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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) routes of transmission and associated intervention measures within the three realms of One Health. Environmental health (outer circle), including climate change and land use, influences several aspects of CCHFV transmission, including tick and animal host distribution and density; tick-animal host interactions affect the overall animal health status and livestock production levels (brown circle). The virus transmission pressure between ticks and animals increases progressively with the life cycle of the tick (reflected by the color gradient of the arrows from light orange to dark orange to red). Human health (purple circle) overlaps with the animal health realm through virus transmission routes, most commonly through tick bites or crushing of ticks, and secondarily through contact with viremic animal blood during the slaughtering process. Human-to-human transmission can also occur in a household or nosocomial setting when no proper personal protective equipment is worn.
Source publication
Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) infection is identified in the 2018 World Health Organization Research and Development Blueprint and the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIH/NIAID) priority A list due to its high risk to public health and national security. Tick-borne CCHFV is widespread, found in Europe, Asia, A...
Context in source publication
Context 1
... CCHFV life cycle involves silent transmission between multiple vertebrate hosts (wild and domestic) feeding immature or adult stages of the tick [9], with the absence of overt clinical disease in both hosts and ticks. This complex cycle, in which the hosts and vectors are by themselves highly influenced by environmental parameters, lends itself well to a One Health approach to disease prevention and control ( Figure 1). The concept of One Health recognizes the interconnectedness of human, animal, and environmental health; it is an approach to disease prevention that endeavors to address human health in a broader context, making change and intervening in an interdisciplinary manner [10]. ...
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Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) causes mild to severe and fatal disease in humans. Person-to-person transmission is common, necessitating the availability of rapidly deliverable therapeutic and prophylactic interventions to mitigate CCHFV spread. Previously, we showed complete protection using one dose of a viral replicon particle (VR...
Currently, next generation sequencing (NGS) is the mainly used approach for identification and monitorization of viruses with a potential public health threat in clinical and environmental samples. To facilitate detection in NGS, the sequence-independent, single-primer-amplification (SISPA) is an effective tool for enriching virus sequences. We per...
Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus (CCHFV) is a geographically widespread tick-borne arbovirus that has been recognized by the WHO as an emerging pathogen needing urgent attention to ensure preparedness for potential outbreaks. Therefore, availability of accurate diagnostic tools for identification of acute cases is necessary.
A panel comprising...
Citations
... CCHF is a tick-borne viral infection caused by the CCHF virus (CCHFV) [15], with a human case fatality rate of up to 50% [16]. CCHFV is mainly transmitted by Hyalomma ticks [17], which act as both reservoirs and vectors for CCHFV [18]. A high prevalence of Hyalomma ticks has been reported in different livestock species in UAE [19]. ...
Background and Aim
Ostrich (Struthio camelus) farming in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a relatively new field of farming. Farmed ostriches are susceptible to ectoparasite infestation, which affects their production. This study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of ectoparasites on ostriches raised on a farm in Abu Dhabi Emirate.
Materials and Methods
The feathers of 42 ostriches (26 females and 16 males) were collected and morphologically examined for ectoparasites. In total, 283 lice (89 males and 194 females) were collected from birds. However, there were no ticks or other ectoparasites. Lice were preserved in 1.5 mL tubes containing 70% ethanol and were later identified using taxonomic keys. The prevalence, mean intensity of infection, and mean abundance were estimated.
Results
One louse species, Struthiolipeurus struthionis was identified. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of S. struthionis in ostriches raised in the UAE with an overall prevalence of 88%. The prevalence of lice was significantly higher in July (100%) than that in May (66.7%). Likewise, the mean intensity and abundance of lice were significantly higher in June (10.6 and 9.94, respectively) than in May (3.25 and 2.2, respectively).
Conclusion
The high prevalence of lice poses a serious risk to ostrich farming by negatively affecting the health and productivity of ostriches.
... The current study showed that the average total knowledge and the behavior score were not acceptable. In this situation, the One-Health approach that encompasses biosurveillance of ticks, animals, and humans is essential to monitor and prevent outbreaks in humans effectively [37]. ...
Crimean Congo Hemorrhagic Fever (CCHF) is a zoonotic viral disease with a high mortality rate. The World Health Organization has classified it as a high-priority pathogen due to its severity. To manage this disease, knowledge, attitude, and practices (KAP) of the community play an important role. This study was conducted in a suburban area in southeastern Iran, an endemic region with a high occurrence of CCHF. A cross-sectional study was performed among 176 livestock farmers in Zahedan suburb, and data were collected through an interviewer-administered questionnaire. Single-factor and multi-factor analysis of variance was used to identify factors related to participants’ knowledge, attitude, and risk of CCHF. All statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS 24, and a significance level of p ≤ 0.05 was adopted to determine statistical significance. Overall, the knowledge level about CCHF was moderate. Participants demonstrated a better understanding of high-risk occupations compared to the transmission routes and symptoms of CCHF. Conversely, their knowledge about the prevention and treatment of CCHF was found to be inadequate. The participants exhibited a good attitude towards CCHF prevention; most considered it a dangerous disease, believed in the effectiveness of preventive measures, and demonstrated the ability to address perceived obstacles. High-frequency engagement in high-risk behaviors related to CCHF was observed among the study participants. In the multi-factor model, the most critical factors associated with knowledge were age (p = 0.044), CCHF infection (p = 0.047), and CCHF education (p = 0.004). Income (p = 0.001), keeping livestock at home (p = 0.028), and receiving CCHF education (p = 0.012) were the most critical factors associated with attitude toward the risk of CCHF. The most important factors related to CCHF high-risk behavior were age (p = 0.045), gender (p = 0.028), and handling livestock (p < 0.001). These findings emphasize the need for maintaining health educational efforts on CCHF.
... During Eid Al-Adha, the procedures for examining animals for tick infection, as well as disinfection of animals using insecticides, must be intensified with strict regulation of animal movement supported by a monitoring program because of increased rates of animal movements [35,36]. In order to complete the application of controlling any zoonotic infection, especially viral ones, one health strategies must be implemented [37]. The role of environmental health comes in preventing pests such as rodents, insects, birds and pets from reaching the slaughter area and disposing of solid and liquid waste [38]. ...
One of the public health challenges is the control of Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), as this viral zoonotic disease infected both animals and humans, sometimes leading to death. Re-emergence of this endemic in some regions, such as our country, to the need for more documented information and facts about it, Iraq, has led transmitted, infected, and prevent it. Therefore, this review aimed to summarize main information about this infection. The causative virus consists of a globular RNA genome particle with a segmented negative sense encapsulated in a lipid structure containing or direct contact with infected viral glycoproteins. Infection usually occurs by ticks human or animal tissue or blood. The causative virus has a high ability to transmit in Infection in areas with mammals, whether large or small, such as rabbits and cattle, animals is asymptomatic, while in peoples it is manifested by high fever and ends with hemorrhagic syndrome. It is recommended to implement preventive measures to control tick vectors in endemic countries, and to encourage collaboration between clinical veterinary, physicians and ecologists’ researchers.
... Due to this very complex cycle, in which hosts and vectors are themselves strongly influenced by environmental parameters, a One Health approach is required for the prevention and control of this disease [63]. The integrated surveillance of CCHF can help to identify potential sources of infection, track the spread of the disease, and inform prevention and control measures to reduce the risk of transmission to both humans and animals. ...
The “One Health” concept considers that human and animal health, and ecosystems are closely related and aims to make a link between ecology and human and veterinary medicine. Due to the explosion in population growth along with the geographic and climatic conditions (equatorial and/or tropical climate), Africa is becoming a major hotspot for various socio-health issues associated with infectious diseases, including arboviruses. The incontestable advantages of a One Health approach in Africa lie in the fight against pathogens, such as arboviruses, and in the preservation of environmental, animal, and human health to ensure that the increasing high needs of this population are met as well as their protection against potential epidemics. The One Health strategy gives us a glimpse of the difficulties and challenges that the African continent faces. The importance of this approach in Africa is to establish guidelines and strategies for effective solutions and changes in behavior and harmful activities. Overall, the establishment of high-quality global health policies in the framework of the global health standards program would provide healthy and sustainable human–animal–environmental interactions for the welfare of all.
... In the United States, the Powassan virus (POWV) transmission has been seen as evidence of an emerging trend, spreading in new areas at a comparable rate (Hermance and Thangamani, 2017). Tick-borne diseases, particularly Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF), are persistent problems at the One Health interface between humans, wildlife, and the environment ( Anderson and Armstrong, 2012;Sorvillo et al., 2020). These conditions are often ignored, and receive less attention and dedicated public health funding than directly transmitted zoonotic viruses such as the recent COVID-19 pandemic (WHO, 2022b). ...
Ticks are obligatory hematophagous arthropods that harbor and transmit infectious pathogens to humans and animals. Tick species belonging to Amblyomma, Ixodes, Dermacentor, and Hyalomma genera may transmit certain viruses such as Bourbon virus (BRBV), Dhori virus (DHOV), Powassan virus (POWV), Omsk hemorrhagic fever virus (OHFV), Colorado tick fever virus (CTFV), Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), Heartland virus (HRTV), Kyasanur forest disease virus (KFDV), etc. that affect humans and certain wildlife. The tick vectors may become infected through feeding on viraemic hosts before transmitting the pathogen to humans and animals. Therefore, it is vital to understand the eco-epidemiology of tick-borne viruses and their pathogenesis to optimize preventive measures. Thus this review summarizes knowledge on some medically important ticks and tick-borne viruses, including BRBV, POWV, OHFV, CTFV, CCHFV, HRTV, and KFDV. Further, we discuss these viruses' epidemiology, pathogenesis, and disease manifestations during infection.
... There exists widespread epidemic potential for CCHFV outbreaks from the geographical expansion of CCHFV through the introduction of ticks into new regions and the continued lack of preventative or therapeutic countermeasures. 63,64 In the current study, we report that: 1) Both anti-CCHFV humoral and cellular immunity was elicited by the ChAdOx2 CCHF vaccine in BALB/c and A129 mice after homologous prime-boost and single-dose immunisation as well as after heterologous prime-boost immunisation in combination with the MVA CCHF vaccine and; 2) ChAdOx2 CCHF protects against CCHFV-mediated disease in A129 mice when administered as a heterologous, homologous and single-dose vaccination. Present results strongly support further ChAdOx2 vaccine development against CCHF. ...
Background:
The tick-borne bunyavirus, Crimean-Congo Haemorrhagic Fever virus (CCHFV), can cause severe febrile illness in humans and has a wide geographic range that continues to expand due to tick migration. Currently, there are no licensed vaccines against CCHFV for widespread usage.
Methods:
In this study, we describe the preclinical assessment of a chimpanzee adenoviral vectored vaccine (ChAdOx2 CCHF) which encodes the glycoprotein precursor (GPC) from CCHFV.
Findings:
We demonstrate here that vaccination with ChAdOx2 CCHF induces both a humoral and cellular immune response in mice and 100% protection in a lethal CCHF challenge model. Delivery of the adenoviral vaccine in a heterologous vaccine regimen with a Modified Vaccinia Ankara vaccine (MVA CCHF) induces the highest levels of CCHFV-specific cell-mediated and antibody responses in mice. Histopathological examination and viral load analysis of the tissues of ChAdOx2 CCHF immunised mice reveals an absence of both microscopic changes and viral antigen associated with CCHF infection, further demonstrating protection against disease.
Interpretation:
There is the continued need for an effective vaccine against CCHFV to protect humans from lethal haemorrhagic disease. Our findings support further development of the ChAd platform expressing the CCHFV GPC to seek an effective vaccine against CCHFV.
Funding:
This research was supported by funding from the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (UKRI-BBSRC) [BB/R019991/1 and BB/T008784/1].
... In Türkiye, sacrificed animals are mainly cattle and sheep. During this period, a significant increase in animal slaughtering, and meat consumption, is observed (Bhatti et al., 2019;Sorvillo et al., 2020). Storage facilities in the houses such as deep freezers ensure that the households consume the sacrificial meat for a long time after the feast. ...
Red meat consumption in the world is in a rapid upward trend and has reached a level that involves many sectors. Studies on red meatconsumption have become a guide not only for policies for the red meat sector, but also for health and environmental practices. Withits population size, structure and economy among emerging economies, Türkiye has an important place in red meat consumption. In thepresent study, red meat consumption in Türkiye and the factors affecting the amount of consumption were examined with the two-stageHeckman Model. According to the findings obtained, red meat consumption in Türkiye is mainly beef and lamb. It was found that factorssuch as income, religious belief, regionality, education and household size affect the amount of consumption. An important finding ofthe study was that only 29.1% of consumers had enough red meat consumption that meets the criteria for a balanced diet. This rate isa proof that people living in the country should reconsider their policies in terms of access to adequate and balanced food. On the otherhand, the per capita consumption of red meat determined for Turkey in the study was found to be considerably higher than the officialfigures. This difference between the values can be reduced by improving the control system for keeping records in enterprises and bymaking adjustments in the calculation criteria
... (Blanco-Penedo et al. 2021). CCHF, is a zoonotic arboviral disease that poses a great threat to public health therefore according to the World Health Organization (WHO), CCHFV is the most predominant causative agent of viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks worldwide (Sorvillo et al. 2020). Humans and a wide range of other animal species are at risk of contracting CCHFV (Ali et al. 2019, Ali et al. 2021, Kaba 2022. ...
... Although the residents of the region do not farm, there is an increase in agricultural activity throughout the spring and summer months for this reason. This condition also has a high potential for enhancing the interaction of tick and host (Sorvillo et al 2020). For future seroprevalence studies that will be done in both rural and urban areas, like the provinces of Afyonkarahisar and Burdur, it may be helpful to think about the routines, ways of life, and interactions of the rural area. ...
Kırım Kongo kanamalı ateşi (KKKA) virus enfeksiyonu, dünyanın geniş bir bölgesinde endemik olan ve özellikle insan sağlığını tehdit eden, potansiyel olarak ölümcül bir hastalık olan kene kaynaklı zoonotik bir hastalıktır. Hastalığın bir bölgede endemik olduğunun ana göstergelerinden biri, hayvan popülasyonlarında KKKAV'ye özgü antikorların varlığıdır. Birçok hayvan türü KKKAV'yi asemptomatik olarak taşıyabilir ve bu nedenle hastalığın bulaşma döngüsüne katılabilir. Serolojik çalışmalar, doğada KKKAV' nin hayatta kalması için tek tırnaklıların önemli olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak ülkemizde bu konuda daha fazla çalışmaya ihtiyaç vardır. Araştırma için Afyonkarahisar ve Burdur illerinde çeşitli cinsiyet ve yaştaki 97 hayvandan kan örnekleri alındı. Yetiştiriciler tarafından çeşitli amaçlarla tutulan bu hayvanların kan serumlarında KKKV'ye özgü antikorların varlığı araştırıldı. Spesifik antikorların tespiti için hızlı ve güvenilir bir yöntem olan çift antijenli ELISA test yöntemi kullanıldı. Sonuç olarak toplamda %51.5 seropozitiflik tespit edildi. Bulgular, tek tırnaklı hayvanların KKKA'nın epidemiyolojisinde rezervuar olarak önemli bir rol oynayabileceğini göstermektedir.
... Therefore, the only way to control the emergence of the virus is through external parasitic treatments against ticks, awareness, and safe slaughtering procedures at authorized slaughterhouses. 8 In conclusion, the Coronavirus has an immediate impact on human health, but it is not the only infectious agent that poses a risk to people's wellbeing. The Coronavirus was like a Trojan horse that kept governments preoccupied with it and paved the way for other diseases. ...
... Infected livestock have mild or no symptoms and often become the starting point of outbreaks in people. Clinical signs have been demonstrated in experimental settings like transient fever in calves [74]. Although CCHFV is not pathogenic to ruminants, its infection can trigger unwanted animal slaughter. ...
Ticks and tick-borne diseases such as babesiosis, anaplasmosis, ehrlichiosis, Lyme disease, Crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever, and Rocky Mountain spotted fever pose a significant threat to animal and human health. Tick-borne diseases cause billions of dollars of losses to livestock farmers annually. These losses are partially attributed to the lack of sensitive, robust, cost effective and efficient diagnostic approaches that could detect the infectious pathogen at the early stages of illness. The modern nucleic acid-based multiplex diagnostic approaches have been developed in human medicine but are still absent in veterinary medicine. These powerful assays can screen 384 patient samples at one time, simultaneously detect numerous infectious pathogens in each test sample and provide the diagnostic answer in a few hours. Development, commercialization, and wide use of such high throughput multiplex molecular assays in the cattle tick-borne disease surveillance will help in early detection and control of infectious pathogens in the animal reservoir before community spread and spillover to humans. Such approaches in veterinary medicine will save animal life, prevent billions of dollars of economic loss to cattle herders and reduce unwanted stress to both human and animal health care systems. This literature review provides recent updates on molecular diagnostics of tick-borne pathogens and discusses the importance of modern nucleic acid high throughput multiplex diagnostic approaches in the prevention of tick-borne infection to livestock.
