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From May to December 1997, 18 cases of mild to severe respiratory illness caused by avian influenza A (H5N1) viruses were identified in Hong Kong. The emergence of an avian virus in the human population prompted an epidemiological investigation to determine the extent of human-to-human transmission of the virus and risk factors associated with infe...
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... groups could also be distinguished antigenically in the HI assay with reference ferret antisera raised to representative viruses from each group (2). To de- termine whether human postinfection sera also detected anti- genic differences between the two groups of viruses, represen- tative group A and B viruses were used to detect neutralizing- antibody responses in human and ferret postinfection sera (Table 4). In general, the neutralizing-antibody response in humans infected with either group A or B viruses was cross- reactive for the heterologous virus group. ...
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Background:
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Background:
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Citations
... • Western blot: This is a laboratory-based assay that is used to detect specific proteins in a sample. Western blots are often used to confirm the results of ELISAs and are considered a gold standard assay for protein detection [153,154]. ...
Microfluidic devices have become a vastly popular technology, particularly because of the advantages they offer over their traditional counterparts. They have such a wide range of uses and can make complex tasks quite efficient. One area of research or work that has benefited greatly from the use of microfluidics is biosensing, where microfluidic chips are integrated into biosensor setups. There are growing numbers of applications of microfluidics in this area as researchers look for efficient ways to tackle disease diagnostics and drug discovery, which are critical in this era of recurring pandemics. In this work, the authors review the integration of microfluidic chips with biosensors, as well as microfluidic applications in biosensing, food security, molecular biology, cell diagnostics, and disease diagnostics, and look at some of the most recent research work in these areas. The work covers a wide range of applications including cellular diagnostics, life science research, agro-food processing, immunological diagnostics, molecular diagnostics, and veterinarian diagnostics. Microfluidics is a field which combines fundamental laws of physics and chemistry to solve miniaturization problems involving fluids at the nanoscale and microscale, and as such, the authors also examine some fundamental mathematical concepts in microfluidics and their applications to biosensing. Microfluidics has relatively new technologies with great potential in terms of applications.
... Residual non-neutralised virus is inoculated in Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells, eventually with increased α-2,6 sialic galactose moieties on the surface (MDCK-SIAT1). Automatic readouts can consist of ELISA staining for de novo-synthesised viral proteins,166 cytopathic effect (automatable focus-reduction ...
Influenzavirus is among the most relevant candidates for a next pandemic. We review here the phylogeny of former influenza pandemics, and discuss candidate lineages. After briefly reviewing the other existing antiviral options, we discuss in detail the evidences supporting the efficacy of passive immunotherapies against influenzavirus, with a focus on convalescent plasma.
... The evaluation of the test is performed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) test. ELISA has been utilized to measure the absolute number of antibodies that can recognize an antigenic target such as whole influenza virus or purified HA [34]. The emergence of HPAI highlighted that MN has benefits for detecting antibodies to new influenza virus strains, since an infectious virus is used, and thus, the assay can be developed rapidly upon recognizing a novel variant, and it can be available before suitable recombinant or purified viral proteins become widely accessible for other assays. ...
Recent events highlighted that, despite decades of studying vaccine immunogenicity and efforts toward finding correlates of protection, evaluating real-world vaccine efficacy as well as establishing meaningful licensing criteria still represents a significant challenge. In this paper, we review all aspects of influenza vaccine immunogenicity, including animal and human challenge studies, humoral and cellular immunity parameters, and their potential correlation with real-life protection from disease.
... It can be used to identify specific antibodies of different subtypes, but cross-reactions may occur between subtypes [25,26]. When detecting H5N1 AIV antibodies in human serum, it exhibits low sensitivity [27]. ...
... ELISA can detect cross-reactions between different subtypes of AIV [33,34]. For the detection of H 5N1 AIV, ELISA has higher specificity and sensitivity compared with the detection of the microneutralization method [27]. Zhang et al. [35] developed a double-antibody sandwich ELISA (DAS-ELISA) for AIV nucleoprotein (NP). ...
Avian influenza is caused by avian influenza virus infection; the H5N1 avian influenza virus is a highly pathogenic subtype, affecting poultry and human health. Since the discovery of the highly pathogenic subtype of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, it has caused enormous losses to the poultry farming industry. It was recently found that the H5N1 avian influenza virus tends to spread among mammals. Therefore, early rapid detection methods are highly significant for effectively preventing the spread of H5N1. This paper discusses the detection technologies used in the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, including serological detection technology, immunological detection technology, molecular biology detection technology, genetic detection technology, and biosensors. Comparisons of these detection technologies were analyzed, aiming to provide some recommendations for the detection of the H5N1 avian influenza virus.
... Based on these repeated findings, it is possible to conduct further studies to identify other subtypes of the virus in these birds, especially H5N1 and H7N2 due to their potential to be highly pathogenic and cause serious problems in poultry (20). In addition to studying the presence of the virus or its antibodies in humans, which will give a picture of the extent of transmission of these viruses in communities, which, although rare, usually cause serious diseases and complications in human (21). ...
... The haemagglutinins inhibition assay (HAI) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) are still widely used in the diagnosis of influenza infection to determine specific antibodies in blood serums. 7,8 Clinical laboratory diagnosis using serological methods can be considered retrospective since the presence of diagnostic increases in antibody titers (at least 4 times) in paired blood serums collected at different stages of the disease or throughout life can serve as confirmation of a previous infection. This is due to the fact that a person throughout his life repeatedly encounters influenza viruses, and anamnestic antibodies against a wide range of strains, with the exception of new antigenic variants, are always detected in the blood serum of each person. ...
Objective:
To conduct serological studies of influenza infection rate during an epidemic.
Methods:
The retrospective study was conducted at the Research and Production Centre for Microbiology and Virology, Almaty, Kazakhstan, and comprised data, including blood samples, from patients with symptoms of acute respiratory viral infection, bronchitis and pneumonia during 2018-21 from various healthcare institutions in the Almaty region. Serological tests on blood serums were carried out sing haem agglutination inhibition assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Data was analysed using Graph Pad Prism 9.
Results:
Of the 779 blood samples, 392(50.3%) came from women and 387(49.7%) from men. The overall age range was 0-80 years. Serological analyses using haem agglutination inhibition assay showed the presence of anti-hemagglutinins against pandemic A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in 292(37.5%) samples, influenza A/H3N2 virus in 340(43.6%) and type B virus in 53(6.8%). Antibodies against two subtypes of influenza A virus and type B virus were simultaneously identified in 25(3.2%) cases, whereas against influenza A (H1N1+H3N2) viruses in 69(8.9%). In enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, antibodies against influenza A/H1N1pdm virus were detected in 108(13.9%) cases, against A/H3N2 virus in 105(13.5%) and type B virus in 65(8.3%). Antibodies simultaneously against two subtypes of influenza A virus were identified in 46(5.9%) of blood serums, and against influenza A and B viruses in 60(7.7%).
Conclusion:
Co-circulation of influenza A and B viruses was observed, confirming the role of influenza viruses in the epidemic process.
... Considering the detection method, the highest seroprevalence was detected by ELISA rather than the HI test (p < 0.01). This difference in performance could be due to the low sensitivity of the HI test for detecting AIV antibodies, particularly the H5N1 and H3N2 serotypes [85,86]. Furthermore, the highest seroprevalence rate detected during the fall-to-winter season is consistent with the National Institute of Environmental Research report "Surveillance and monitoring of wildlife diseases in Korea, 2012," which states that the prevalence of AIVs increases from October to December (stage 1), when waterfowl migrate from the north, and in April (stage 4), when passing migratory birds are moving to the north [2]. ...
Since the first recorded outbreak of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus (H5N1) in South Korea in 2003, numerous sporadic outbreaks have occurred in South Korean duck and chicken farms, all of which have been attributed to avian influenza transmission from migratory wild birds. A thorough investigation of the prevalence and seroprevalence of avian influenza viruses (AIVs) in wild birds is critical for assessing the exposure risk and for directing strong and effective regulatory measures to counteract the spread of AIVs among wild birds, poultry, and humans. In this study, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis, following the PRISMA guidelines, to generate a quantitative estimate of the prevalence and seroprevalence of AIVs in wild birds in South Korea. An extensive search of eligible studies was performed through electronic databases and 853 records were identified, of which, 49 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The pooled prevalence and seroprevalence were estimated to be 1.57% (95% CI: 0.98, 2.51) and 15.91% (95% CI: 5.89, 36.38), respectively. The highest prevalence and seroprevalence rates were detected in the An-seriformes species, highlighting the critical role of this bird species in the dissemination of AIVs in South Korea. Furthermore, the results of the subgroup analysis also revealed that the AIV seroprev-alence in wild birds varies depending on the detection rate, sample size, and sampling season. The findings of this study demonstrate the necessity of strengthening the surveillance for AIV in wild birds and implementing strong measures to curb the spread of AIV from wild birds to the poultry population.
... The microneutralization assays were performed as previously described 59 . Briefly, serial two-fold dilutions of mAb (1 mg/mL stock solution) in 50 mL were prepared and then mixed with the appropriate viruses (100 TCID 50 in 50 mL per well). ...
Influenza infection continues are a persistent threat to public health. The identification and characterization of human broadly neutralizing antibodies can facilitate the development of antibody drugs and the design of universal influenza vaccines. Here, we present structural information for the human antibody PN-SIA28’s heterosubtypic binding of hemagglutinin (HA) from circulating and emerging potential influenza A viruses (IAVs). Aside from group 1 and 2 conventional IAV HAs, PN-SIA28 also inhibits membrane fusion mediated by bat-origin H17 and H18 HAs. Crystallographic analyses of Fab alone or in complex with H1, H14, and H18 HA proteins reveal that PN-SIA28 binds to a highly conserved epitope in the fusion domain of different HAs, with the same CDRHs but different CDRLs for different HAs tested, distinguishing it from other structurally characterized anti-stem antibodies. The binding characteristics of PN-SIA28 provides information to support the design of increasingly potent engineered antibodies, antiviral drugs, and/or universal influenza vaccines.
... ELISA was used to measure the antigen specific antibody titers of serum samples [10]. Further, Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1 specific neutralizing antibody was assessed using two-fold dilutions of heat-inactivated serum and positive control in a microneutralization assay performed in Vero E6 cells as reported previously [12,13]. ...
SARS-CoV-2 causes devastating impact on the human population and has become a major public health concern. The frequent emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern urges the development of safe and efficacious vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We developed a candidate vaccine Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1, based on SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) by fusing with the Fc region of human IgG. The RBD-Fc fusion was produced in Nicotiana benthamiana. Previously, we reported that this plant-produced vaccine is effective in inducing immune response in both mice and non-human primates. Here, the efficacy of our vaccine candidate was tested in Syrian hamster challenge model. Hamsters immunized with two intramuscular doses of Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1 induced neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and protected from SARS-CoV-2 challenge with reduced viral load in the lung. These preliminary results demonstrate the ability of plant-produced subunit vaccine Baiya SARS-CoV-2 Vax 1 to provide protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in hamsters.
... In contrast, the detection through serological methods involve analysis of the patient's blood or saliva and identification of antibodies through the capture of viral antigens. Conventional methods such as ELISA used for antigen/antibody detection provide good accuracy, but also require well-trained skilled personnel to perform the testing and results analysis, and are laborious as well as time-consuming [5]. Immuno-chromatography or lateral flow assays based rapid diagnostic tests (RADT) are relatively inexpensive, provide quick turnaround times, and point-of-care (PoC) testing capabilities, but have very limited sensitivities and poor positive predictive values [6]. ...
Highly infectious viral diseases are a serious threat to mankind as they can spread rapidly among the community, possibly even leading to the loss of many lives. Early diagnosis of a viral disease not only increases the chance of quick recovery, but also helps prevent the spread of infections. There is thus an urgent need for accurate, ultrasensitive, rapid, and affordable diagnostic techniques to test large volumes of the population to track and thereby control the spread of viral diseases, as evidenced during the COVID-19 and other viral pandemics. This review paper critically and comprehensively reviews various emerging nanophotonic biosensor mechanisms and biosensor technologies for virus detection, with a particular focus on detection of the SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) virus. The photonic biosensing mechanisms and technologies that we have focused on include: (a) plasmonic field enhancement via localized surface plasmon resonances, (b) surface enhanced Raman scattering, (c) nano-Fourier transform infrared (nano-FTIR) near-field spectroscopy, (d) fiber Bragg gratings, and (e) microresonators (whispering gallery modes), with a particular emphasis on the emerging impact of nanomaterials and two-dimensional materials in these photonic sensing technologies. This review also discusses several quantitative issues related to optical sensing with these biosensing and transduction techniques, notably quantitative factors that affect the limit of detection (LoD), sensitivity, specificity, and response times of the above optical biosensing diagnostic technologies for virus detection. We also review and analyze future prospects of cost-effective, lab-on-a-chip virus sensing solutions that promise ultrahigh sensitivities, rapid detection speeds, and mass manufacturability.
