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Ambitious targets for renewable penetration in the electricity production mix go with the emergence of new challenges, such as the integration of intermittent electricity into the transmission and distribution grid and the need for storage or power production backups. Different technologies exist and are both competing and complementary to cover th...
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Geological restrictions and the low energy density of compressed air energy storage (CAES) plants constitute a technical and economic barrier to the enablement of variable and intermittent sustainable sources of energy production. Liquid air energy storage (LAES) and pumped thermal energy storage (PTES) systems offer a promising pathway for increas...
The field of large-scale electrical energy storage is growing rapidly in both academia and industry, which has driven a fast increase in the research and development on adiabatic compressed air energy storage. The significant challenge of adiabatic compressed air energy storage with its thermal energy storage is in the complexity of the system dyna...
The wind speed varies randomly over a wide range, causing the output wind power to fluctuate in large amplitude. An isobaric adiabatic compressed air energy storage system using a cascade of phase-change materials (CPCM-IA-CAES) is proposed to cope with the problem of large fluctuations in wind farm output power. When the input power is lower than...
![Fig. 2. LFC model for a multi-machine system [44].](profile/Nga-Nguyen-24/publication/325379498/figure/fig2/AS:630381569114114@1527306086802/LFC-model-for-a-multi-machine-system-44_Q320.jpg)
The integration of wind power into the grid causes numerous stability and reliability issues due to its low inertia and intermittent nature. To ensure system stability, wind power production has to be restricted, which implies that the system cannot absorb the entire output available from wind generation, especially if the output is high. Consequen...
The main challenge for analysing system time-dependent performance of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is the complexity of the system dynamic characteristics arisen from the thermal, mechanical, chemical and electrical sub-processes. Identification of time-variant interactions between these sub-processes is essential to understand, optimise an...
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... As these energies are by nature intermittent, they must be stored during high-production phases and released when the demand is important. A solution would consist in converting the produced electricity into an energy carrier like hydrogen or compressed air (CAES), which may be stored underground, more specifically in a salt cavern whose permeability is very low [95,96]. ...
For more than twenty years, IFP Energies Nouvelles has been developing the thermodynamic library Carnot. While devoted to the origin of the oil and gas industry, Carnot is now focused on applications related to the new technologies of energy for an industry emphasizing decarbonization and sustainability, such as CCUS, biomass, geothermal, hydrogen, or plastic and metal recycling. Carnot contains several dozens of predictive and correlative thermodynamic models, including well-established and more recent equations of state and activity coefficient models, as well as many specific models to calculate phase properties. Carnot also contains a dozen flash algorithms making possible the computation of various types of phase equilibrium, including not only two-phase and three-phase fluid equilibria but also configurations with reactive systems and with solid phases such as hydrates, wax, asphaltene, or salts. The library Carnot has a double role: first, it is a standalone toolbox for thermodynamic research and development studies. Coupled with an optimization tool, it allows to develop new thermodynamic models and to propose specific parameterizations adapted to any context. Secondly, Carnot is used as the thermodynamic engine of commercial software, such as Carbone™, Converge™, TemisFlow™, CooresFlow™ or Moldi™. Through this software, several hundreds of end-users are nowadays performing their thermodynamic calculations with Carnot. It has also been directly applied to design industrial processes such as the DMX™ process for CO2 capture, the ATOL® and BioButterFly™ solutions for bio-olefins production, and Futurol™ and BioTFuel™ for biofuels production. In this context, this article presents some significant realizations made with Carnot for both R&D and industrial applications, more specifically in the fields of CO2 capture and storage, flow assurance, chemistry, and geoscience.
... More specifically, storage in salt caverns is very promising for light gas storage due to very low permeability. The electricity produced from renewables must first be turned into an energy carrier that can be stored, like reactive hydrogen [4], or be used for Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) [5]. ...
When storing gas in a salt cavern, it occupies most of the excavated volume, but the lower part of the cavern inevitably contains residual brine, in contact with the gas. The design of hydrogen and compressed air storage in salt caverns requires to have a thermodynamic model able to accurately predict both phase properties such as densities, and phase equilibrium (gas solubility and water content of the vapour phase). This work proposes a parameterization of the e-PPC-SAFT equation of state in this context. Experimental data of pure components and mixtures of light gas + pure water and light gas + salted water are reviewed and used to fit pure component parameters for hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, and the brine, and binary interaction parameters between H 2 , O 2 , N 2 + water and H 2 , O 2 , N 2 + ions (Na ⁺ and Cl ⁻ ), for temperature ranging from 273 to 473 K and salinities up to NaCl saturation (6 mol/kg). The model developed delivers good accuracy in reproducing data: the average deviation between experiments and calculated data is between 3% and 9% for gas solubility in saturated brine. More interestingly, the model has been validated on its capability to predict data not included in the parameterization database, including the composition of the vapor phase, and its extension to a mixture, such as air. Finally, it has been used in a case study of Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) to evaluate the water content of the gas produced during injection-withdrawing cycles.
... There are several conventional CAES plants currently in the research and development stage, such as the 2700 MW Norton Plant in Ohio and the 300 MW PG&E Plant in California [37]. Several D-CAES projects have failed as a result of geologic constraints, low cycle efficiency, and noticeable energy losses, including the 150 MW Seneca Plant in New York, the 270 MW Iowa Stored Energy Park in the USA, and the 1050 MW Donbas Plant in Ukraine [28,35]. Table 1. ...
... There are several conventional CAES plants currently in the research and development stage, such as the 2700 MW Norton Plant in Ohio and the 300 MW PG&E Plant in California [37]. Several D-CAES projects have failed as a result of geologic constraints, low cycle efficiency, and noticeable energy losses, including the 150 MW Seneca Plant in New York, the 270 MW Iowa Stored Energy Park in the USA, and the 1050 MW Donbas Plant in Ukraine [28,35]. ...
As renewable energy production is intermittent, its application creates uncertainty in the level of supply. As a result, integrating an energy storage system (ESS) into renewable energy systems could be an effective strategy to provide energy systems with economic, technical, and environmental benefits. Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) has been realized in a variety of ways over the past decades. As a mechanical energy storage system, CAES has demonstrated its clear potential amongst all energy storage systems in terms of clean storage medium, high lifetime scalability, low self-discharge, long discharge times, relatively low capital costs, and high durability. However, its main drawbacks are its long response time, low depth of discharge, and low roundtrip efficiency (RTE). This paper provides a comprehensive review of CAES concepts and compressed air storage (CAS) options, indicating their individual strengths and weaknesses. In addition, the paper provides a comprehensive reference for planning and integrating different types of CAES into energy systems. Finally, the limitations and future perspectives of CAES are discussed.
... When the fluid is expanded, it releases the stored energy. This principle is widely deployed in the Compressed air energy storage (CAES) (Chen, 2016 ;Mozayeni, 2017 ;Rublack, 2016 ;Réveillère, 2017 ;Patil, 2018 ;Morris, 2012). The principle diagram of energy transfer is shown in Figure 2. It is often air that is used as a fluid because of its good compression capacities and availability. ...
To ensure that the living conditions of future generations are not compromised, it is essential to determine the optimal solutions for combining productivity and sustainability, particularly in terms of energy production. All human activities have an impact on the environment, consuming resources and producing waste. In order to reduce the production of greenhouse gases and to reach the objectives of sustainable development, one way is to reduce the share of electricity production based on fossil fuels. New demands and the introduction of renewable energies imply adding energy storage to regulate the grid. This review synthesizes the state of the art of research on energy production and storage with information and expert opinions available to the general public, with an application to the French model. The example of French publications online is used to illustrate this section. A comparative analysis is proposed in order to recommend ways to improve technicality and to guide decision makers on the levers to be prefered for each specific storage need, taking into account the principles defined by the United Nations to define Sustainable Development. Solutions considered as rustic can also contribute to the optimization of energy resources by storing energy in a mechanical way. But the choice of decision makers will always be fundamental to impose either soft or hard changes whereas some attitudes seeking only to reward present advantages are the very antithesis of the principle of sustainability. To guide decisions in light of sustainable development, the European Commission is currently working on a Taxonomy regulation that will allow certain energy production methods to be labeled "green", meaning that they are stakeholders of the energy transition.
... The heat released by the compression of the air is captured in additional thermal storage devices. It can therefore be reused before expansion of the air to avoid the use of additional heat sources during the discharge phase of the storage system [8]- [10]. The yield of this storage system is between 40 and 50%. ...
There are many solutions for storing energy, they can be either mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrochemical or electrical. In a context of smart-grid and micro-grid development, it is necessary to be able to store electrical energy at various points in the network: at the source for intermittent resources, in the network itself to have reserves to ensure exploitation and in consumption areas. Each solution is more or less relevant depending on the storage needs in terms of both power and energy. The evolution of electricity demand in the Russian Federation is a good example to illustrate this issue, especially since it is now planned that all new construction will have an energy storage system, so as to contribute to a better overall exploitation of the network. For intermediate storage, on the network, there is definite potential thanks to the old mines, in particular, that can be developed to store energy in the form of compressed air. In high consumption sites, it is also possible to use storage in the form of large energy banks made up of batteries.
... The heat released by the compression of the air is captured in additional thermal storage devices. It can therefore be reused before expansion of the air to avoid the use of additional heat sources during the discharge phase of the storage system [8]- [10]. The yield of this storage system is between 40 and 50%. ...
There are many solutions for storing energy, they can be either mechanical, thermal, chemical, electrochemical or electrical. In a context of smart-grid and micro-grid development, it is necessary to be able to store electrical energy at various points in the network: at the source for intermittent resources, in the network itself to have reserves to ensure exploitation and in consumption areas. Each solution is more or less relevant depending on the storage needs in terms of both power and energy. The evolution of electricity demand in the Russian Federation is a good example to illustrate this issue, especially since it is now planned that all new construction will have an energy storage system, so as to contribute to a better overall exploitation of the network. For intermediate storage, on the network, there is definite potential thanks to the old mines, in particular, that can be developed to store energy in the form of compressed air. In high consumption sites, it is also possible to use storage in the form of large energy banks made up of batteries.
... Cette technique est déjà en fonctionnement depuis de nombreuses années sur les sites de McIntosh (USA) (Mehta, 1987) et d'Huntorf (Allemagne) (Crotogino et al., 2001). Actuellement, le principe du CAES fait l'objet de nouvelles recherches et développement, par exemple avec le CAES adiabatique (AA-CAES) permettant d'augmenter le rendement théorique jusqu'à 70 % (Bannach and Klafki, 2012;Gulagi et al., 2016;Sciacovelli et al., 2017;Réveillère and Londe, 2017). ...
Les cavités salines représentent une technique prometteuse de stockage massif d’énergie, notamment pour les énergies renouvelables dont la production est par nature intermittente et imprévisible. Historiquement utilisées pour le stockage saisonnier d’hydrocarbures (méthane, pétrole...), les cavités salines sont aujourd’hui sollicitées pour le stockage de nouveaux fluides (hydrogène, dioxyde de carbone...) avec des scenarii plus exigeants. Les méthodes de dimensionnement des cavités doivent être mises à jour pour répondre aux nouveaux défis de la transition énergétique.Cette thèse propose une nouvelle méthodologie de dimensionnement des cavités salines, basée sur le développement d’un nouveau modèle constitutif pour le sel gemme incluant des critères de dilatance et de traction. Ce nouveau modèle permet d’ajuster avec un unique jeu de paramètres de nombreux essais de laboratoire différents, en particulier courts et longs.Des simulations couplées thermo-mécaniques de cavités, remplies de méthane ou d’hydrogène, et du sel gemme environnant sont réalisées pour différents scenarii d’exploitation, classiques ou se rapprochant des nouveaux besoins liés à la transition énergétique. On étudie en particulier les effets de la durée et de l’amplitude des cycles, du débit d’injection ou de soutirage. Les résultats obtenus avec la nouvelle méthodologie sont comparés avec ceux de la méthodologie classique.
Worldwide vast experience exists, dating back to 1915, for liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons storage deep underground in geological strata/traps. Storage options include salt caverns, porous rock (depleted hydrocarbon fields or saline aquifers), abandoned mines and mined (unlined or lined) rock caverns, which offer opportunities for compressed air energy storage (CAES). Underground storage presents a number of benefits, notably very large volumes of gas (including air) stored at high pressures (up to 200 MPa), a small footprint with low environmental impact and considerable protection against external influences. CAES plants using solution‐mined salt caverns have operated commercially since 1978 (Huntorf, Germany) and 1991 (McIntosh, Alabama, USA). Despite many studies, proposals and tests in most underground storage types since the 1970s, no further commercial plant was commissioned until 2019 with an ACAES plant at Goderich (Ontario, Canada), utilising a former brine cavern. The development and increasing integration of inherently intermittent renewable energy sources into the electricity grid means that CAES is once again being considered to provide rapid response, bulk energy storage, load‐levelling and grid‐scale support. Various CAES test types have commenced in salt caverns, tunnels and areas of abandoned mines. Options for geological storage, CAES development to date and some key considerations are briefly reviewed.
With increasing global energy demand and increasing energy production from renewable
resources, energy storage has been considered crucial in conducting energy management
and ensuring the stability and reliability of the power network. By comparing different
possible technologies for energy storage, Compressed Air Energy Storage (CAES) is
recognized as one of the most effective and economical technologies to conduct long-term,
large-scale energy storage. In terms of choosing underground formations for constructing
CAES reservoirs, salt rock formations are the most suitable for building caverns to conduct
long-term and large-scale energy storage. The existing CAES plants and those under
planning have demonstrated the importance of CAES technology development. In both
Canada and China, CAES plants are needed to conduct renewable energy storage and
electricity management in particular areas. Although further research still needs to be
conducted, it is feasible and economical to develop salt caverns for CAES in Canada and
China
