Table 1 - uploaded by Michel W Nielen
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Cross-reactivity (CR) of DON and ZEN antibodies with other mycotoxins calculated from IC 50 values as a percentage relative to DON or ZEN, respectively
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A prototype imaging surface plasmon resonance-based multiplex microimmunoassay for mycotoxins is described. A microarray of mycotoxin-protein conjugates was fabricated using a continuous flow microspotter device. A competitive inhibition immunoassay format was developed for the simultaneous detection of deoxynivalenol (DON) and zearalenone (ZEN), u...
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The principal agents of Fusarium head blight in the main cropping area of Argentina were investigated in heavily infected samples. The ability of the isolates to produce trichothecenes was determined by GC and HPLC. Fusarium graminearum was the predominant species and of 33 isolates, 10 produced deoxinivalenol (DON) (0.1- 29 mg kg(-1)), 13 produced...
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Citations
... The T-2 and HT-2 producing fungi genera are known to be invasive pathogens of oats, rice, wheat, corn and barley [60]. T-2 and HT-2 toxin often co-occur in contaminated cereals, with the concentration of HT-2 even higher than T-2 [61]. ...
... Beers from two Spanish breweries were sampled again approximately 2 years later, and analysed only for FBs using LC-MS/MS (S6 Table). before reaching the TDI [61]. At that consumption level, alcohol intake is definitely a more serious risk. ...
... With the FB concentrations found in our survey, the TDI is not easily exceeded. EFSA has set a group TDI of 2 μg/kg BW per day (sum of FB1, FB2 and FB3)[61]. If we take into account an average body weight of 70 kilogram for an adult[62], then a person would need to drink more than 2 litres per day of the highest contaminated beer (69 μg/L) ...
... In a surface plasmonic resonance-based multiplex microimmunoassay for the detection of DON and ZEA via a competitive inhibition immunoassay format, LODs of 84 and 68 µg/kg for DON and 64 and 40 µg/kg for ZEA in maize and wheat samples were achieved, respectively [41]. In a microarray for screening OTA in green coffee extract on a fully automated flow-through device via over 20 assay-regeneration cycles, a reduced assay time (within 12 min) with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of OTA of 0.3 µg/L was achieved [42]. ...
Food toxins are a hidden threat that can cause cancer and tremendously impact human health. Therefore, the detection of food toxins in a timely manner with high sensitivity is of paramount importance for public health and food safety. However, the current detection methods are relatively time-consuming and not practical for field tests. In the present work, we developed a novel aptamer-chip-based sample-to-answer biosensor (ACSB) for ochratoxin A (OTA) detection via fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). In this system, a cyanine 3 (Cy3)-labeled OTA-specific biotinylated aptamer was immobilized on an epoxy-coated chip via streptavidin-biotin binding. A complementary DNA strand to OTA aptamer at the 3′-end was labeled with a black hole quencher 2 (BHQ2) to quench Cy3 fluorescence when in proximity. In the presence of OTA, the Cy3-labeled OTA aptamer bound specifically to OTA and led to the physical separation of Cy3 and BHQ2, which resulted in an increase of fluorescence signal. The limit of detection (LOD) of this ACSB for OTA was 0.005 ng/mL with a linearity range of 0.01–10 ng/mL. The cross-reactivity of ACSB against other mycotoxins, ochratoxin B (OTB), aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), zearalenone (ZEA), or deoxynilvalenol (DON), was less than 0.01%. In addition, this system could accurately detect OTA in rice samples spiked with OTA, and the mean recovery rate of the spiked-in OTA reached 91%, with a coefficient of variation (CV) of 8.57–9.89%. Collectively, the ACSB may represent a rapid, accurate, and easy-to-use platform for OTA detection with high sensitivity and specificity.
... It allows fast and real-time analysis as a label-free detection technique. The use of SPR immunosensors in mycotoxin determination has been reported in the literature [157][158][159] There are only a few numbers of studies can be found in the literature for ZEN detection based on SPR. In one of these studies, an immunosensor with a LOD value of 8 ng/ mL was reported using the phage display isolated recombinant single-chain antibodies fragments expressed in Escherichia coli (in the range of 2 ng/mL À 2.5 lg/mL). ...
... [157] iSPR immunoassay using competitive inhibition, carboxylated dextran hydrogel, and ovalbumin coating, the detection limit was improved up to 10 ng/mL. [158] Furthermore, 6 different analytes were detected using an iSPR immunoassay, simultaneously, reporting 6 ng/ mL LOD value in the range of 0.01-1,000 ng/mL. [159] Ellipsometry is another highly sensitive detection strategy which is also widely studied in our research group. ...
... Wheat 158] Magnetoresistivity Antibody Magnetic nanotags, giant magnetoresistive sensor, immunoassay, monoclonal antibody, 50 pg/mL 0.05-50 ng/mL Afb1 [5] Phage displaymediated immuno-polymerase chain reaction (PD-IPCR) Antibody Heavy-chain antibodies (VHHs), anti-idiotypic VHH phage clone based phage ELISA, and phage display-mediated immuno-PCR 6.5 pg/mL 0.01-100 ng/mL Corn, wheat and rice (60% methanol) [179] SERS Antibody AuNPs labeled with 5,5-dithiobis(succinimidyl-2nitrobenzoate, BSA conjugated toxins, monoclonal antibodies, immunoassay 0.53 ng/mL 10 pg/mL-10 ng/mL Corn, rice, and wheat [177] SERS Antibody Au@Ag core-shell NPs labeled with 5,5-dithiobis(succinimidyl-2-nitrobenzoate and 4mercaptobenzoic acid, antibodies, immunoassay 6.2 pg/mL 0.015-3.7 ng/mL Maize [184] SPR Antibody Phage display isolated recombinant single-chain antibodies fragments expressed in [161] High-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) with the extraction method is a golden-standard for ZEN detection in various matrices. Chromatographic ZEN analysis for 62 vegetable oil samples has been done using an HPLC-MS/MS, achieved 40 pg/mL LOD value (in the detection range of 2-100 ng/mL). ...
Zearalenone (ZEN) is a toxic compound produced by the metabolism of fungi (genus Fusarium) that threaten the food and agricultural industry belonging to the in foods and feeds. ZEN has toxic effects on human and animal health due to its mutagenicity, teratogenicity, carcinogenicity, nephrotoxicity, immunotoxicity, and genotoxicity. To ensure food safety, rapid, precise, and reliable analytical methods can be developed for the detection of toxins such as ZEN. Different selective molecular diagnostic elements are used in conjunction with different detection strategies to achieve this goal. In this review, the use of electrochemical, colorimetric, fluorometric, refractometric as well as other strategies were discussed for ZEN detection. The success of the sensors in analytical performance depends on the development of receptors with increased affinity to the target. This requirement has been met with different immunoassays, aptamer-assays, and molecular imprinting techniques. The immobilization techniques and analysis strategies developed with the combination of nanomaterials provided high precision, reliability, and convenience in ZEN detection, in which electrochemical strategies perform the best.
... Analytical methods are generally well established for many mycotoxins; currently liquid chromatography (LC) based methods coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (MS) are probably the most widely applied and preferred techniques (as also shown from the analyzed datasets below). The current trend in mycotoxin analysis seems to be on the one hand to reach ever lower concentration levels and multi-mycotoxin and full metabolite profiles (Arroyo-Manzanares et al. 2018;Brouwer-Brolsma et al. 2017;de Lourdes Mendes de Souza et al. 2013;Doppler et al. 2016;Adekoya et al. 2019;Malachov a et al. 2014Malachov a et al. , 2018Njumbe Ediage et al. 2015;Monbaliu et al. 2010;Rofiat et al. 2015;Shephard et al. 2013;Simader et al. 2015;Uhlig et al. 2013;Varga et al. 2013;Warth et al. 2012;, and on the other hand to determine the compliance at the statutory levels by fast on-site techniques (Dorokhin et al. 2011;EC 2006b;Ediage et al. 2012;Joshi et al. 2016;Peters et al. 2017;Sieger et al. 2017). The current multi-analyte and multi-class analytical methods are capable of a high throughput of samples making larger amounts of results available than ever before in a short period of time. ...
Prior to 1985 the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) estimated global food crop contamination with mycotoxins to be 25%. The origin of this statement is largely unknown. To assess the rationale for it, the relevant literature was reviewed and data of around 500,000 analyses from the European Food Safety Authority and large global survey for aflatoxins, fumonisins, deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2 toxins, zearalenone and ochratoxin A in cereals and nuts were examined. Using different thresholds, i.e. limit of detection, the lower and upper regulatory limits of European Union (EU) legislation and Codex Alimentarius standards, the mycotoxin occurrence was estimated. Impact of different aspects on uncertainty of the occurrence estimates presented in literature and related to our results are critically discussed. Current mycotoxin occurrence above the EU and Codex limits appears to confirm the FAO 25% estimate, while this figure greatly underestimates the occurrence above the detectable levels (up to 60-80%). The high occurrence is likely explained by a combination of the improved sensitivity of analytical methods and impact of climate change. It is of immense importance that the detectable levels are not overlooked as through diets, humans are exposed to mycotoxin mixtures which can induce combined adverse health effects.
... However, it could be argued that after incorporating a nanoparticle label to the sensor configuration, such a method is no longer genuinely label-free. Also, advanced SPR instrumentation based on microfluidic channels [104][105][106] or imaging surface plasmon resonance [107][108][109] have enabled multiplex detection of several targets simultaneously in the inhibition assay format. could be argued that after incorporating a nanoparticle label to the sensor configuration, such a method is no longer genuinely label-free. ...
... could be argued that after incorporating a nanoparticle label to the sensor configuration, such a method is no longer genuinely label-free. Also, advanced SPR instrumentation based on microfluidic channels [104][105][106] or imaging surface plasmon resonance [107][108][109] have enabled multiplex detection of several targets simultaneously in the inhibition assay format. ...
Label-free optical biosensors are an intriguing option for the analyses of many analytes, as they offer several advantages such as high sensitivity, direct and real-time measurement in addition to multiplexing capabilities. However, development of label-free optical biosensors for small molecules can be challenging as most of them are not naturally chromogenic or fluorescent, and in some cases, the sensor response is related to the size of the analyte. To overcome some of the limitations associated with the analysis of biologically, pharmacologically, or environmentally relevant compounds of low molecular weight, recent advances in the field have improved the detection of these analytes using outstanding methodology, instrumentation, recognition elements, or immobilization strategies. In this review, we aim to introduce some of the latest developments in the field of label-free optical biosensors with the focus on applications with novel innovations to overcome the challenges related to small molecule detection. Optical label-free methods with different transduction schemes, including evanescent wave and optical fiber sensors, surface plasmon resonance, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and interferometry, using various biorecognition elements, such as antibodies, aptamers, enzymes, and bioinspired molecularly imprinted polymers, are reviewed.
... Performing SPR in an imaging format (iSPR) allows for high-throughput detection of mycotoxins. For example, Dorokhin et al. [130] applied a multiplex microassay iSPR immunochip for rapid screening of DON and ZEA. DON-OVA and ZEA-OVA conjugates were immobilized on the carboxylated chip surface. ...
Mycotoxins are one of the main factors impacting food safety. Mycotoxin contamination has threatened the health of humans and animals. Conventional methods for the detection of mycotoxins are gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). However, all these methods are time-consuming, require large-scale instruments and skilled technicians, and consume large amounts of hazardous regents and solvents. Interestingly, a microchip requires less sample consumption and short analysis time, and can realize the integration, miniaturization, and high-throughput detection of the samples. Hence, the application of a microchip for the detection of mycotoxins can make up for the deficiency of the conventional detection methods. This review focuses on the application of a microchip to detect mycotoxins in foods. The toxicities of mycotoxins and the materials of the microchip are firstly summarized in turn. Then the application of a microchip that integrates various kinds of detection methods (optical, electrochemical, photo-electrochemical, and label-free detection) to detect mycotoxins is reviewed in detail. Finally, challenges and future research directions in the development of a microchip to detect mycotoxins are previewed.
... There are many such technologies but the greatest effort, at least with the individual toxins, has been based on the technology of surface plasmon resonance (SPR) Meneely and Elliott, 2014;Van der Gaag et al., 2003). Recently a variant of SPR, imaging SPR (iSPR) has also been used (Dorokhin et al., 2011;Hu et al., 2014). Imaging SPR may have an advantage over 'traditional' SPR in that multiple assays can be conducted simultaneously in a single flow cell, as opposed to the traditional approach that has involved using separate flow cells for each analyte. ...
The problems associated with different groups or 'families' of mycotoxins have been known for some time, and for many years certain groups of mycotoxins have been known to co-occur in commodities and foods. Until fairly recently commodities and foods were analysed for individual toxins or groups of related toxins and attempts to measure multiple groups of toxins required significant investments in terms of time, effort, and expense. Analytical technologies using both the instrument-intensive techniques, such as mass spectrometry, and screening techniques, such as immunoassays, have progressed significantly in recent years. This has led to the proliferation of techniques capable of detecting multiple groups of mycotoxins using a variety of approaches. Despite considerable progress, the challenges for routine monitoring of multiple toxins continue. Certain of these challenges, such as the need for co-extraction of multiple analytes with widely different polarities and the potential for carry-over of matrix components that can influence the results, are independent of the analytical technique (MS or immunoassay) used. Because of the wide variety of analytical platforms used for multi-Toxin analysis, there are also specific challenges that arise amongst the analytical platforms. We showed that chromatographic methods with optical detection for aflatoxins maintain stable response factors over rather long periods. This offers the potential to reduce the analytical burden, provided the use of a single signal receives general acceptance once shown in practise as working approach. This must however be verified by a larger community of laboratories. For immunosensors the arising challenges include the reusability of sensors and, for chromatography-based assays they include the selection of appropriate calibration systems. In this article we seek to further describe the challenges associated with multi-Toxin analysis and articulate how such challenges have recently been addressed.
... SPR sensing can be used in the competitive inhibition assay and sandwich assay to determine mycotoxins. In competitive inhibition format, mycotoxin-protein conjugates (antigen) can be loaded on the activated SPR chip surface [36,37]. After the injection of sample-antibody mixture solution, the competition can be found between immobilized antigen and free mycotoxin in the sample. ...
... Via the immobilization mycotoxin-labeled BSA on the sensor chip, Tomoyuki and coworkers [37] fabricated a SPR immunosensor with a simple fabrication within 600 s, including immobilization, activation and blocking. By using a continuous flow microspotter device, a microarray was fabricated and obtained for ZEA and DON sensing in maize and wheat samples [36]. Two syringe pumps were used in the microarray either to deliver the sample extraction or to flush/flow the analyte solution through the chip surface. ...
Mycotoxin contamination threatens health and life of humans and animals throughout the food supply chains. Many of the mycotoxins have been proven to be carcinogens, teratogens and mutagens. The reliable and sensitive sensing methods are requested to monitor mycotoxin contamination. Advanced sensors based on antibodies or aptamers boast the advantages of high sensitivity and rapidity, and have been used in the mycotoxin sensing. These sensors are miniaturized, thereby lowering costs, and are applicable to high-throughput modes. In this work, the latest developments in sensing strategies for mycotoxin determination were critically discussed. Optical and electrochemical sensing modes were compared. The sensing methods for single mycotoxin or multiple mycotoxins in food samples were reviewed, along with the challenges and the future of antibody or aptamer-based sensors. This work might promote academic studies and industrial applications for mycotoxin sensing.
... There are reports that DON can conjugate with sugars such as glucose (Berthiller, Schuhmacher, Adam, & Krska, 2009;Zachariasova et al., 2008) or with sulphate (Warth et al., 2015). Dorokhin, Haasnoot, Franssen, Zuilhof, and Nielen (2011) found that DON antibodies and masked DON can lead to specific interactions, with coupling rates of 71%, 66% and 36% for 3-ADON, 15-ADON and DON-3G, respectively. There are a variety of masked/modified forms of a mycotoxin and it is difficult to detect all these forms individually. ...
We report the artificial synthesis from T-2 toxin of a type A trichothecenes complete antigen. First, 3-Ac-T-2 was made from T-2 following acetylation. Then 3-Ac-NEOS as a T-2 skeleton structure was synthesized by enzymolysis and identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance. Next, a hapten (3-Ac-NEOS-HS) was formed by modifying the C8 position of 3-Ac-NEOS using succinic anhydride method. 3-Ac-NEOS-HS-BSA/-OVA were prepared by conjugating hapten with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or ovalbumin (OVA) by carbodiimide method and identified by UV spectroscopy and sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Results showed that conjugation ratio of 3-Ac-NEOS-HS to BSA was 8.76: 1 and OVA 7.24: 1, indicating 3-Ac-NEOS-HS-BSA as a complete antigen was better. Next we used it to immunize rabbits and obtained a 1:64,000 antibody titre. In conclusion, a type A trichothecenes complete antigen was successfully synthesized, which was the foundation for antibody preparation and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit development for all type A trichothecenes (parent + modified/masked type A trichothecenes).
... The result is iSPR (or SPRi), whereby SPR is performed at multiple locations in a flow cell, such as spots on an array. The technique was applied to the detection of DON and ZEA in maize and wheat (46). The number of samples tested was extremely small (two of each), and matrix effects were observed. ...
Significant progress has been made in the
development of biosensors that can be used
to detect low-MW toxins produced by fungi
(mycotoxins). The number of formats that
have been investigated is impressive and is an
indication of the importance attached to finding
easy-to-use, accurate, and rapid methods for
detecting these toxins in commodities and foods.
This review explores the details of multiplexed
biosensors based on many formats, including
multiplexed immunoassays, suspension arrays,
membrane-based devices (flow-through and
immunochromatographic), and planar microarrays.
Each assay format has its own strengths and areas
that need improvement. Certain formats, such as
multiplexed immunochromatographic devices,
are well developed and relatively easy to use, and
in some cases, commercial products are being
sold. Others, such as the suspension arrays and
microarrays, are laboratory-based assays that,
although more complicated, are also more amenable
to a larger scale of multiplexing. The diversity of
such efforts and the multitude of formats under
investigation suggest that multiple solutions will
be found to satisfy the need for multiplexed toxin
detection.
