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This article aims to investigate the growth in area, production and productivity, mapping of cultivation technologies, economics, potentials and constraints for area and production expansion of finger millet. The exponential growth rates, indicated that though there was deceleration both in area and production there was significant growth in produc...
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... millet (21.05%), red gram (8.54%), paddy (8.09%), mango (10.79%), grapes (8.32%), arecanut (6.63%), coconut (6.49%), and mulberry (6.13%) were some of the important crops. Under irrigated situation, fodder maize and fodder grass was grown in order to meet the fodder requirement of livestock which consisted more number of cross bread cows (Table 4). ...
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The experiment was done on finger millet during the zaid season of 2021-22 at crop research farm, Department of Agronomy, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences (SHUATS), Prayagraj (Uttar Pradesh). The treatments consisted of three planting geometry viz., 20 cm × 20 cm, 25 cm × 25 cm and 30 cm × 30 cm and three NPK leve...
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) is one of the tropical crops having potential to produce considerable quantity of nutritious food grains under suboptimal resource and manage ment conditions. During recent ye ars, researches on crop improvement result in development of improved cultivars producing higher yield and respond well to applied...
Finger millet diversity at field
This study investigates the impact of foliar application of nutrients and growth regulators on physiological traits under water stress conditions in finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn). Conducted at the Agricultural College Farm, Bapatla, during the rabi season of 2022-23, the experiment employed a Randomized Block Design with eight treatme...
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... Cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions, finger millet (Eleusine coracana (L.) Gaertn) is said to be able to survive on only 28 per cent of rice's water requirements. Finger millet production in India was 1.98 million tons, with an average productivity of 1661 kg ha -1 , and the crop covered 1.19 million hectares (Sakamma et al., 2018). In times of hunger, finger millet produced on marginal land serves as a vital resource. ...
... Among different minor millets, finger millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn), known widely in India as ragi, contributes significantly to the area under cultivation (Maitra, 2020). Finger millet alone produces approximately 85% of minor millet output in the country (Sakamma et al., 2018). Finger millet is an essential small millet with the potential to produce a significant amount of nutritious food grains despite inadequate resource and management settings (Shibairo et al., 2014;Dhara et al., 2026). ...
... Sometimes, in areas where the finger millet crop is grown, this is the only crop that can provide a good yield (AICSMIP, 2013). In India, 1.19 m ha area produces 1.98 million t of finger millet grain with an average productivity of 1661 kg ha -1 (Sakamma et al., 2018). India's leading states that are growing finger millet are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha and Jharkhand. ...
Millets are cultivated world-wide and are more prominent in South Asian
and African countries. Among different millets, finger millets hold a significant
position in terms of area and productivity. Due to negligence in various cultivation
practices and improper selection of genotypes, most farmers fail to achieve optimum yields. In this scenario, the choice of a suitable cultivar is essential. Considering the
above, an experiment was conducted at Post Graduate Research Farm of Centurion
University of Technology and Management, Odisha, to evaluate suitable cultivars of
finger millet. The study consisted of eight treatments comprising of V1: VL Mandua,
V2: Hima, V3: Indravathi, V4: Vegavathi, V5: Champavathi, V6: Suvarnamukhi, V7:
Bharathi, V8: Sri Chaitanya. The treatments were replicated thrice and the randomized
block design was implemented. The results revealed that the highest plant height (158
cm) was observed with the cultivar Bharathi. Indravathi recorded the highest dry
matter accumulation at harvest (776 g m-2), leaf area index at 50 DAT (3.56) and
number of tillers at 50 DAT (66). However, the highest effective tillers per m2 (2.3)
were recorded with the cultivar Sri Chaitanya, and the highest number of grains per
ear head and weight per ear head were registered in the Bharathi variety. Further, the
highest numbers of fingers per ear head (8.4), 1000 grain weight (2.82g), weight of
grains hill-1 (6.72g) and length of finger (7.7cm) were recorded in the variety
Indravathi. The cultivar Indravathi recorded the highest grain (2315 kg ha-1), stover
(5372 kg ha-1) and biological yield (7687 kg ha-1) and Sri Chaitanya followed it. The
study concludes that Indravathi and Sri Chaitanya can be considered short-duration
and Hima as long duration cultivar for obtaining higher yield during Kharif season
(July to September) under the hot and subhumid regions of Odisha.
... Out of the total minor millet produced, finger millet accounts for about 85% of production in India. (3) Its annual production is at 4.5 million tons where 2.5 million and 1.2 million tons are produced in Africa and India, respectively. (4) Finger Millet consists of different varieties like black, reddish-brown, and white. ...
This comprehensive review article delves into the multifaceted aspects of the superfood finger millet (Eleusine coracana) and its therapeutic activities, with an emphasis on preclinical studies. Finger millet, commonly known as ragi, has a rich history of consumption across diverse regions, notably Africa and Asia, owing to its exceptional nutritional profile and associated health benefits. The paper meticulously examines the intricate nutritional composition of finger millet, elucidating its notable concentrations of essential nutrients such as dietary fiber, proteins, vitamins, and minerals. Moreover, it meticulously scrutinizes the therapeutic properties of finger millet, including its documented antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-cancer attributes, with an in-depth exploration of findings from preclinical investigations supporting these claims. Throughout the review, special attention is devoted to dissecting the mechanisms underlying finger millet's therapeutic effects, drawing on insights garnered from preclinical studies. These investigations shed light on the molecular pathways and biological processes through which finger millet exerts its health-promoting actions, providing valuable mechanistic understanding. Additionally, the review assesses the potential applications of finger millet in preventing and managing various health conditions, based on the robust evidence gleaned from preclinical research endeavors. In essence, this review underscores the pivotal role of finger millet as a functional food endowed with substantial potential for enhancing human health and well-being. By synthesizing and analyzing the wealth of data from preclinical studies, the paper not only accentuates the nutritional prowess of finger millet but also delineates its therapeutic prowess, thereby advocating for its integration into dietary regimes and health interventions. Keywords: Finger millet, Eleusine coracana, superfood, therapeutic activities, preclinical studies, nutritional composition, antioxidant, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, functional food.
... It is grown as a rainfed crop in a variety of adverse soil and climatic conditions [14], and it is cultivated in the months of February and August and harvested in June or January [15]. Ragi accounts for 85% of production in India [16] which is cultivated over an area of 1.11 million hectares with a production of 1.98 million tonnes giving an average productivity of 1661 kg per ha [17]. The seeds of finger millet vary in diameter from 1 to 2mm which is globose and smooth [18]. ...
Millets which are considered superfoods have high nutritious worth when contrasted with different cereals. Finger millet, which is otherwise called ragi in India possesses a greater part of the area under development and is created in enormous sums, particularly in South India which serves as a principal food for many rural populations. Ragi contains high nutritional contents and has more advantages as an endurance crop when compared with other cereals along with numerous essential amino acids. Because of its high dietary nutritional content, it provides various health benefits like reducing blood glucose levels, helps with celiac disease, reducing anaemia, and furthermore shows various properties like anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial, and antioxidant which help in maintaining a healthy diet. The potential of ragi as a nutritional and healthy food source is often overlooked due to insufficient awareness of its diverse culinary applications. This review concentrates on the health benefits and nutritional value of ragi, as well as its traditional usage and methods for value addition.
... Africa produce 2.5 million tons and India produces 1.2 million tons annually. Finger millet accounts for about 85% of all millets produced in India and is cultivated over 1.19 million hectares in India according to a recent report (Sakamma et al., 2018) [10] . Mulching is the process or practice of covering the soil/ground to make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. ...
... Africa produce 2.5 million tons and India produces 1.2 million tons annually. Finger millet accounts for about 85% of all millets produced in India and is cultivated over 1.19 million hectares in India according to a recent report (Sakamma et al., 2018) [10] . Mulching is the process or practice of covering the soil/ground to make more favorable conditions for plant growth, development and efficient crop production. ...
... In India, this crop ranks sixth in production after rice, wheat, maize, sorghum and bajra. Finger millet is grown over an area of 1.19 million hectares with a production of 1.98 million tonne and a yield of 1661 kg ha -1 in India (Sakamma et al., 2018). Karnataka is the leading state with respect to finger millet area and production in India and accounts for 55.6% of the area and 60.7% of production in the country. ...
Finger millet can tolerate harsh conditions and provides higher nutrition than rice and wheat. This crop can grow in areas having water scarcity or in regions with a certain risk of failure of conventional crops. Finger millet cultivation has the potential to bridge the demand and supply of food grains in resource-poor areas and therefore, its production needs to be increased by various means such as the system of finger millet intensification. Finger millet, however, a coarse cereal grain is a most encouraging millet for its solidarity of calcium, iron, dietary fibre and polyphenols. Yet, the data archived such a long way on finger millet alludes more to assortments and development rehearses. This article covers the Indian data in a strategic manner, the finger millet cultivation aspects, taxonomy, disease-pest and their management, medical advantages of finger millet and post-harvest management. Finger millet is gaining popularity worldwide because it is easy to grow than other millets and more adaptable as a food. Finger millet has been used across Africa and Southeast Asia for thousands of years. Today, finger millet can be found in health food stores and large supermarket of this crop exists throughout the United States. Finger millet is widely used as an alternative to wheat or other grains.
... India is the world's foremost producer of several millets. Among them, finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.) contributes about 85 per cent of total production [1] and it is cultivated in India with an area of 11.9 lakh hectares with a production of 19.8 lakh tonnes and a productivity of 1662 kg ha -1 . In Tamil nadu, it is cultivated in an area of 0.78 lakh hectares with a production of 2.56 lakh tonnes and a productivity of 1966 kg ha -1 [2]. ...
An on-field experiment was conducted at Puliyanthoppu village in Krishnagiri District, Tamil Nadu during (Dec 2019 – April 2020) to examine how enriched organic compost and foliar nutrition influenced the growth performance and production of finger millet under irrigated condition. The experiment was comprised of three main plot plot treatments (enriched FYM compost, enriched poultry manure compost and enriched pressmud compost at 750 kg ha-1) and five sub plot treatments (Foliar spray of humic acid, panchagavya, vermiwash, seaweed extract with different concentration), adopting statistical design SPD and it was replicated thrice. From the results of the field experiment, among main pot, enriched poultry manure compost @ 750 kg ha-1 (M3) significantly exhibited greater values of growth and yield such as plant height (103.64cm), LAI (5.71), number of tillers (161.27 m-2) and dry matter production (9156 kg ha-1), grain yield (3504 kg ha-1) and straw yield (6597 kg ha-1).. Similar results were obtained under subplot treatments, namely foliar spray of seaweed extract @ 0.3% on 20, 40 and 60 DAT (S3) . whereas, the least values of growth and yield of ragi were registered under control (water spray). It was determined that there was a substantial interaction impact between the main and subplot treatments. This study illustrate that cultivation of ragi under irrigated condition with combined application of enriched poultry manure @ 750 kg ha-1 and foliar application of seaweed extract @ 0.3% on 20, 40 and 60 DAT was found to be an economically and agronomically sound practice that would increase productivity and profitability in krishnagiri district of Tamil nadu.
... Finger millet is mostly cultivated in arid and semi-arid regions of India and forms an important food particularly to pregnant and lactating mothers, children and diabetic patients due to its better nutritional quality (6). In India, the crop is cultivated in 1.0 million ha with average productivity of 1,747 kg ha −1 and the major finger millet growing states are Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh, Odisha, Jharkhand, Maharashtra and Uttarakhand (7,8). It is a highly productive crop that can thrive under a variety of harsh environmental conditions, and is also organic by default. ...
Finger millet (Eluesine coracana L.) is gaining importance as a food crop with the increasing emphasis on nutritional aspects and drought resilience. However, the average productivity of the crop has stagnated at around 2,000 kg ha⁻¹ in India. Recently released nutrient responsive high yielding varieties are reported to respond better to application of fertilizers/manures. Further, substitution of chemical fertilizers with organic manures to maintain sustainable yields and improve soil health is gaining attention in recent years. Therefore, identifying the appropriate rate and source of nutrition is important to enhance the productivity of finger millet while improving the soil health. A field experiment was conducted during two rainy seasons (July–November, 2018 and 2019) to study the response of finger millet varieties to chemical fertilizers and farmyard manure (FYM) on growth, yields, N use efficiency, N uptake and on soil properties. Two varieties MR-1 and MR-6 were tested with four nutrient management practices viz., unamended control, 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF; 40–20-20 kg NPK ha⁻¹), 50% RDF + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) as FYM and 100% RDN as FYM. Among the varieties, MR-6 outperformed MR-1 in terms of growth, yield, N use efficiency and N uptake. The yield enhancement was up to 22.6% in MR-6 compared to MR-1 across the nutrient management practices. Substituting FYM completely or half of the fertilizer dose increased the growth and yield of finger millet compared to application of chemical fertilizers alone. Similarly, the average biomass yield, ears m⁻², grain yield, total N uptake and N use efficiency in response to nutrient management practices followed the order of 100% RDN as FYM > 50% RDF + 50% RDN as FYM > 100% RDF. The soil organic carbon, available N, P, K, and S improved by 25.0, 12.9, 5.7, 6.1, and 22.6%, respectively in the plots under higher rate of FYM application (8 Mg ha⁻¹) compared to plots under chemical fertilizers alone. We conclude that substituting chemical fertilizers either completely or by up to 50% with organic manures supplies adequate amounts of nutrients, improves the yield of finger millet, economic returns, and soil properties.
... In India, Ragi is extensively cultivated in Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Uttarakhand, Orissa, Maharashtra, and Gujarat. The area and production of finger millet in India is led by Karnataka, which accounts for 56.21 and 59.52 percent, followed by Tamil Nadu (9.94% and 18.27%), Uttarakhand (9.40% and 7.76%), and Maharashtra (10.56% and 7.16%), respectively (Sakamma et al. 2018). ...
Millet are small-seeded grains belongs to the family, Poaceae. Millets have high health benefits and nutraceutical value compared to major cereals. Hence millets are considered as ‘Nutri-cereals’. Finger millet (Ragi) is commonly available in India and it is consumed as staple food for low-income groups in about 25 countries especially in Asia and Africa. It is widely cultivated, because of their shorter cultivation period, lower water demand, grows on adverse climate and gives high yield. Ragi is rich in nutrients especially good balance of amino acids, calcium, other minerals, polyphenols and dietary fiber. It is known for several health promoting benefits such as antidiabetic, antioxidants, hypocholesterolemic, low glycemic index, prebiotic activity and anti-microbial properties. Finger millet is used in the preparation of food items such as unleavened breads, pancakes, bakery products and porridges. It improves nutritional security and has excellent malting qualities that extends the grain use in food processing and value addition. This book chapter deals with nutritional and bioactive properties, health benefits, techno-functional properties and finger millet utilization in value added food products.
... Cultivated in arid and sub-arid regions, it is considered a poor people's food [2,3]. Since time immemorial, millets have been a well-known food for humans but in recent years they have been replaced by wheat and rice [4]. Globally, annual millet production amounts to 30.73 million tons, including 11.42 million tones (37% of the global yield) in India alone. ...
... Globally, annual millet production amounts to 30.73 million tons, including 11.42 million tones (37% of the global yield) in India alone. India and Africa are the leading producers of finger millet, followed by Uganda, Nepal, and China [4]. India is one of the largest cultivators of millets, especially finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.), which accounts for about 85% of all minor millets [5]. ...
... In addition, it is a good source of a vitamin B complex (thiamine and riboflavin), as well as essential amino acids (methionine, isoleucine, leucine, phenylalanine, etc.) [1,[7][8][9][10]. Finger millet contains 30 times as much calcium as rice, namely 344 mg/100 g, which plays a positive role in bone development and maintenance, as well as in the functioning of nerves and muscles [4,11,12]. According to studies, finger millet possesses various medicinal and nutritional proties. ...
Finger millet (Eleusine coracana L.), ragi or mandua, is one of essential minor millets extensively grown in the Indian and African subcontinents. It is a staple food in India, particularly for people belonging to low-socioeconomic groups. Finger millet is highly valued for its content of macro- and micronutrients. It is rich in carbohydrates, protein, and fat. Its micronutrients include calcium (0.38%), dietary fiber (18%), and phenolic compounds (0.3–3%), such as catechin, epicatechin, as well as ferulic, salicylic, protocatechuic, cinnamic, and hydroxybenzoic acids, etc. Finger millet is also recognized as a source of vital amino acids, including isoleucine, leucine, methionine, and phenylalanine, which are otherwise deficient in starchy meals. In addition, finger millet is well appreciated for its pharmacological properties such as anti-diabetic, anti-tumorigenic, anti-atherosclerogenic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial effects. To improve its nutritional and sensory properties, this grain can be processed by various traditional and advanced methods (soaking, malting, cooking, fermentation, popping, and radiation). These processing techniques equally assist in the reduction of anti-nutritional factors (tannins, phytic acid, oxalic acid, protein inhibitors, glucans) and their inhibitory effects. In this review, we highlighted the nutritional composition, health attributes, and uses of finger millet for the development of functional food products. Researchers and producers can further explore the opportunities and scope for utilizing finger millet and develop more products in the same line to solve the current issues of food and nutrition security.
