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Cotton-top tamarin (Saguinus oedipus, a) and some individuals of the white-footed tamarin group (Saguinus leucopus, b and c) during their transient stay at Cali Zoo, Cali, Colombia. These small Neotropical primate species endemic to Colombia have lost the majority of their original distribution due to intensive colonization and previous unregulated extraction for biomedical research (S. oedipus). Current threats include ongoing forest cover loss, and proposed dam constructions (5). Disease is not currently considered a threat for these species. Photo: Susan Posada© 2013-2014.
Source publication
Objective. Determine the infection status with pathogenic Leptospira of one Saguinus oedipus and nine Saguinus leucopus at the Cali Zoo that had been confiscated in Colombia from illegal trade. Materials and methods. A full physical examination, blood work, urinalysis were conducted in all individuals during the reception health check-up, in additi...
Contexts in source publication
Context 1
... n e a d u l t fe m a l e S . oedipus arrived to the Cali Zoo after being surrendered by his possessor in July 2013 to environmental authorities ( Figure 1a). In February 2014 a group of nine S. leucopus arrived to the Cali Zoo after being seized by the Environmental Police (Figure 1b, 1c). ...Context 2
... arrived to the Cali Zoo after being surrendered by his possessor in July 2013 to environmental authorities ( Figure 1a). In February 2014 a group of nine S. leucopus arrived to the Cali Zoo after being seized by the Environmental Police (Figure 1b, 1c). All individuals from both species were chemically immobilized using ketamine (3 mg/kg IM) and midazolam (0.05 mg/ kg IM) in order to receive a health check- up consisting of full physical examination, blood (CBC, biochemistry) and urine testing. ...Citations
... Other investigation on the same species, Saguinus oedipus, was conducted in captive animals from Colombia. One study revealed no positivity among six tested Saguinus monkeys and another study reported as positive the single specimens investigated for serovar Manhao [27,28,45]. Romero et al. described serological positivity to serovars Cynopteri and Ranarum in Saguinus leucopus, living in a zoo in Colombia [27,28]. ...
... Romero et al. described serological positivity to serovars Cynopteri and Ranarum in Saguinus leucopus, living in a zoo in Colombia [27,28]. While, in another investigation, conducted in zoo animals in Colombia, no positive reactions were reported in nine animals of this species [45]. ...
Non-Human Primates (NHPs) are a large group of animals living in different Countries all over the World, frequently kept in captivity in zoos or in rehabilitation and research centers. In this book chapter, data available in literature on Leptospira infection in different genera and species of NHPs are reported. Few studies described clinical infections, associated to Icterohaemorrhagiae and Ballum serogroups, occurring only in captive animals. Serological positivity varies considerably among species and geographical areas, and it is difficult to define a subset of serovars more often detected by MAT. Most studies were carried out in South America on New World Monkeys and recent information about Leptospira infection in Old World Monkeys, Apes and Prosimians are scant. The exact role of NHPs in Leptospira epidemiology is not clear yet; more surveys are needed, in particular strains isolation and characterization and/or molecular analysis on both captive and wild NHPs should be of great importance.
Emerging infectious disease (EID) events can be traced to anthropogenic factors, including the movement of wildlife through legal and illegal trade. This paper focuses on the link between illegal wildlife trade (IWT) and infectious disease pathogens. A literature review through Web of Science and relevant conference proceedings from 1990 to 2020 resulted in documenting 82 papers and 240 identified pathogen cases. Over 60% of the findings referred to pathogens with known zoonotic potential and five cases directly referenced zoonotic spillover events. The diversity of pathogens by taxa included 44 different pathogens in birds, 47 in mammals, 16 in reptiles, two in amphibians, two in fish, and one in invertebrates. This is the highest diversity of pathogen types in reported literature related to IWT. However, it is likely not a fully representative sample due to needed augmentation of surveillance and monitoring of IWT and more frequent pathogen testing on recovered shipments. The emergence of infectious disease through human globalization has resulted in several pandemics in the last decade including SARS, MERS, avian influenza H1N1,and Ebola. We detailed the growing body of literature on this topic since 2008 and highlight the need to detect, document, and prevent spillovers from high-risk human activities, such as IWT.
Leptospirosis is a bacterial zoonotic disease with multiple serogroups that infects wildlife and humans alike. Several studies have detected the presence of leptospiral antibodies in captive Neotropical primates, suggesting that they are asymptomatic carriers. However, the presence of antibodies in free‐ranging primates and their potential role as reservoirs for this pathogen is not known. In this study, we used the Microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT) to screen two species of free‐ranging tamarins for the presence of Leptospira antibodies using a panel of 21 serogroups. A total of 56 primates (26 Leontocebus weddelli and 30 Saguinus imperator) were screened at the Estación Biológica Río Los Amigos in Madre de Dios, Peru. MAT results with titers of ≥100 in single samples were considered seropositive. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated for age group, sex, and host species identity. Overall, 51.8% (29/56) of animals were reactive for at least one Leptospira serogroup. Serogroups were distributed as follows: Iquitos (41.1%), Icterohaemorrhagiae (14.3%), Sejroe (3.6%), Autumnalis (1.8%), and Bataviae (1.8%). No significant differences (p>0.05) were found for seropositivity frequencies among categories within assessed variables. These results suggest that free‐ranging L. weddelli and S. imperator might serve as reservoirs for pathogenic Leptospira serogroups. Given increasing human‐wildlife contact, future studies that test for active infection are required to determine potential transmission risks to humans.
Leptospira is a Gram-negative bacterium that causes leptospirosis, one of the most important re-emerging zoonotic diseases. The disease is worldwide diffused, and animals are involved in its spreading. Among animals, wildlife play an important role in the epidemiology of leptospirosis, as reservoir of specific Leptospira serovar. Several species are known as Leptospira maintenance host, but other are less investigated and could represent a “new” host involved in its epidemiology.
The book “Leptospira Infection in Wild Animals” contains descriptions of leptospirosis epidemiology in several wild animal species, highlighting the infection in different part of world, the most detected Leptospira serovar and the risks of infection for both humans and domestic animals. Data on marine mammals, wild boar, rodent, lagomorph, wild ruminants, amphibian and reptiles, bats and non-human primates Leptospira infection were deeply analysed and discussed in order to better understand their role in the leptospirosis epidemiology.
