language processor FORTRAN was created to extract the speed and wind direction of the Airports METAR code and represented in winds rose and histograms by WRPLOT software. The temporal wind series was submitted to the Run test on the annual scale. The Run test showed that both the SBGL and SBRJ stations are free of serial correlation or time persistence, being the exceptions in 2005, 2006 and 2009 years. The wind direction for the annual scale showed that the SBGL Station presents prevailing southeast and east winds, while the SBRJ Station, with greater sea breeze influence due to its greater proximity to the Atlantic Ocean, registrered the dominance of south winds (> 32%). The daily cyclical pattern of wind direction indicated that in the SBRJ Station the influence of the sea breeze is more remarkable in comparision to the SBGL Station.
