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Critical stages of irrigation in some vegetables crops.
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An increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in atmosphere results in global warming which directly affects the environment and changes the climate variables. Various climate change factors like temperature, moisture, atmospheric composition, salinity, UV radiation, air pollutants etc. are responsible for the productivity, biotic stresses a...
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... 1: Based on Global combined land and ocean annuallyaveraged temperature, top ten warmest years since 1880-2016. Anomaly °C 1 2016 0.94 2 2015 0.90 3 2014 0.74 4 2010 0.70 5 2013 0.67 6 2005 0.66 7 2009 0.64 8 1998 0.63 9 2012 0.62 10 2003 0.61 Source: (NCEI, 2016) [53] Factors responsible for climate change Climate change variables such as temperature, moisture and atmospheric composition may have a direct and indirect effect on the yield, occurrence of diseases and insect pests that ultimately influences the quality of crops (Newton et al., 2011) [52] . The severity of environmental stresses i.e., extreme temperatures, reduced water accessibility, water logging and salinity will be main limiting factors in enhancing vegetable production. ...Similar publications
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The features of the phytopathogenic background formation in radish crops under open-ground cultivation in the territory of the Right-Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine for the years 2008–2022 were analyzed. It was determined that the phytosanitary condition of radish crops is environmentally hazardous and requires strict control of disease agents. A total of 48 species of phytopathogens were identified on plants, including 4 species of viruses, 11 species of bacteria, 25 species of fungi, and 8 species of oomycetes, causing 24 types of diseases. Accordingly, in the structure of the phytopathogenic complex, fungi occupied — 52%, bacteria — 23%, oomycetes — 17%, viruses — 8%. Pathogens causing damping-off (Phytophthora spp., Fusarium spp., Pythium debaryanu, Rhizoctonia solani), fusariosis (Fusarium avenaceum, F. graminearum, F. moniliforme Schw., F. oxysporum f. sp. raphani), and phomosis (Phoma exigna, P. lingam (Tode) Desm.) were identified with high frequency in radish crops. Among the identified phytopathogens, seven species were recognized as the most dangerous worldwide: Cucumber mosaic virus, Tomato spotted wilt virus, Ralstonia solanacearum, Botrytis cinerea Fr., Fusarium graminearum, Fusarium oxysporum, Albugo candida. The dominant diseases of radish during 2008–2022 were downy mildew and powdery mildew, affecting an average of 5–16% (max 20%) of the crop area. The most widespread diseases on plants were powdery mildew (21–30%), downy mildew (18–28%), various types of rots (15–26%), bacterial leaf spot (18–22%), and fusariosis (15–23%), with symptoms appearing at almost all stages of radish plant organogenesis. Critical stages were found to be the initial phases (BBCH 0–9, BBCH 10–11) and the period of root formation and growth (BBCH 41, BBCH 42–48).
It is estimated that nearly a third of global arable land has been lost to soil erosion and pollution during the past 4 decades. Vegetables in are general more sensitive to climatic extremes such as temperature fluctuations, biotic and abiotic stresses, reduced irrigation-water availability, flooding, drought, and salinity. Under changing climatic situations, crop failures, shortage of yields, reduction in quality, and increasing pest and disease problems are common, and they render vegetable cultivation unprofitable. It has been estimated that the number of pollinators has reduced due to combined stress from adverse climatic events and habitat loss. As many vegetables rely on pollinators, a complete loss of pollinators has been predicted to reduce vegetable supply by 16% (Smith et al., 2015). Therefore, reduced production and productivity invite a crisis in food reserve in the near future, and agriculture is faced with the challenge of food/nutritional security to meet the requirement for the ever-growing world population which is projected to reach approximately 9.7 billion in 2050. Hence, there is an urge to develop an understanding of the impacts and implications of climate change on vegetable production for timely intervention to ameliorate its negative effects. Farming practices such as planting of drought-resistant varieties of crops, crop diversification, change in cropping pattern and calendar of planting, improved irrigation efficiency, adopting soil conservation measures to conserve soil moisture, nutrient management, tillage/residue management, improved stress tolerance through grafting, developing climate-resilient vegetables, climate profiling through genomics and biotechnology, engineering stress tolerance, etc are to be practiced to boost sustainable production of vegetables to meet the challenges put forth by the global climatic change. Breeding strategies such as identifying and strengthening local breeds that have adapted to local climatic stress and feed sources and improving local genetics through cross-breeding with heat and disease tolerant breeds.
The use of excessive chemicals in agriculture can cause harm to the environment and human health. Sustainable agriculture systems promote agroecological practices to reduce chemical use and promote environmental and human health. However, there is a lack of data on the status of chemical use and the adoption of agroecological practices in the Fez-Meknes region, which is a significant national vegetable production area. To address this gap, we conducted cross-sectional surveys with 603 farmers to analyze their practices, behaviors, and knowledge regarding chemical and bio-product use, as well as the risks to crops, health, and the environment. Additionally, we aimed to diagnose the diffusion of agroecological practices and identify the most relevant obstacles and motivations for adoption. Our results indicate that a majority of farmers (95%) use chemicals throughout the production process but lack a good understanding of their use and associated risks. However, farmers do have access to alternative practices such as crop rotation (99.67%), manure (96.35%), drip irrigation (74.46%), and intercropping (69%). The success of these practices among farmers was a significant motivation for their adoption (50%), whereas the difficulties of managing pests and diseases without pesticides (73.2%) and the lack of technical advice and support (70.8%) were the main barriers to adoption. In conclusion, our study highlights the need for training and financial encouragement from the state to promote healthy and eco-friendly farming practices. This research provides valuable insights into the current status of chemical use and the adoption of agroecological practices in the Fez-Meknes region, which can inform policy decisions and promote sustainable agriculture practices for the future.
