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Cortinarius sordidemaculatus, Finland, Perä-Pohjanmaa, Tornio, Korkiamaa, 1998 Kytövuori 98-1240 (H). Photo I. Kytövuori.
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MAHIQUES, R. & BALLARÀ, J. (2012). Collections of Cortinarius species rarely ilustrated in the Iberian Penisula (I). We study some rarely depicted taxa to facilitate identification and to corroborate macroscopic finding.
Key words: Agaricales, Cortinarius, Taxonomy, Spain.
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Los bosques de Nothofagus de la zona mediterránea de Chile, que incluye la VII Región, están constituidos por especies caducifolias y siempreverdes, las cuales se encuentran asociadas a diversos hongos ectomicorrícicos dentro de los que destaca el hongo nativo Cortinarius austroturmalis (Agaricales, Basidiomycota). Este hongo constituye un Producto...
Citations
... This is increasingly evident as fungaria sequence their inventories of collections. Recent studies have found multiple undescribed cryptic species masquerading under single, named species (Kytövuori et al. 2005;Liimatainen et al. 2014;Nilsen et al. 2019;Nilsen et al. 2020b). In addition to discovering cryptic species, studies using DNA sequence data have shown that several genera thought to be monophyletic are in fact polyphyletic and synonymous with Cortinarius (Peintner et al. 2001;Peintner et al. 2002a). ...
Cortinarius is a speciose genus of mycorrhizal fungi that contains many cryptic and difficult to delineate taxa. Correct identification can be confounded for species where no genetic information is available from their respective type specimens. Cortinarius section Subcastanelli is known to contain several species for which there is ambiguity around their true identity, i.e. C. epiphaeus, C. subcastanellus and C. taylorianus. For example, it has been long hypothesised that C. napivelatus is conspecific with C. epiphaeus. In this study, the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region was sequenced from the holotypes of the afore mentioned species. The ITS sequences and morphological characteristics indicated that C. epiphaeus and C. napivelatus were conspecific. Consequently, C. napivelatus was synonymised with C. epiphaeus. Based on morphological and molecular evidence it is shown that the protologue of C. subcastanellus is a mixture of two species. Consequently, the morphologically similar C. wallacei is synonymised with C. subcastanellus, the protologue of C. subcastanellus is emended and the new species C. cesarioanus is erected. Similarly, C. taylorianus was found to be polyphyletic. The holotype of C. taylorianus was nested in section Archeriani while a paratype fell in section Subcastanelli. As the protologue is consistent with the clade containing the type, no emendations are required. In addition to the species in Subcastanelli, a new species in Delibuti is described: C. viridipileatus. This species is distinctive in section Delibuti in having a green pileus with mauve lamellae. Finally, a key to New Zealand rozitoid species is presented.
... The phylogeny reveals a number of clades, many of which are recovered as traditional sections. These are not further discussed in this study, having been extensively documented in several dedicated efforts (e.g., Kytövuori et al. 2005, Niskanen 2008, Niskanen et al. 2009, 2012, 2013, some of which are currently being pursued. ...
... Harrower et al. 2015a: 705). This could be explained by the strict ectomycorrhizal host specificity within the genus (Wang & Qiu 2006, and cf. also Brandrud 1996 andKytövuori et al. 2005). Few, if any, of the putative host genera are naturally present in the temperate regions of both hemispheres (the exceptions may be Quercus and Alnus in South America). ...
A section-based taxonomy of Cortinarius, covering large parts of the temperate North and South Hemispheres, is presented. Thirty-seven previously described sections are reviewed, while another forty-two sections are proposed as new or as new combinations. Twenty additional clades are recovered but not formally described. Furthermore, six new or combined species names are introduced, and one species is neotypified. The structure is supported by morphological characters and molecular evidence, based on two (nrITS and nrLSU) and four (nrITS, nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2) loci datasets and analysed by Maximum Likelihood methods (PhyML, RAxML). Altogether 789 Cortinarius samples were included in the study.
... BLAST (Altschul et al., 1997) was used to select the most closely related ITS rDNA sequences from INSD public databases. Sequences came mainly from Peintner et al. (2003), Kytövuori et al. (2005), Niskanen et al. (2006Niskanen et al. ( , 2013, Ammirati et al. (2013), Dima et al. (2014), andBrandrud et al. (2015). Sequences first were aligned in MEGA 5.0 software (Tamura et al., 2011) with its Clustal W application and then corrected manually. ...
Cortinarius conicoumbonatus is described as new to science based on the material collected from spruce-beech forests of Maçka, Trabzon, Turkey. The new species belongs to subgenus Telamonia section Hinnulei. A full description, in situ and micro morphological illustrations, a phylogenetic tree and a short discussion are provided.
... Hasta la fecha, el marcador molecular más ampliamente utilizado ha sido el Internal Transcribed Spacer ribosómico nuclear (ITS), mientras que otros, tales como el LSU nuclear (GARNICA et al., 2005) y el rpb1 y rpb2 (FRØSLEV et al., 2005), se han usado para incrementar la resolución de las partes intermedias e internas de la filogenia. Cada vez más se vienen proponiendo nuevas secciones y nuevas especies, en base a material recolectado principalmente en bosques situados a elevadas altitudes (KYTÖVUORI et al., 2005;NISKANEN et al., 2009;DIMA et al., 2014;BRANDRUD et al., 2015). Sin embargo, son relativamente escasos los estudios moleculares que utilizan colecciones procedentes de la Cuenca Mediterránea, especialmente la de la Península Ibérica. ...
The present work aims at proposing two novel Telamonia species that were discovered in the
Cadí-Moixeró Natural Park, a protected area south of the Pyrenees. Cortinarius exsularis sp.
nov. and Cortinarius garciae sp. nov. are hereby described based on conventional procedures as
well as phylogenetic analyses using ITS molecular data. We also employ a method based on
genetic distances to support our species delimitation approach.
... Several species of Telamonia and a few of Dermocybe, Obtusi, Anomali, and Myxacium have emerged from boreal forests into arctic-alpine environments where they established mycorrhiza with Salix, Betula nana, Dryas, or Bistorta vivipara (Høiland 1984, Gulden & Torkelsen 1996, Peintner 2008, Bjorbaekmo et al. 2010, Geml et al. 2012. Clade Telamonia is remarkably species rich in boreal coniferous forests (Brandrud et al. 1990(Brandrud et al. -2013Kytövuori et al. 2005;Niskanen 2008;Niskanen et al. 2008Niskanen et al. , 2009Niskanen et al. , 2011Niskanen et al. , 2013a, and we expect these forests to represent vigorous evolutionary arenas for clade Telamonia. ...
Cortinarius is an ectomycorrhizal Agaricales genus with high diversity of which rDNA se- quences of 86 species together with four outgroup taxa were investigated phylogenetically by aid of Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. The Cortinarius data set represents 81 taxa from the Northern Hemisphere showing the main variation spectrum among the species. In addition, five species from the Southern Hemisphere are included. The phy- logenetic tree of Cortinarius gives statistical support to twelve monophyletic groups in the upper level. They are discussed in context of morphology, chemistry (secondary com- pounds), and ecology. The phylogenetic tree lacks, however, satisfactory support for its backbone. Several species could not be included in any group, especially those forming the basal framework of the tree. Of special interest is a “superclade” comprising eight of our monophyletic clades and two singletons. Here we find the majority of species with soluble pigments of octaketide origin, all species with compounds of nonaketide origin, the major- ity of species with hygrophaneous pileus, few species with viscid pileus, and no species with bulbous stipe base. Moreover, all species except one have duplex pileus cuticle. The morphological traits are not indicative for any clade, although some are more frequent in some clades than others. During the evolution they have been gained and lost several times. The chemical characteristics are – to a certain degree – more indicative for the clades. The evolution and ecological role of these compounds are discussed. Concerning the North European species, there are ecological differences between the clades, especially between clades specializing to rich or calcareous forests and clades specializing to poor forests or arctic-alpine environments.
... Cortinarius is the largest genus in the Agaricales; it is worldwide in distribution, and is an important ectomycorrhizal fungus in numerous ecosystems. Molecular studies of Cortinarius in recent years have shown the diversity of species to be greater than previously determined (e.g., Kytövuori et al. 2005;Ammirati et al. 2007;Frøslev et al. 2007;Garnica et al. 2011;Harrower et al. 2011;Ammirati et al. 2012Ammirati et al. , 2013Niskanen et al. 2011, Niskanen et al. 2013aBojantchev 2013;Liimatainen and Niskanen 2013;Dima et al. 2014;Esteve-Raventós et al. 2014;Liimatainen et al. 2014). It also has become evident that names for many species are difficult to interpret or apply based only on morphological characteristics, often because of cryptic taxa that in most cases can only be determined using molecular data. ...
Cortinarius disjungendus and morphologically similar species were studied using ITS sequences of nine type collections and 18 specimens in the study group, as well as 13 sequences from public sequence repositories, including sequences of three type specimens. In addition, previously published rpb2 sequences were used to provide the phylogenetic position of species in the subgenus Telamonia. Based on these results, the new section Disjungendi, subgenus Telamonia, is proposed. Six species belong to this section: C. claroplaniusculus, C. disjungendus, C. disjungendulus, C. olididisjungendus, C. orasericeus, and C. piceidisjungendus. Of these, C. disjungendus, C. disjungendulus, and C. claroplaniusculus are to date only known from Europe, whereas the others occur both in North America and Europe. Based on ITS sequences, three of the six species had taxonomic synonyms: C. claroplaniusculus (synonym C. hymenoluctus and C. planodepressus), C. disjungendus (synonym C. remauxii, C. conicosordescens, and C. solivagus), and C. orasericeus (synonym C. brunneofulvus f. myrtillophilus). This study demonstrates how difficult it can be to identify species only on the basis of morphology, and emphasizes the importance of molecular studies of type and of other specimens, particularly in groups with cryptic taxa.
... In recent years, many species-level studies of Cortinarius, using morphological and molecular data, have been done in Europe (e.g., subgenus Telamonia: Kytövuori et al. 2005a; Lindström et al. 2008; Niskanen et al. 2009, 2011a; Suárez- Santiago et al. 2009; subgenus Phlegmacium: Frøslev et al. 2007; Ortega et al. 2008; subgenus Myxacium: Peintner 2008; subgenus Cortinarius: Niskanen et al. 2012), but only few papers including North American material have been published (Moser and Peintner 2002; Matheny and Ammirati 2006; Garnica et al. 2009, 2011; Harrower et al. 2011). Here we describe four new Cortinarius species from North America. ...
Five new Cortinarius species with medium to large basidiomata are described based on morphological and molecular data. Three of them, Cortinarius aavae, Cortinarius brunneocalcarius, and Cortinarius grosmorneënsis, belong to subgenus Telamonia and one, Cortinarius subfloccopus, to clade /Fulvescentes. The relationship of the fifth species, Cortinarius brunneotinctus, was not solved but it resembles species of clade /Anomali. Cortinarius brunneocalcarius and C. aavae do not have close relatives within the subgenus Telamonia; whereas, C. grosmorneënsis belongs to section Brunnei. Cortinarius grosmorneënsis is only known from eastern Canada, but the other four species have a wide distribution: C. brunneocalcarius and C. subfloccopus occur in North America and Europe, and C. brunneotinctus and C. aavae in western and eastern North America. The descriptions of the novel species are presented and comparison to similar species provided.
... Recently, the use of molecular data has facilitated taxonomic work. Several studies on Telamonia species combining morphological and molecular data have been published by, e.g.,Ammirati et al. (2007), Kytövuori et al. 2005, Lindström et al. (2008, Matheny andAmmirati (2006), Niskanen et al. (2006, 2008b), and SuárezSantiago et al. (2009). The molecular markers used have been the rDNA ITS1 and ITS2 regions, which have also proved to be suitable species-level markers in other genera of Agaricales (e.g.Larsson and Jacobsson 2004;Vellinga et al. 2003 ...
A new species, Cortinarius badiolaevis Niskanen, Liimat., Mahiques, Ballarà, Kytöv. in subgenus Telamonia, is described based on morphological and molecular data. Typical for the species is a dark brown cap, pale flesh, indistinct
universal veil, small amygdaloid to ellipsoid spores [7.0–8.5 × 4.5–5.0(−5.5) µm], and dark exsiccata. It occurs in mesic
to dryish coniferous forests, and grows in calcareous soil presumably with Pinus and Picea. So far, it is only known from Spain and Sweden, and considered rare. Based on the phylogenetic analyses of the ITS regions,
it does not belong to any of the known sections, nor does it have any very closely related sister species.
KeywordsTaxonomy–ITS–DNA
... internal transcribed spacers of the nuclear ribosomal DNA (rDNA ITS) data are useful for establishing relationships between closely related species. The suitability of rDNA ITS sequences has been demonstrated in many studies (Frøslev et al. 2006Frøslev et al. , 2007 Kytö vuori et al. 2005; Lindströ m et al. 2008; Liu et al. 1995 Liu et al. , 1997 Peintner et al. 2003; Seidl 2000 ), and they have been proposed as species-identifier sequences (barcoding) in Cortinarius (Frøslev et al. 2007;). Resolved phylogenies allow the evaluation of the taxonomic value of morphological characters used in the taxonomy. ...
In this paper we have attempted to clarify the taxonomy and nomenclature of thirteen taxa of the genus Cortinarius subgenus Telamonia (sections Hydrocybe, Fraternii) well represented in the southwestern Mediterranean area of Europe (C. atrocoeruleus, C. bombycinus, C casimiri, C. contrarius, C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. gallurae, C. hoffmannii, C. petroselineus, C. sertipes, C. subturibulosus, C. urdaibaiensis and C. vernus). To this end we have performed a combined study of morphological and molecular data (rDNA ITS sequences). The morphological analysis was carried out on 114 collections and the molecular analysis involved 31 of the 114 collections, including 11 type collections (types for C. casimiri and C. fraternus were not available). In addition, a study of spores under field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was conducted. The results of the combined analysis allowed us to asign the studied material to five species (C. casimiri s.l., C. decipiens s.l., C. gallurae, C. subturibulosus s.l. and C. vernus s.l.). Thus, all collections from more continental areas, which were originally identified as six different taxa (C. atrocoeruleus, C. contrarius, C. decipiens, C. fraternus, C. sertipes, C. flexipes fo. sertipes) corresponded to C. decipiens sensu lato, a widely distributed, genetically and morphologically variable species. Cortinarius casimiri is also found in such habitats, but it is confirmed as distinct taxon. Collections from Mediterranean sclerophyllous communities correspond to C. gallurae, C. vernus sensu lato and C. subturibulosus sensu lato. Due to close phylogenetic relationships we propose the new combinations C. casimiri var. hoffmannii (=C. decipiens var. hoffmannii non C. hoffmannii) and C. subturibulosus var. bombycinus (=C. bombycinus), and the new variety C. vernus var. nevadavernus (=C. vernus H. Lindstr. & Melot sensu auct.).
... the public databases belonging to the section Brunnei were also revised. In this study we have applied the morpho-genetic species concept used in Kytö vuori et al. (2005) and Frøslev et al. (2006) where species are delimited based on morphological and molecular data. This work is a part of our larger study on the boreal Telamonia species. ...
... The extreme measurements were excluded from the final values. The hyphae of the lamellar trama, basidia, and pileipellis were examined as in Kytö vuori et al. (2005). In addition, the pileipellis structure was studied from radial freehand sections from midway to the pileus centre. ...
... ITS regions (including 5.8S region): 516–520 bases long (based on a total of eight sequences, including the type,Table 2). All the variation is intragenomic length polymorphisms observed at four different sites in two sequences, so the maximum pairwise distance between two sequences is 0. One of the variable sequences is the neotype collection, in which the polymorphisms were overlooked (Kytö vuori et al. 2005). In the public databases we found four sequences of which two are identical with our material (Table 3). ...
The section Brunnei was extensively studied based on material from North Europe. To stabilise the nomenclature we studied the relevant types of taxa included in this section. Phylogenetic relationships and species limits were investigated using rDNA ITS sequences and the results were compared with the morphological data. We recognised 11 species: Cortinarius brunneus, C. clarobrunneus comb. nov., C. coleoptera, C. ectypus, C. gentilis, C. glandicolor (neotypified), C. pseudorubricosus, and four species described as new C. caesiobrunneus, C. albogaudis, C. carabus, and C. cicindela. They are described here and their taxonomy, ecology, distribution, and relationships are discussed. In addition, a key to species of the section Brunnei is provided. A total of 77 new sequences of 11 species are published including nine type sequences. Also the taxonomic assignments of sequences in the public databases belonging to the section Brunnei are revised.
