Table 3 - uploaded by L. S. Pereira
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This chapter revises the measures and practices that can be applied by the agriculture sector, rainfed and irrigated agriculture,
to reduce both water demand and water consumption to mitigate the impacts of droughts. The analysis focuses on water conservation
and water saving practices and management measures, which may lead to reduce the demand, c...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... conservation in dryland agriculture mainly refers to crop management techniques and to soil management practices. Techniques for crop management to cope with water scarcity and drought are summarized in Table 3 and relate to three main approaches: A Techniques to manage crop risk, which concern crop management techniques designed to minimise the risks of crop failure and to increase the chances for beneficial crop yield using the available rainfall. B Controlling the effects of water stress by adopting techniques and practices that reduce the impacts of water deficits on crop development and yield: C Water conservation cropping techniques, designed to increase the available soil water, to control soil water losses by evaporation, to minimise the transpiration by weeds and their competition for water, as well as to reduce crop transpiration when water stress is extreme. ...
Context 2
... management practices. They refer to tillage and land-forming practices that favour rainfall infiltration into the soil, water storage in the soil zone explored by roots, capture of runoff to infiltrate the soil, control of evaporation losses from the soil and weeds, extraction of water by plant roots, and crop emergence and development (Table 3). ...
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Citations
... From the point of view of hydrology and meteorology, drought occurs when precipitation is significantly lower than usual. Methods to estimate the duration, intensity, and spatial extent of drought are diverse, from hydrological methods [7][8][9] to spatial analysis and remote sensing [10,11]. These methodologies yield results used when establishing public policies and actions to mitigate the social, economic, and environmental impacts of drought. ...
... Depending on its magnitude and the strategies established to counteract it, drought can cause problems for agriculture (mainly seasonal), the hydroelectric sector, and industry, as well as a deficit in the drinking water supply, generating serious consequences for local populations [10,19,20]. In different areas, during droughts, irrigation is used to cover the water needs of other crops, but, increasingly, the limitations of irrigation water have to do with its quality, which in arid and semi-arid areas is underground and deteriorates with increasing extraction levels. ...
... The maximum value was 6.16 meq/L (sample 10), and the minimum was 0.7 meq/L (sample 24). The concentrations between 3 and 6.16 meq/L obtained in samples 1,3,4,5,7,8,10,16, and 20 related to medium risk. These values were similar to those reported in another study [39]. ...
This paper analyzes the behavior of drought in the face of the impact of climate change and groundwater quality and its implications for agricultural production in a semi-arid area of northeastern Mexico. The pluviometric information of two stations from 1961 to 2020 was analyzed, and the Standardized Precipitation Index was applied in the spring-summer period (SPI-6). Twenty-five samples from the Ahualulco aquifer were collected and analyzed, to which quality indices for agricultural use were applied. The results show that in the last 20 years there have been mild to moderate droughts, which have considerably affected rainfed farmers. The area under irrigation is affected by salinity conditions as the water goes from medium to high conductivities and low to medium sodicity, which indicates a medium sodicity risk but an excessive salinity risk.
... Although several crops have been affected by drought, its effect on yield highly depends on numerous factors including crop development stage, vulnerability of each crop specie/cultivar to water stress, and even on the water availability to compensate for this stress (Pereira, 2007;Knox et al., 2016;Rey et al., 2017). Further, it also depends on drought severity and duration (Pereira, 2007). ...
... Although several crops have been affected by drought, its effect on yield highly depends on numerous factors including crop development stage, vulnerability of each crop specie/cultivar to water stress, and even on the water availability to compensate for this stress (Pereira, 2007;Knox et al., 2016;Rey et al., 2017). Further, it also depends on drought severity and duration (Pereira, 2007). ...
Water and nitrogen (N) are key elements determining crop yield. In recent decades, the increasing world population and climate change have led to serious impacts on these resources often putting at risk food security, food safety, and product quality. In this chapter, we analyze, in light of climate change, the impact of decreased water availability and quality and the influence of N fertilization on crop yield and product quality of several relevant agronomic crops. Finally, we present an overview on the current and novel strategies to enhance water and N use efficiency (WUE and NUE). Water scarcity and low N fertilization negatively affect yield and product quality, resulting in dramatic economic losses for the agricultural sector. However, an excessive N crop supply also leads to similar effects and has a detrimental environmental impact, reinforcing the need for precise strategies that allow an optimal water and N management adjusted to the specific crop requirements (species, cultivars, and stage of development), and also the need to establish target breeding programs for enhanced WUE and NUE. Despite a high number of scientific and academic publications in this field, in this review it is highlighted a generalized lack of knowledge on combined plant stresses, but these are particullarly important in light of climate change scenarios since there is often a strong crosstalk among them.
... Iglesias et al. (2009) used DSSAT to quantify impacts of climate change, including dry conditions, on crop yields in Europe, and tested the effects of adaptations such as water and fertilizer management to mitigate the impacts. Deficit irrigation can be an effective means of coping with drought (Pereira, 2007), since it can reduce water use while maintaining yields near their optimal values; Geerts et al. (2010) and Marsal and St€ ockle (2012) used AquaCrop and CropSyst to derive deficit irrigation schedules for Central Bolivia and Spain, respectively. Economic factors also affect agricultural water use under water stress. ...
A system dynamics-based simulation gaming model, developed as a component of Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada's Invitational Drought Tournament (IDT; Hill et al., 2014), is introduced in this paper as a decision support tool for drought management at the river-basin scale. This IDT Model provides a comprehensive and integrated overview of drought conditions, and illustrates the broad effects of socio-economic drought and mitigation strategies. It is intended to provide a safe, user-friendly experimental environment with fast run-times for testing management options, and to promote collaborative decision-making and consensus building. Examples of model results from several recent IDT events demonstrate potential effects of drought and the short-to longer-term effectiveness of policies selected by IDT teams; such results have also improved teams' understanding of the complexity of water resources systems and their management trade-offs. The IDT Model structure and framework can also be reconfigured quickly for application to different river basins.
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... In fact, the severity of those impacts depends on: (i) the crop pattern of the area, (ii) crops' development phase, in which the water shortage occurs, (iii) the existence, or not, of water availability to compensate moisture deficits, in irrigated agriculture. On the other hand, a need to cover additional costs in order to compensate, for example, reduction of pastures for livestock husbandry (as enhanced by Pereira 2007) can, also, represent significant impacts. & In urban water supply, even though to it legal priority does normally apply, important problems do still often occur, such as: (i) constrained supply periods, due to limited water availability, (ii) water use restrictions (for irrigation of gardens, street cleaning, car washing, etc.), or even (iii) competition for water rights with other sectors. ...
Drought situations can have significant impacts, affecting large areas and imposing relevant restrictions on multiple economic activities. The severity of those impacts is, normally, assessed through meteorological, agricultural and/or hydrological indices or even through estimation of water deficits or reduction of production yields (for agriculture). However, those assessments usually do not represent the socioeconomic importance of the impacts and the results are not comparable for different types of impacts or distinct regions. In this context, the present work enunciates the main principles to be considered and a methodological approach for socioeconomic evaluation of drought effects, regarding the main supply and demand characteristics of a region (water sources and associated uses), and the hydrological interlinked effects of drought situations. Moreover it describes the methodology process application to Portuguese reality and existing data as the basis of drought’s severity assessment, focusing on two drought prone areas in Portugal: the Guadiana and the Ribeiras do Algarve river basin case studies. Regarding the main specificities of the referred case studies, the economic activities (and water dependent sectors) considered for this methodology were the agricultural and the urban water supply sectors. For each of those sectors, specific assessment procedures where developed in order to estimate the respective economic impacts caused by the drought situation in the area of analysis. A global assessment of the socioeconomic relevance of drought impacts in a region is ensured through comparison of the estimated total economic impacts to the region’s annual average of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP), that enabling the comparison of results for different regions of analysis. The methodology may be applicable to any region with common hydrological and water use data and was developed to be of support for drought management and application on a drought early warning system.
... Sin embargo, en la plantación existe una alta incidencia de problemas fitosanitarios como pudrición de raíz (Fusarium oxysporum f sp.), pudrición basa (Phytophtora sp.), antracnosis (Colletotrichum sp.) y roya (Uromyces joffrini) (Mesak et al. 1994, Havkin y Belanger 2011, por lo que cada año se tiene que resembrar aproximadamente 30 % de la plantación, para mantener una densidad de 2280 a 10 000 plantas ha-1 (Curti 1995. A pesar de que algunos autores como Bouriquet (1954), Curti (1995) y Damirón (2004) reconocen la importancia de contar con un sistema de riego desde el establecimiento del cultivo y durante todo el año para evitar estrés hídrico en las plantas, y en consecuencia pérdidas económicas (Pereira 2007). El sistema de riego usado para la vainilla es por aspersión con nebulización para mejorar el follaje de la planta, incentiva el crecimiento y ayuda a mantener la humedad relativa alta durante el verano (Sadanandan y Hamza 2006, Sujatha y Bhat 2010. ...
... y, reducing demand and minimizing impacts; next, considering the one differentiating reactive and proactive measures (Yevjevich et al., 1983); and finally, the one between long-and short-term measures. The Water Scarcity Drafting Group (2006) disseminated a document specifying a series of mitigation measures that can be adopted in the EU countries. Pereira (2007), starting from a conceptual distinction between water conservation (referred to the measures for the conservation and preservation of water resource) and water saving (referred to the measures aimed at limiting and/or controlling water demand), points out a set of actions that can be adopted in agriculture to reduce the impacts of droug ...
... Within the actions reducing water demand, some are directly aimed at reducing evapotranspiration by adopting appropriate agronomic techniques, such as e.g. irrigating during non windy periods for minimizing wind drift losses, or early defoliation to reduce crop transpiration surface (for a deeper description, the reader is referred to Pereira, 2007). In table 4 the long term measures that can be potentially adopted in agriculture are listed, subdivided considering their main objectives. ...
... Economic incentives for water saving and sanctions for wastes Agronomic techniques and irrigation systems for reducing water consumption (e.g. Pereira, 2007) Dry crops in place of irrigated crops Since the ASP has to be drawn up choosing among several combinations of long-term mitigation measures, a suitable evaluation procedure has to be adopted. A multi-criteria technique could provide an as objective as possible comparison among different alternatives, according to a series of economic, environmental and social criteria, and taking into account the point of view of all the stakeholders. ...
... El efecto del estrés hídrico en las plantas es de especial interés en los sistemas agrícolas, ya que su impacto causa pérdidas económicas; aunque su severidad depende del tipo de cultivo, clima y la duración de la sequía (Pereira, 2007). La escasez de agua afecta el potencial reproductivo presentándose aborto de flores y caída de frutos (Fischer y Turner, 1978;Taiz y Zeiger, 2006). ...
... The effect of water stress in plants is of particular interest in agricultural systems, as their impact causes economic losses; although its severity depends on the type of cultivation, climate, and the duration of the drought (Pereira, 2007). The scarcity of water affects the reproductive potential appearing abortion of flowers and fall of fruits (Fischer and Turner, 1978;Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation system on fruit retention of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. An irrigation system located in orchards with three types of management was designed and tested in Totonacapan, Veracruz, México. During 2000 and 2001, 40 host trees with vanilla plants per host tree and divided into groups of 10 individuals were selected in technical (Te), semitechnical (St) and traditional (Tr) orchards. Irrigation was provided daily at 18:00 h during the dry season (May-June) in four treatments: 1) 1.0 L m-2 of water; 2) 0.5 L m-2; 3) 0.25 L m"2; 4) a control group without irrigation. Fruit retention of vanilla in the plants was monthly quantified and the tree cover in each type of plot to obtain the percentage of shade was measured. Soil pH, temperature, precipitation and atmospheric moisture were measured. The retention of fruits did not vary between years, which was 45 to 70 % and equivalent to 0.44 t ha -1; this result is are higher than the domestic average (0.22 t ha -1). The orchard with semi-technical management shows retention of 69.5 % of fruits, attributable to irrigation and cropping system characteristics. The combination of soil moisture and management of fields of vanilla crops seem to have a strong influence on fruit retention, improving the condition of the crop.
... El efecto del estrés hídrico en las plantas es de especial interés en los sistemas agrícolas, ya que su impacto causa pérdidas económicas; aunque su severidad depende del tipo de cultivo, clima y la duración de la sequía (Pereira, 2007). La escasez de agua afecta el potencial reproductivo presentándose aborto de flores y caída de frutos (Fischer y Turner, 1978;Taiz y Zeiger, 2006). ...
... The effect of water stress in plants is of particular interest in agricultural systems, as their impact causes economic losses; although its severity depends on the type of cultivation, climate, and the duration of the drought (Pereira, 2007). The scarcity of water affects the reproductive potential appearing abortion of flowers and fall of fruits (Fischer and Turner, 1978;Taiz and Zeiger, 2006). ...
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the irrigation system on fruit retention of Vanilla planifolia Andrews. An irrigation system located in orchards with three types of management was designed and tested in Totonacapan, Veracruz, México. During 2000 and 2001, 40 host trees with vanilla plants per host tree and divided into groups of 10 individuals were selected in technical (Te), semitechnical (St) and traditional (Tr) orchards. Irrigation was provided daily at 18:00 h during the dry season (May-June) in four treatments: 1) 1.0 L m-2 of water; 2) 0.5 L m-2; 3) 0.25 L m-2; 4) a control group without irrigation. Fruit retention of vanilla in the plants was monthly quantified and the tree cover in each type of plot to obtain the percentage of shade was measured. Soil pH, temperature, precipitation and atmospheric moisture were measured. The retention of fruits did not vary between years, which was 45 to 70 % and equivalent to 0.44 t ha-1; this result is are higher than the domestic average (0.22 t ha-1). The orchard with semitechnical management shows retention of 69.5 % of fruits, attributable to irrigation and cropping system characteristics. The combination of soil moisture and management of fields of vanilla crops seem to have a strong influence on fruit retention, improving the condition of the crop.
... In areas as the region of Thessaly in central Greece, where the economy is mainly based in agricultural production, an urgent solution is needed. Replacing crops with crops consuming less and focusing to rainfed agriculture may be such a solution (Pereira, 2007). Since human activities cannot influence the rainfed agricultural system significantly, drought is a key factor regarding the crop yield. ...
In this paper a simplified methodology for the estimation of drought impacts on crop yield in rainfed agriculture is proposed. The methodology is based on empirical models for the estimation of actual to potential evapotranspiration ratio (ET/PET). This ratio is related to the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), an expression of cumulative precipitation to cumulative potential evapotranspiration. The actual to potential evapotranspiration ratio is the basic variable in the simple linear regression functions used for estimating the relative crop yield (actual/potential yield). A case study from Thessaly (Greece) is presented in which a large number of years were analysed to assess production losses. Keywords. Drought – Crop yield – RDI – Evapotranspiration. Les impacts de la sécheresse sur le rendement potentiel en agriculture pluviale Résumé. Dans cet article on propose une méthodologie simplifiée pour l'estimation des effets de la sécheresse sur le rendement agricole en agriculture pluviale. La méthodologie est fondée sur des modèles empiriques pour l'estimation du ratio d'évapotranspiration réelle sur l'évapotranspiration potentielle (ET/ETP). Ce ratio est lié à l'Indice de Reconnaissance de la Sécheresse (RDI), une expression des précipitations accumulées par rapport à l'évapotranspiration potentielle accumulée. Le ratio d'évapotranspiration réelle sur l'évapotranspiration potentielle est la variable de base dans les fonctions de régression linéaire simple utilisée pour l'estimation du rendement agricole relatif (rendement réel/potentiel). On présente une étude de cas en Thessalie (Grèce) dans laquelle un grand nombre d'années ont été analysées pour évaluer les pertes de production. Mots-clés. Sécheresse – Rendement agricole – RDI – Évapotranspiration.
Identifying drought-tolerant crops/genotypes may provide a sustainable solution to improve productivity on rain-fed sodic soils. However, the identification of genotypes tolerant to sodicity has been impeded by a lack of suitable, high-throughput techniques. Here, we propose an unmanned aerial vehicle remote sensing coupled with field experimental approach to evaluate drought tolerance and/or water use of contrasting wheat genotypes by quantifying Genotype × Environment interactions on rain-fed moderately sodic and highly sodic soil sites in Australia. Significant differences (p < 0.05) between the sites and some between genotypes were observed based on remote sensing-based vegetative drought indices, while in-season agro-climatic and soil moisture conditions were similar (p > 0.10) between the sites. This suggests that genotypes at both sites would have grown with similar access to moisture if differences in soil constraints had not been present. Further, as a useful indicator of drought, a crop health index was computed by integrating drought vegetative and temperature response variables that significantly correlated with wheat yield (coefficient of determination R² = 0.67; root mean square error RMSE = 28.4 g m⁻² and R² = 0.41; RMSE = 33.6 g m⁻² for the moderately sodic and highly sodic site, respectively). Further, a drought stress tolerance index was developed using estimates of yield anomaly between the sites to differentiate genotypes tolerant to drought on sodic soils. Genotypic ranking to drought tolerance was further compared and validated with actual field measured crop water use efficiency data. Wheat genotypes Bremer and Gladius were identified as the most and least tolerant to drought on sodic soils. The research improves our understanding of genotypic response in drought stress and can assist farmers in the selection of drought-tolerant wheat genotypes in sodic soil environments.
